W3C Strategic Highlights September 2019 This report was prepared for the September 2019 W3C Advisory Committee Meeting (W3C Member link). See the accompanying W3C Fact Sheet — September 2019. For the previous edition, see the April 2019 W3C Strategic Highlights. For future editions of this report, please consult the latest version. A Chinese translation is available. ☰ Contents Introduction Future Web Standards Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments Digital Publishing Media and Entertainment Web & Telecommunications Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) Web & Networks Automotive Web of Things Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML CSS Fonts SVG Audio Performance Web Performance WebAssembly Testing Browser Testing and Tools WebPlatform Tests Web of Data Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity Internationalization (i18n) Web Accessibility Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations W3C Training Translations W3C Liaisons Introduction This report highlights recent work of enhancement of the existing landscape of the Web platform and innovation for the growth and strength of the Web. 33 working groups and a dozen interest groups enable W3C to pursue its mission through the creation of Web standards, guidelines, and supporting materials. We track the tremendous work done across the Consortium through homogeneous work-spaces in Github which enables better monitoring and management. We are in the middle of a period where we are chartering numerous working groups which demonstrate the rapid degree of change for the Web platform: After 4 years, we are nearly ready to publish a Payment Request API Proposed Recommendation and we need to soon charter follow-on work. In the last year we chartered the Web Payment Security Interest Group. In the last year we chartered the Web Media Working Group with 7 specifications for next generation Media support on the Web. We have Accessibility Guidelines under W3C Member review which includes Silver, a new approach. We have just launched the Decentralized Identifier Working Group which has tremendous potential because Decentralized Identifier (DID) is an identifier that is globally unique, resolveable with high availability, and cryptographically verifiable. We have Privacy IG (PING) under W3C Member review which strengthens our focus on the tradeoff between privacy and function. We have a new CSS charter under W3C Member review which maps the group's work for the next three years. In this period, W3C and the WHATWG have succesfully completed the negotiation of a Memorandum of Understanding rooted in the mutual belief that that having two distinct specifications claiming to be normative is generally harmful for the Web community. The MOU, signed last May, describes how the two organizations are to collaborate on the development of a single authoritative version of the HTML and DOM specifications. W3C subsequently rechartered the HTML Working Group to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and for the production of W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. As the Web evolves continuously, some groups are looking for ways for specifications to do so as well. So-called "evergreen recommendations" or "living standards" aim to track continuous development (and maintenance) of features, on a feature-by-feature basis, while getting review and patent commitments. We see the maturation and further development of an incredible number of new technologies coming to the Web. Continued progress in many areas demonstrates the vitality of the W3C and the Web community, as the rest of the report illustrates. Future Web Standards W3C has a variety of mechanisms for listening to what the community thinks could become good future Web standards. These include discussions with the Membership, discussions with other standards bodies, the activities of thousands of participants in over 300 community groups, and W3C Workshops. There are lots of good ideas. The W3C strategy team has been identifying promising topics and invites public participation. Future, recent and under consideration Workshops include: Inclusive XR (5-6 November 2019, Seattle, WA, USA) to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive, including to people with disabilities; W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (12-13 September 2019, Palo Alto, CA, USA) W3C Workshop on Web Games (27-28 June 2019, Redmond, WA, USA), view report Second W3C Workshop on the Web of Things (3-5 June 2019, Munich, Germany) W3C Workshop on Web Standardization for Graph Data; Creating Bridges: RDF, Property Graph and SQL (4-6 March 2019, Berlin, Germany), view report Web & Machine Learning. The Strategy Funnel documents the staff's exploration of potential new work at various phases: Exploration and Investigation, Incubation and Evaluation, and eventually to the chartering of a new standards group. The Funnel view is a GitHub Project where new area are issues represented by “cards” which move through the columns, usually from left to right. Most cards start in Exploration and move towards Chartering, or move out of the funnel. Public input is welcome at any stage but particularly once Incubation has begun. This helps W3C identify work that is sufficiently incubated to warrant standardization, to review the ecosystem around the work and indicate interest in participating in its standardization, and then to draft a charter that reflects an appropriate scope. Ongoing feedback can speed up the overall standardization process. Since the previous highlights document, W3C has chartered a number of groups, and started discussion on many more: Newly Chartered or Rechartered Web Application Security WG (03-Apr) Web Payment Security IG (17-Apr) Patent and Standards IG (24-Apr) Web Applications WG (14-May) Web & Networks IG (16-May) Media WG (23-May) Media and Entertainment IG (06-Jun) HTML WG (06-Jun) Decentralized Identifier WG (05-Sep) Extended Privacy IG (PING) (30-Sep) Verifiable Claims WG (30-Sep) Service Workers WG (31-Dec) Dataset Exchange WG (31-Dec) Web of Things Working Group (31-Dec) Web Audio Working Group (31-Dec) Proposed charters / Advance Notice Accessibility Guidelines WG Privacy IG (PING) RDF Literal Direction WG Timed Text WG CSS WG Web Authentication WG Closed Internationalization Tag Set IG Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments All Web Payments specifications W3C's payments standards enable a streamlined checkout experience, enabling a consistent user experience across the Web with lower front end development costs for merchants. Users can store and reuse information and more quickly and accurately complete online transactions. The Web Payments Working Group has republished Payment Request API as a Candidate Recommendation, aiming to publish a Proposed Recommendation in the Fall 2019, and is discussing use cases and features for Payment Request after publication of the 1.0 Recommendation. Browser vendors have been finalizing implementation of features added in the past year (view the implementation report). As work continues on the Payment Handler API and its implementation (currently in Chrome and Edge Canary), one focus in 2019 is to increase adoption in other browsers. Recently, Mastercard demonstrated the use of Payment Request API to carry out EMVCo's Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) protocol whose payment method definition is being developed with active participation by Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. Payment method availability is a key factor in merchant considerations about adopting Payment Request API. The ability to get uniform adoption of a new payment method such as Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) also depends on the availability of the Payment Handler API in browsers, or of proprietary alternatives. Web Monetization, which the Web Payments Working Group will discuss again at its face-to-face meeting in September, can be used to enable micropayments as an alternative revenue stream to advertising. Since the beginning of 2019, Amazon, Brave Software, JCB, Certus Cybersecurity Solutions and Netflix have joined the Web Payments Working Group. In April, W3C launched the Web Payment Security Group to enable W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to collaborate on a vision for Web payment security and interoperability. Participants will define areas of collaboration and identify gaps between existing technical specifications in order to increase compatibility among different technologies, such as: How do SRC, FIDO, and Payment Request relate? The Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) regulations in Europe are scheduled to take effect in September 2019. What is the role of EMVCo, W3C, and FIDO technologies, and what is the current state of readiness for the deadline? How can we improve privacy on the Web at the same time as we meet industry requirements regarding user identity? Digital Publishing All Digital Publishing specifications, Publication milestones The Web is the universal publishing platform. Publishing is increasingly impacted by the Web, and the Web increasingly impacts Publishing. Topic of particular interest to Publishing@W3C include typography and layout, accessibility, usability, portability, distribution, archiving, offline access, print on demand, and reliable cross referencing. And the diverse publishing community represented in the groups consist of the traditional "trade" publishers, ebook reading system manufacturers, but also publishers of audio book, scholarly journals or educational materials, library scientists or browser developers. The Publishing Working Group currently concentrates on Audiobooks which lack a comprehensive standard, thus incurring extra costs and time to publish in this booming market. Active development is ongoing on the future standard: Publication Manifest Audiobook profile for Web Publications Lightweight Packaging Format The BD Comics Manga Community Group, the Synchronized Multimedia for Publications Community Group, the Publishing Community Group and a future group on archival, are companions to the working group where specific work is developed and incubated. The Publishing Community Group is a recently launched incubation channel for Publishing@W3C. The goal of the group is to propose, document, and prototype features broadly related to: publications on the Web reading modes and systems and the user experience of publications The EPUB 3 Community Group has successfully completed the revision of EPUB 3.2. The Publishing Business Group fosters ongoing participation by members of the publishing industry and the overall ecosystem in the development of Web infrastructure to better support the needs of the industry. The Business Group serves as an additional conduit to the Publishing Working Group and several Community Groups for feedback between the publishing ecosystem and W3C. The Publishing BG has played a vital role in fostering and advancing the adoption and continued development of EPUB 3. In particular the BG provided critical support to the update of EPUBCheck to validate EPUB content to the new EPUB 3.2 specification. This resulted in the development, in conjunction with the EPUB3 Community Group, of a new generation of EPUBCheck, i.e., EPUBCheck 4.2 production-ready release. Media and Entertainment All Media specifications The Media and Entertainment vertical tracks media-related topics and features that create immersive experiences for end users. HTML5 brought standard audio and video elements to the Web. Standardization activities since then have aimed at turning the Web into a professional platform fully suitable for the delivery of media content and associated materials, enabling missing features to stream video content on the Web such as adaptive streaming and content protection. Together with Microsoft, Comcast, Netflix and Google, W3C received an Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in April 2019 for standardization of a full TV experience on the Web. Current goals are to: Reinforce core media technologies: Creation of the Media Working Group, to develop media-related specifications incubated in the WICG (e.g. Media Capabilities, Picture-in-picture, Media Session) and maintain maintain/evolve Media Source Extensions (MSE) and Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). Improve support for Media Timed Events: data cues incubation. Enhance color support (HDR, wide gamut), in scope of the CSS WG and in the Color on the Web CG. Reduce fragmentation: Continue annual releases of a common and testable baseline media devices, in scope of the Web Media APIs CG and in collaboration with the CTA WAVE Project. Maintain the Road-map of Media Technologies for the Web which highlights Web technologies that can be used to build media applications and services, as well as known gaps to enable additional use cases. Create the future: Discuss perspectives for Media and Entertainment for the Web. Bring the power of GPUs to the Web (graphics, machine learning, heavy processing), under incubation in the GPU for the Web CG. Transition to a Working Group is under discussion. Determine next steps after the successful W3C Workshop on Web Games of June 2019. View the report. Timed Text The Timed Text Working Group develops and maintains formats used for the representation of text synchronized with other timed media, like audio and video, and notably works on TTML, profiles of TTML, and WebVTT. Recent progress includes: A robust WebVTT implementation report poises the specification for publication as a proposed recommendation. Discussions around re-chartering, notably to add a TTML Profile for Audio Description deliverable to the scope of the group, and clarify that rendering of captions within XR content is also in scope. Immersive Web Hardware that enables Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications are now broadly available to consumers, offering an immersive computing platform with both new opportunities and challenges. The ability to interact directly with immersive hardware is critical to ensuring that the web is well equipped to operate as a first-class citizen in this environment. The Immersive Web Working Group has been stabilizing the WebXR Device API while the companion Immersive Web Community Group incubates the next series of features identified as key for the future of the Immersive Web. W3C plans a workshop focused on the needs and benefits at the intersection of VR & Accessibility (Inclusive XR), on 5-6 November 2019 in Seattle, WA, USA, to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive. Web & Telecommunications The Web is the Open Platform for Mobile. Telecommunication service providers and network equipment providers have long been critical actors in the deployment of Web technologies. As the Web platform matures, it brings richer and richer capabilities to extend existing services to new users and devices, and propose new and innovative services. Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) All Real-Time Communications specifications WebRTC has reshaped the whole communication landscape by making any connected device a potential communication end-point, bringing audio and video communications anywhere, on any network, vastly expanding the ability of operators to reach their customers. WebRTC serves as the corner-stone of many online communication and collaboration services. The WebRTC Working Group aims to bringing WebRTC 1.0 (and companion specification Media Capture and Streams) to Recommendation by the end of 2019. Intense efforts are focused on testing (supported by a dedicated hackathon at IETF 104) and interoperability. The group is considering pushing features that have not gotten enough traction to separate modules or to a later minor revision of the spec. Beyond WebRTC 1.0, the WebRTC Working Group will focus its efforts on WebRTC NV which the group has started documenting by identifying use cases. Web & Networks Recently launched, in the wake of the May 2018 Web5G workshop, the Web & Networks Interest Group is chaired by representatives from AT&T, China Mobile and Intel, with a goal to explore solutions for web applications to achieve better performance and resource allocation, both on the device and network. The group's first efforts are around use cases, privacy & security requirements and liaisons. Automotive All Automotive specifications To create a rich application ecosystem for vehicles and other devices allowed to connect to the vehicle, the W3C Automotive Working Group is delivering a service specification to expose all common vehicle signals (engine temperature, fuel/charge level, range, tire pressure, speed, etc.) The Vehicle Information Service Specification (VISS), which is a Candidate Recommendation, is seeing more implementations across the industry. It provides the access method to a common data model for all the vehicle signals –presently encapsulating a thousand or so different data elements– and will be growing to accommodate the advances in automotive such as autonomous and driver assist technologies and electrification. The group is already working on a successor to VISS, leveraging the underlying data model and the VIWI submission from Volkswagen, for a more robust means of accessing vehicle signals information and the same paradigm for other automotive needs including location-based services, media, notifications and caching content. The Automotive and Web Platform Business Group acts as an incubator for prospective standards work. One of its task forces is using W3C VISS in performing data sampling and off-boarding the information to the cloud. Access to the wealth of information that W3C's auto signals standard exposes is of interest to regulators, urban planners, insurance companies, auto manufacturers, fleet managers and owners, service providers and others. In addition to components needed for data sampling and edge computing, capturing user and owner consent, information collection methods and handling of data are in scope. The upcoming W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (September 2019) is expected to focus on the need of additional ontologies around transportation space. Web of Things All Web of Things specifications W3C's Web of Things work is designed to bridge disparate technology stacks to allow devices to work together and achieve scale, thus enabling the potential of the Internet of Things by eliminating fragmentation and fostering interoperability. Thing descriptions expressed in JSON-LD cover the behavior, interaction affordances, data schema, security configuration, and protocol bindings. The Web of Things complements existing IoT ecosystems to reduce the cost and risk for suppliers and consumers of applications that create value by combining multiple devices and information services. There are many sectors that will benefit, e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart industry, smart agriculture, smart healthcare and many more. The Web of Things Working Group is finishing the initial Web of Things standards, with support from the Web of Things Interest Group: Web of Things Architecture Thing Descriptions Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML The HTML Working Group was chartered early June to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and to produce W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. A few days before, W3C and the WHATWG signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the agreement to collaborate on the development of a single version of the HTML and DOM specifications. Issues and proposed solutions for HTML and DOM done via the newly rechartered HTML Working Group in the WHATWG repositories The HTML Working Group is targetting November 2019 to bring HTML and DOM to Candidate Recommendations. CSS All CSS specifications CSS is a critical part of the Open Web Platform. The CSS Working Group gathers requirements from two large groups of CSS users: the publishing industry and application developers. Within W3C, those groups are exemplified by the Publishing groups and the Web Platform Working Group. The former requires things like better pagination support and advanced font handling, the latter needs intelligent (and fast!) scrolling and animations. What we know as CSS is actually a collection of almost a hundred specifications, referred to as ‘modules’. The current state of CSS is defined by a snapshot, updated once a year. The group also publishes an index defining every term defined by CSS specifications. Fonts All Fonts specifications The Web Fonts Working Group develops specifications that allow the interoperable deployment of downloadable fonts on the Web, with a focus on Progressive Font Enrichment as well as maintenance of WOFF Recommendations. Recent and ongoing work includes: Early API experiments by Adobe and Monotype have demonstrated the feasibility of a font enrichment API, where a server delivers a font with minimal glyph repertoire and the client can query the full repertoire and request additional subsets on-the-fly. In other experiments, the Brotli compression used in WOFF 2 was extended to support shared dictionaries and patch update. Metrics to quantify improvement are a current hot discussion topic. The group will meet at ATypi 2019 in Japan, to gather requirements from the international typography community. The group will first produce a report summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of each prototype solution by Q2 2020. SVG All SVG specifications SVG is an important and widely-used part of the Open Web Platform. The SVG Working Group focuses on aligning the SVG 2.0 specification with browser implementations, having split the specification into a currently-implemented 2.0 and a forward-looking 2.1. Current activity is on stabilization, increased integration with the Open Web Platform, and test coverage analysis. The Working Group was rechartered in March 2019. A new work item concerns native (non-Web-browser) uses of SVG as a non-interactive, vector graphics format. Audio The Web Audio Working Group was extended to finish its work on the Web Audio API, expecting to publish it as a Recommendation by year end. The specification enables synthesizing audio in the browser. Audio operations are performed with audio nodes, which are linked together to form a modular audio routing graph. Multiple sources — with different types of channel layout — are supported. This modular design provides the flexibility to create complex audio functions with dynamic effects. The first version of Web Audio API is now feature complete and is implemented in all modern browsers. Work has started on the next version, and new features are being incubated in the Audio Community Group. Performance Web Performance All Web Performance specifications There are currently 18 specifications in development in the Web Performance Working Group aiming to provide methods to observe and improve aspects of application performance of user agent features and APIs. The W3C team is looking at related work incubated in the W3C GPU for the Web (WebGPU) Community Group which is poised to transition to a W3C Working Group. A preliminary draft charter is available. WebAssembly All WebAssembly specifications WebAssembly improves Web performance and power by being a virtual machine and execution environment enabling loaded pages to run native (compiled) code. It is deployed in Firefox, Edge, Safari and Chrome. The specification will soon reach Candidate Recommendation. WebAssembly enables near-native performance, optimized load time, and perhaps most importantly, a compilation target for existing code bases. While it has a small number of native types, much of the performance increase relative to Javascript derives from its use of consistent typing. WebAssembly leverages decades of optimization for compiled languages and the byte code is optimized for compactness and streaming (the web page starts executing while the rest of the code downloads). Network and API access all occurs through accompanying Javascript libraries -- the security model is identical to that of Javascript. Requirements gathering and language development occur in the Community Group while the Working Group manages test development, community review and progression of specifications on the Recommendation Track. Testing Browser testing plays a critical role in the growth of the Web by: Improving the reliability of Web technology definitions; Improving the quality of implementations of these technologies by helping vendors to detect bugs in their products; Improving the data available to Web developers on known bugs and deficiencies of Web technologies by publishing results of these tests. Browser Testing and Tools The Browser Testing and Tools Working Group is developing WebDriver version 2, having published last year the W3C Recommendation of WebDriver. WebDriver acts as a remote control interface that enables introspection and control of user agents, provides a platform- and language-neutral wire protocol as a way for out-of-process programs to remotely instruct the behavior of Web, and emulates the actions of a real person using the browser. WebPlatform Tests The WebPlatform Tests project now provides a mechanism which allows to fully automate tests that previously needed to be run manually: TestDriver. TestDriver enables sending trusted key and mouse events, sending complex series of trusted pointer and key interactions for things like in-content drag-and-drop or pinch zoom, and even file upload. Since 2014 W3C began work on this coordinated open-source effort to build a cross-browser test suite for the Web Platform, which WHATWG, and all major browsers adopted. Web of Data All Data specifications There have been several great success stories around the standardization of data on the web over the past year. Verifiable Claims seems to have significant uptake. It is also significant that the Distributed Identifier WG charter has received numerous favorable reviews, and was just recently launched. JSON-LD has been a major success with the large deployment on Web sites via schema.org. JSON-LD 1.1 completed technical work, about to transition to CR More than 25% of websites today include schema.org data in JSON-LD The Web of Things description is in CR since May, making use of JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials data model is in CR since July, also making use of JSON-LD Continued strong interest in decentralized identifiers Engagement from the TAG with reframing core documents, such as Ethical Web Principles, to include data on the web within their scope Data is increasingly important for all organizations, especially with the rise of IoT and Big Data. W3C has a mature and extensive suite of standards relating to data that were developed over two decades of experience, with plans for further work on making it easier for developers to work with graph data and knowledge graphs. Linked Data is about the use of URIs as names for things, the ability to dereference these URIs to get further information and to include links to other data. There are ever-increasing sources of open Linked Data on the Web, as well as data services that are restricted to the suppliers and consumers of those services. The digital transformation of industry is seeking to exploit advanced digital technologies. This will facilitate businesses to integrate horizontally along the supply and value chains, and vertically from the factory floor to the office floor. W3C is seeking to make it easier to support enterprise-wide data management and governance, reflecting the strategic importance of data to modern businesses. Traditional approaches to data have focused on tabular databases (SQL/RDBMS), Comma Separated Value (CSV) files, and data embedded in PDF documents and spreadsheets. We're now in midst of a major shift to graph data with nodes and labeled directed links between them. Graph data is: Faster than using SQL and associated JOIN operations More favorable to integrating data from heterogeneous sources Better suited to situations where the data model is evolving In the wake of the recent W3C Workshop on Graph Data we are in the process of launching a Graph Standardization Business Group to provide a business perspective with use cases and requirements, to coordinate technical standards work and liaisons with external organizations. Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity All Security specifications, all Privacy specifications Authentication on the Web As the WebAuthn Level 1 W3C Recommendation published last March is seeing wide implementation and adoption of strong cryptographic authentication, work is proceeding on Level 2. The open standard Web API gives native authentication technology built into native platforms, browsers, operating systems (including mobile) and hardware, offering protection against hacking, credential theft, phishing attacks, thus aiming to end the era of passwords as a security construct. You may read more in our March press release. Privacy An increasing number of W3C specifications are benefitting from Privacy and Security review; there are security and privacy aspects to every specification. Early review is essential. Working with the TAG, the Privacy Interest Group has updated the Self-Review Questionnaire: Security and Privacy. Other recent work of the group includes public blogging further to the exploration of anti-patterns in standards and permission prompts. Security The Web Application Security Working Group adopted Feature Policy, aiming to allow developers to selectively enable, disable, or modify the behavior of some of these browser features and APIs within their application; and Fetch Metadata, aiming to provide servers with enough information to make a priori decisions about whether or not to service a request based on the way it was made, and the context in which it will be used. The Web Payment Security Interest Group, launched last April, convenes members from W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to discuss cooperative work to enhance the security and interoperability of Web payments (read more about payments). Internationalization (i18n) All Internationalization specifications, educational articles related to Internationalization, spec developers checklist Only a quarter or so current Web users use English online and that proportion will continue to decrease as the Web reaches more and more communities of limited English proficiency. If the Web is to live up to the "World Wide" portion of its name, and for the Web to truly work for stakeholders all around the world engaging with content in various languages, it must support the needs of worldwide users as they engage with content in the various languages. The growth of epublishing also brings requirements for new features and improved typography on the Web. It is important to ensure the needs of local communities are captured. The W3C Internationalization Initiative was set up to increase in-house resources dedicated to accelerating progress in making the World Wide Web "worldwide" by gathering user requirements, supporting developers, and education & outreach. For an overview of current projects see the i18n radar. W3C's Internationalization efforts progressed on a number of fronts recently: Requirements: New African and European language groups will work on the gap analysis, errata and layout requirements. Gap analysis: Japanese, Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil, Lao, Khmer, Javanese, and Ethiopic updated in the gap-analysis documents. Layout requirements document: notable progress tracked in the Southeast Asian Task Force while work continues on Chinese layout requirements. Developer support: Spec reviews: the i18n WG continues active review of specifications of the WHATWG and other W3C Working Groups. Short review checklist: easy way to begin a self-review to help spec developers understand what aspects of their spec are likely to need attention for internationalization, and points them to more detailed checklists for the relevant topics. It also helps those reviewing specs for i18n issues. Strings on the Web: Language and Direction Metadata lays out issues and discusses potential solutions for passing information about language and direction with strings in JSON or other data formats. The document was rewritten for clarity, and expanded. The group is collaborating with the JSON-LD and Web Publishing groups to develop a plan for updating RDF, JSON-LD and related specifications to handle metadata for base direction of text (bidi). User-friendly test format: a new format was developed for Internationalization Test Suite tests, which displays helpful information about how the test works. This particularly useful because those tests are pointed to by educational materials and gap-analysis documents. Web Platform Tests: a large number of tests in the i18n test suite have been ported to the WPT repository, including: css-counter-styles, css-ruby, css-syntax, css-test, css-text-decor, css-writing-modes, and css-pseudo. Education & outreach: (for all educational materials, see the HTML & CSS Authoring Techniques) Web Accessibility All Accessibility specifications, WAI resources The Web Accessibility Initiative supports W3C's Web for All mission. Recent achievements include: Education and training: Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA updated to bring our analysis and recommendations up to date with CAPTCHA practice today, concluding two years of extensive work and invaluable input from the public (read more on the W3C Blog Learn why your web content and applications should be accessible. The Education and Outreach Working Group has completed revision and updating of the Business Case for Digital Accessibility. Accessibility guidelines: The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group has continued to update WCAG Techniques and Understanding WCAG 2.1; and published a Candidate Recommendation of Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules Format 1.0 to improve inter-rater reliability when evaluating conformance of web content to WCAG An updated charter is being developed to host work on "Silver", the next generation accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.2) There are accessibility aspects to most specifications. Check your work with the FAST checklist. Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations To foster the excellent feedback loop between Web Standards development and Web developers, and to grow participation from that diverse community, recent W3C Developer Relations activities include: @w3cdevs tracks the enormous amount of work happening across W3C W3C Track during the Web Conference 2019 in San Francisco Tech videos: W3C published the 2019 Web Games Workshop videos The 16 September 2019 Developer Meetup in Fukuoka, Japan, is open to all and will combine a set of technical demos prepared by W3C groups, and a series of talks on a selected set of W3C technologies and projects W3C is involved with Mozilla, Google, Samsung, Microsoft and Bocoup in the organization of ViewSource 2019 in Amsterdam (read more on the W3C Blog) W3C Training In partnership with EdX, W3C's MOOC training program, W3Cx offers a complete "Front-End Web Developer" (FEWD) professional certificate program that consists of a suite of five courses on the foundational languages that power the Web: HTML5, CSS and JavaScript. We count nearly 900K students from all over the world. Translations Many Web users rely on translations of documents developed at W3C whose official language is English. W3C is extremely grateful to the continuous efforts of its community in ensuring our various deliverables in general, and in our specifications in particular, are made available in other languages, for free, ensuring their exposure to a much more diverse set of readers. Last Spring we developed a more robust system, a new listing of translations of W3C specifications and updated the instructions on how to contribute to our translation efforts. W3C Liaisons Liaisons and coordination with numerous organizations and Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) is crucial for W3C to: make sure standards are interoperable coordinate our respective agenda in Internet governance: W3C participates in ICANN, GIPO, IGF, the I* organizations (ICANN, IETF, ISOC, IAB). ensure at the government liaison level that our standards work is officially recognized when important to our membership so that products based on them (often done by our members) are part of procurement orders. W3C has ARO/PAS status with ISO. W3C participates in the EU MSP and Rolling Plan on Standardization ensure the global set of Web and Internet standards form a compatible stack of technologies, at the technical and policy level (patent regime, fragmentation, use in policy making) promote Standards adoption equally by the industry, the public sector, and the public at large Coralie Mercier, Editor, W3C Marketing & Communications $Id: Overview.html,v 1.60 2019/10/15 12:05:52 coralie Exp $ Copyright © 2019 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang) Usage policies apply.

Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, p. 1. Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 55. Definition of AI as the study of intelligent agents: Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998), which provides the version that is used in this article. These authors use the term "computational intelligence" as a synonym for artificial intelligence.[1] Russell & Norvig (2003) (who prefer the term "rational agent") and write "The whole-agent view is now widely accepted in the field".[2] Nilsson 1998 Legg & Hutter 2007 Russell & Norvig 2009, p. 2. McCorduck 2004, p. 204 Maloof, Mark. "Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction, p. 37" (PDF). georgetown.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2018. "How AI Is Getting Groundbreaking Changes In Talent Management And HR Tech". Hackernoon. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020. Schank, Roger C. (1991). "Where's the AI". AI magazine. Vol. 12 no. 4. p. 38. Russell & Norvig 2009. "AlphaGo – Google DeepMind". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Allen, Gregory (April 2020). "Department of Defense Joint AI Center - Understanding AI Technology" (PDF). AI.mil - The official site of the Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020. Optimism of early AI: * Herbert Simon quote: Simon 1965, p. 96 quoted in Crevier 1993, p. 109. * Marvin Minsky quote: Minsky 1967, p. 2 quoted in Crevier 1993, p. 109. Boom of the 1980s: rise of expert systems, Fifth Generation Project, Alvey, MCC, SCI: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 426–441 * Crevier 1993, pp. 161–162,197–203, 211, 240 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 24 * NRC 1999, pp. 210–211 * Newquist 1994, pp. 235–248 First AI Winter, Mansfield Amendment, Lighthill report * Crevier 1993, pp. 115–117 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 22 * NRC 1999, pp. 212–213 * Howe 1994 * Newquist 1994, pp. 189–201 Second AI winter: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 430–435 * Crevier 1993, pp. 209–210 * NRC 1999, pp. 214–216 * Newquist 1994, pp. 301–318 AI becomes hugely successful in the early 21st century * Clark 2015 Pamela McCorduck (2004, p. 424) writes of "the rough shattering of AI in subfields—vision, natural language, decision theory, genetic algorithms, robotics ... and these with own sub-subfield—that would hardly have anything to say to each other." This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: * Russell & Norvig 2003 * Luger & Stubblefield 2004 * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 * Nilsson 1998 Kolata 1982. Maker 2006. Biological intelligence vs. intelligence in general: Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 2–3, who make the analogy with aeronautical engineering. McCorduck 2004, pp. 100–101, who writes that there are "two major branches of artificial intelligence: one aimed at producing intelligent behavior regardless of how it was accomplished, and the other aimed at modeling intelligent processes found in nature, particularly human ones." Kolata 1982, a paper in Science, which describes McCarthy's indifference to biological models. Kolata quotes McCarthy as writing: "This is AI, so we don't care if it's psychologically real".[19] McCarthy recently reiterated his position at the AI@50 conference where he said "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence".[20]. Neats vs. scruffies: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 421–424, 486–489 * Crevier 1993, p. 168 * Nilsson 1983, pp. 10–11 Symbolic vs. sub-symbolic AI: * Nilsson (1998, p. 7), who uses the term "sub-symbolic". General intelligence (strong AI) is discussed in popular introductions to AI: * Kurzweil 1999 and Kurzweil 2005 See the Dartmouth proposal, under Philosophy, below. McCorduck 2004, p. 34. McCorduck 2004, p. xviii. McCorduck 2004, p. 3. McCorduck 2004, pp. 340–400. This is a central idea of Pamela McCorduck's Machines Who Think. She writes: "I like to think of artificial intelligence as the scientific apotheosis of a venerable cultural tradition."[26] "Artificial intelligence in one form or another is an idea that has pervaded Western intellectual history, a dream in urgent need of being realized."[27] "Our history is full of attempts—nutty, eerie, comical, earnest, legendary and real—to make artificial intelligences, to reproduce what is the essential us—bypassing the ordinary means. Back and forth between myth and reality, our imaginations supplying what our workshops couldn't, we have engaged for a long time in this odd form of self-reproduction."[28] She traces the desire back to its Hellenistic roots and calls it the urge to "forge the Gods."[29] "Stephen Hawking believes AI could be mankind's last accomplishment". BetaNews. 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Lombardo P, Boehm I, Nairz K (2020). "RadioComics – Santa Claus and the future of radiology". Eur J Radiol. 122 (1): 108771. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108771. PMID 31835078. Ford, Martin; Colvin, Geoff (6 September 2015). "Will robots create more jobs than they destroy?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018. AI applications widely used behind the scenes: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 28 * Kurzweil 2005, p. 265 * NRC 1999, pp. 216–222 * Newquist 1994, pp. 189–201 AI in myth: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 4–5 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 939 AI in early science fiction. * McCorduck 2004, pp. 17–25 Formal reasoning: * Berlinski, David (2000). The Advent of the Algorithm. Harcourt Books. ISBN 978-0-15-601391-8. OCLC 46890682. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Turing, Alan (1948), "Machine Intelligence", in Copeland, B. Jack (ed.), The Essential Turing: The ideas that gave birth to the computer age, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 412, ISBN 978-0-19-825080-7 Russell & Norvig 2009, p. 16. Dartmouth conference: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 111–136 * Crevier 1993, pp. 47–49, who writes "the conference is generally recognized as the official birthdate of the new science." * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 17, who call the conference "the birth of artificial intelligence." * NRC 1999, pp. 200–201 McCarthy, John (1988). "Review of The Question of Artificial Intelligence". Annals of the History of Computing. 10 (3): 224–229., collected in McCarthy, John (1996). "10. Review of The Question of Artificial Intelligence". Defending AI Research: A Collection of Essays and Reviews. CSLI., p. 73, "[O]ne of the reasons for inventing the term "artificial intelligence" was to escape association with "cybernetics". Its concentration on analog feedback seemed misguided, and I wished to avoid having either to accept Norbert (not Robert) Wiener as a guru or having to argue with him." Hegemony of the Dartmouth conference attendees: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 17, who write "for the next 20 years the field would be dominated by these people and their students." * McCorduck 2004, pp. 129–130 Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 18. Schaeffer J. (2009) Didn't Samuel Solve That Game?. In: One Jump Ahead. Springer, Boston, MA Samuel, A. L. (July 1959). "Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 3 (3): 210–229. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.368.2254. doi:10.1147/rd.33.0210. "Golden years" of AI (successful symbolic reasoning programs 1956–1973): * McCorduck 2004, pp. 243–252 * Crevier 1993, pp. 52–107 * Moravec 1988, p. 9 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 18–21 The programs described are Arthur Samuel's checkers program for the IBM 701, Daniel Bobrow's STUDENT, Newell and Simon's Logic Theorist and Terry Winograd's SHRDLU. DARPA pours money into undirected pure research into AI during the 1960s: * McCorduck 2004, p. 131 * Crevier 1993, pp. 51, 64–65 * NRC 1999, pp. 204–205 AI in England: * Howe 1994 Lighthill 1973. Expert systems: * ACM 1998, I.2.1 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 22–24 * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 227–331 * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 17.4 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 327–335, 434–435 * Crevier 1993, pp. 145–62, 197–203 * Newquist 1994, pp. 155–183 Mead, Carver A.; Ismail, Mohammed (8 May 1989). Analog VLSI Implementation of Neural Systems (PDF). The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. 80. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1639-8. ISBN 978-1-4613-1639-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Formal methods are now preferred ("Victory of the neats"): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 25–26 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 486–487 McCorduck 2004, pp. 480–483. Markoff 2011. 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Cognitive Systems Research. 48: 39–55. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.05.001. hdl:2318/1665207. S2CID 206868967. Problem solving, puzzle solving, game playing and deduction: * Russell & Norvig 2003, chpt. 3–9, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, chpt. 2,3,7,9, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, chpt. 3,4,6,8, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 7–12 Uncertain reasoning: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 452–644, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 345–395, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 333–381, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 19 Psychological evidence of sub-symbolic reasoning: * Wason & Shapiro (1966) showed that people do poorly on completely abstract problems, but if the problem is restated to allow the use of intuitive social intelligence, performance dramatically improves. (See Wason selection task) * Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) have shown that people are terrible at elementary problems that involve uncertain reasoning. (See list of cognitive biases for several examples). * Lakoff & Núñez (2000) have controversially argued that even our skills at mathematics depend on knowledge and skills that come from "the body", i.e. sensorimotor and perceptual skills. (See Where Mathematics Comes From) Knowledge representation: * ACM 1998, I.2.4, * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 320–363, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 23–46, 69–81, 169–196, 235–277, 281–298, 319–345, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 227–243, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 18 Knowledge engineering: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 260–266, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 199–233, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. ≈17.1–17.4 Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames and scripts): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 349–354, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 174–177, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 248–258, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 18.3 Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 328–341, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 281–298, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 18.2 Causal calculus: * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 335–337 Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 341–344, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 275–277 Sikos, Leslie F. (June 2017). Description Logics in Multimedia Reasoning. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54066-5. ISBN 978-3-319-54066-5. S2CID 3180114. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Ontology: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 320–328 Smoliar, Stephen W.; Zhang, HongJiang (1994). "Content based video indexing and retrieval". IEEE Multimedia. 1 (2): 62–72. doi:10.1109/93.311653. S2CID 32710913. Neumann, Bernd; Möller, Ralf (January 2008). "On scene interpretation with description logics". Image and Vision Computing. 26 (1): 82–101. doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2007.08.013. Kuperman, G. J.; Reichley, R. M.; Bailey, T. C. (1 July 2006). "Using Commercial Knowledge Bases for Clinical Decision Support: Opportunities, Hurdles, and Recommendations". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 13 (4): 369–371. doi:10.1197/jamia.M2055. PMC 1513681. PMID 16622160. MCGARRY, KEN (1 December 2005). "A survey of interestingness measures for knowledge discovery". The Knowledge Engineering Review. 20 (1): 39–61. doi:10.1017/S0269888905000408. S2CID 14987656. Bertini, M; Del Bimbo, A; Torniai, C (2006). "Automatic annotation and semantic retrieval of video sequences using multimedia ontologies". MM '06 Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia. 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia. Santa Barbara: ACM. pp. 679–682. Qualification problem: * McCarthy & Hayes 1969 * Russell & Norvig 2003[page needed] While McCarthy was primarily concerned with issues in the logical representation of actions, Russell & Norvig 2003 apply the term to the more general issue of default reasoning in the vast network of assumptions underlying all our commonsense knowledge. Default reasoning and default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 354–360, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 248–256, 323–335, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 335–363, * Nilsson 1998, ~18.3.3 Breadth of commonsense knowledge: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 21, * Crevier 1993, pp. 113–114, * Moravec 1988, p. 13, * Lenat & Guha 1989 (Introduction) Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986. Gladwell 2005. Expert knowledge as embodied intuition: * Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986 (Hubert Dreyfus is a philosopher and critic of AI who was among the first to argue that most useful human knowledge was encoded sub-symbolically. See Dreyfus' critique of AI) * Gladwell 2005 (Gladwell's Blink is a popular introduction to sub-symbolic reasoning and knowledge.) * Hawkins & Blakeslee 2005 (Hawkins argues that sub-symbolic knowledge should be the primary focus of AI research.) Planning: * ACM 1998, ~I.2.8, * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 375–459, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 281–316, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 314–329, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 10.1–2, 22 Information value theory: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 600–604 Classical planning: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 375–430, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 281–315, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 314–329, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 10.1–2, 22 Planning and acting in non-deterministic domains: conditional planning, execution monitoring, replanning and continuous planning: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 430–449 Multi-agent planning and emergent behavior: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 449–455 Turing 1950. Solomonoff 1956. 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Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020. Machine perception: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 537–581, 863–898 * Nilsson 1998, ~chpt. 6 Speech recognition: * ACM 1998, ~I.2.7 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 568–578 Object recognition: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 885–892 Computer vision: * ACM 1998, I.2.10 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 863–898 * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 6 Robotics: * ACM 1998, I.2.9, * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 901–942, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 443–460 Moving and configuration space: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 916–932 Tecuci 2012. Robotic mapping (localization, etc): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 908–915 Cadena, Cesar; Carlone, Luca; Carrillo, Henry; Latif, Yasir; Scaramuzza, Davide; Neira, Jose; Reid, Ian; Leonard, John J. (December 2016). "Past, Present, and Future of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: Toward the Robust-Perception Age". IEEE Transactions on Robotics. 32 (6): 1309–1332. arXiv:1606.05830. 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Retrieved 26 April 2018. Domingos 2015. Artificial brain arguments: AI requires a simulation of the operation of the human brain * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 957 * Crevier 1993, pp. 271 and 279 A few of the people who make some form of the argument: * Moravec 1988 * Kurzweil 2005, p. 262 * Hawkins & Blakeslee 2005 The most extreme form of this argument (the brain replacement scenario) was put forward by Clark Glymour in the mid-1970s and was touched on by Zenon Pylyshyn and John Searle in 1980. Goertzel, Ben; Lian, Ruiting; Arel, Itamar; de Garis, Hugo; Chen, Shuo (December 2010). "A world survey of artificial brain projects, Part II: Biologically inspired cognitive architectures". Neurocomputing. 74 (1–3): 30–49. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2010.08.012. Nilsson 1983, p. 10. Nils Nilsson writes: "Simply put, there is wide disagreement in the field about what AI is all about."[163] AI's immediate precursors: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 51–107 * Crevier 1993, pp. 27–32 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 15, 940 * Moravec 1988, p. 3 Haugeland 1985, pp. 112–117 The most dramatic case of sub-symbolic AI being pushed into the background was the devastating critique of perceptrons by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert in 1969. See History of AI, AI winter, or Frank Rosenblatt. Cognitive simulation, Newell and Simon, AI at CMU (then called Carnegie Tech): * McCorduck 2004, pp. 139–179, 245–250, 322–323 (EPAM) * Crevier 1993, pp. 145–149 Soar (history): * McCorduck 2004, pp. 450–451 * Crevier 1993, pp. 258–263 McCarthy and AI research at SAIL and SRI International: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 251–259 * Crevier 1993 AI research at Edinburgh and in France, birth of Prolog: * Crevier 1993, pp. 193–196 * Howe 1994 AI at MIT under Marvin Minsky in the 1960s : * McCorduck 2004, pp. 259–305 * Crevier 1993, pp. 83–102, 163–176 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 19 Cyc: * McCorduck 2004, p. 489, who calls it "a determinedly scruffy enterprise" * Crevier 1993, pp. 239–243 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 363−365 * Lenat & Guha 1989 Knowledge revolution: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 266–276, 298–300, 314, 421 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 22–23 Frederick, Hayes-Roth; William, Murray; Leonard, Adelman. "Expert systems". AccessScience. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.248550. Embodied approaches to AI: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 454–462 * Brooks 1990 * Moravec 1988 Weng et al. 2001. Lungarella et al. 2003. Asada et al. 2009. Oudeyer 2010. Revival of connectionism: * Crevier 1993, pp. 214–215 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 25 Computational intelligence * IEEE Computational Intelligence Society Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Hutson, Matthew (16 February 2018). "Artificial intelligence faces reproducibility crisis". Science. pp. 725–726. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..725H. doi:10.1126/science.359.6377.725. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018. Norvig 2012. Langley 2011. Katz 2012. The intelligent agent paradigm: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 27, 32–58, 968–972 * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 7–21 * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 235–240 * Hutter 2005, pp. 125–126 The definition used in this article, in terms of goals, actions, perception and environment, is due to Russell & Norvig (2003). Other definitions also include knowledge and learning as additional criteria. Agent architectures, hybrid intelligent systems: * Russell & Norvig (2003, pp. 27, 932, 970–972) * Nilsson (1998, chpt. 25) Hierarchical control system: * Albus 2002 Lieto, Antonio; Lebiere, Christian; Oltramari, Alessandro (May 2018). "The knowledge level in cognitive architectures: Current limitations and possibile developments". Cognitive Systems Research. 48: 39–55. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.05.001. hdl:2318/1665207. S2CID 206868967. Lieto, Antonio; Bhatt, Mehul; Oltramari, Alessandro; Vernon, David (May 2018). "The role of cognitive architectures in general artificial intelligence". Cognitive Systems Research. 48: 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.08.003. hdl:2318/1665249. S2CID 36189683. Russell & Norvig 2009, p. 1. White Paper: On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust (PDF). Brussels: European Commission. 2020. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020. CNN 2006. Using AI to predict flight delays Archived 20 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Ishti.org. N. Aletras; D. Tsarapatsanis; D. Preotiuc-Pietro; V. Lampos (2016). "Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: a Natural Language Processing perspective". PeerJ Computer Science. 2: e93. doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.93. "The Economist Explains: Why firms are piling into artificial intelligence". The Economist. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016. Lohr, Steve (28 February 2016). "The Promise of Artificial Intelligence Unfolds in Small Steps". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016. Frangoul, Anmar (14 June 2019). "A Californian business is using A.I. to change the way we think about energy storage". CNBC. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Wakefield, Jane (15 June 2016). "Social media 'outstrips TV' as news source for young people". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Smith, Mark (22 July 2016). "So you think you chose to read this article?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Brown, Eileen. "Half of Americans do not believe deepfake news could target them online". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019. The Turing test: Turing's original publication: * Turing 1950 Historical influence and philosophical implications: * Haugeland 1985, pp. 6–9 * Crevier 1993, p. 24 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 70–71 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 2–3 and 948 Dartmouth proposal: * McCarthy et al. 1955 (the original proposal) * Crevier 1993, p. 49 (historical significance) The physical symbol systems hypothesis: * Newell & Simon 1976, p. 116 * McCorduck 2004, p. 153 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 18 Dreyfus 1992, p. 156. Dreyfus criticized the necessary condition of the physical symbol system hypothesis, which he called the "psychological assumption": "The mind can be viewed as a device operating on bits of information according to formal rules."[206] Dreyfus' critique of artificial intelligence: * Dreyfus 1972, Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986 * Crevier 1993, pp. 120–132 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 211–239 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 950–952, Gödel 1951: in this lecture, Kurt Gödel uses the incompleteness theorem to arrive at the following disjunction: (a) the human mind is not a consistent finite machine, or (b) there exist Diophantine equations for which it cannot decide whether solutions exist. Gödel finds (b) implausible, and thus seems to have believed the human mind was not equivalent to a finite machine, i.e., its power exceeded that of any finite machine. He recognized that this was only a conjecture, since one could never disprove (b). Yet he considered the disjunctive conclusion to be a "certain fact". The Mathematical Objection: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 949 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 448–449 Making the Mathematical Objection: * Lucas 1961 * Penrose 1989 Refuting Mathematical Objection: * Turing 1950 under "(2) The Mathematical Objection" * Hofstadter 1979 Background: * Gödel 1931, Church 1936, Kleene 1935, Turing 1937 Graham Oppy (20 January 2015). "Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016. These Gödelian anti-mechanist arguments are, however, problematic, and there is wide consensus that they fail. Stuart J. Russell; Peter Norvig (2010). "26.1.2: Philosophical Foundations/Weak AI: Can Machines Act Intelligently?/The mathematical objection". Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-604259-4. even if we grant that computers have limitations on what they can prove, there is no evidence that humans are immune from those limitations. Mark Colyvan. An introduction to the philosophy of mathematics. Cambridge University Press, 2012. From 2.2.2, 'Philosophical significance of Gödel's incompleteness results': "The accepted wisdom (with which I concur) is that the Lucas-Penrose arguments fail." Iphofen, Ron; Kritikos, Mihalis (3 January 2019). "Regulating artificial intelligence and robotics: ethics by design in a digital society". Contemporary Social Science: 1–15. doi:10.1080/21582041.2018.1563803. ISSN 2158-2041. "Ethical AI Learns Human Rights Framework". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Crevier 1993, pp. 132–144. In the early 1970s, Kenneth Colby presented a version of Weizenbaum's ELIZA known as DOCTOR which he promoted as a serious therapeutic tool.[216] Joseph Weizenbaum's critique of AI: * Weizenbaum 1976 * Crevier 1993, pp. 132–144 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 356–373 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 961 Weizenbaum (the AI researcher who developed the first chatterbot program, ELIZA) argued in 1976 that the misuse of artificial intelligence has the potential to devalue human life. Wendell Wallach (2010). Moral Machines, Oxford University Press. Wallach, pp 37–54. Wallach, pp 55–73. Wallach, Introduction chapter. Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson (2011), Machine Ethics, Cambridge University Press. "Machine Ethics". aaai.org. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Rubin, Charles (Spring 2003). "Artificial Intelligence and Human Nature". The New Atlantis. 1: 88–100. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Brooks, Rodney (10 November 2014). "artificial intelligence is a tool, not a threat". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. "Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and Bill Gates Warn About Artificial Intelligence". Observer. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Chalmers, David (1995). "Facing up to the problem of consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2 (3): 200–219. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2018. See also this link Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine Horst, Steven, (2005) "The Computational Theory of Mind" Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Searle 1980, p. 1. This version is from Searle (1999), and is also quoted in Dennett 1991, p. 435. Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." [230] Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 947): "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently

​ ​#​ ​Ukraine-Cyber-Operations ​Curated Intelligence is working with analysts from around the world to provide useful information to organisations in Ukraine looking for additional free threat intelligence. Slava Ukraini. Glory to Ukraine. ([​Blog​](https://www.curatedintel.org/2021/08/welcome.html) | [​Twitter​](https://twitter.com/CuratedIntel) | [​LinkedIn​](https://www.linkedin.com/company/curatedintelligence/)) ​ ​ ​###​ ​Analyst Comments: ​-​ 2022-02-25 ​  ​-​ Creation of the initial repository to help organisations in Ukraine ​  ​-​ Added [​Threat Reports​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations#threat-reports) section ​  ​-​ Added [​Vendor Support​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations#vendor-support) section ​-​ 2022-02-26 ​  ​-​ Additional resources, chronologically ordered (h/t Orange-CD) ​  ​-​ Added [​Vetted OSINT Sources​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations#vetted-osint-sources) section  ​  ​-​ Added [​Miscellaneous Resources​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations#miscellaneous-resources) section ​-​ 2022-02-27 ​  ​-​ Additional threat reports have been added ​  ​-​ Added [​Data Brokers​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations/blob/main/README.md#data-brokers) section ​  ​-​ Added [​Access Brokers​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations/blob/main/README.md#access-brokers) section ​-​ 2022-02-28 ​  ​-​ Added Russian Cyber Operations Against Ukraine Timeline by ETAC ​  ​-​ Added Vetted and Contextualized [​Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations/blob/main/ETAC_Vetted_UkraineRussiaWar_IOCs.csv) by ETAC ​-​ 2022-03-01 ​  ​-​ Additional threat reports and resources have been added ​-​ 2022-03-02 ​  ​-​ Additional [​Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations/blob/main/ETAC_Vetted_UkraineRussiaWar_IOCs.csv#L2011) have been added ​  ​-​ Added vetted [​YARA rule collection​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations/tree/main/yara) from the Threat Reports by ETAC ​  ​-​ Added loosely-vetted [​IOC Threat Hunt Feeds​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations/tree/main/KPMG-Egyde_Ukraine-Crisis_Feeds/MISP-CSV_MediumConfidence_Filtered) by KPMG-Egyde CTI (h/t [​0xDISREL​](https://twitter.com/0xDISREL)) ​    ​-​ IOCs shared by these feeds are ​`LOW-TO-MEDIUM CONFIDENCE`​ we strongly recommend NOT adding them to a blocklist ​    ​-​ These could potentially be used for ​`THREAT HUNTING`​ and could be added to a ​`WATCHLIST` ​    ​-​ IOCs are generated in ​`MISP COMPATIBLE`​ CSV format ​-​ 2022-03-03 ​  ​-​ Additional threat reports and vendor support resources have been added ​  ​-​ Updated [​Log4Shell IOC Threat Hunt Feeds​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Log4Shell-IOCs/tree/main/KPMG_Log4Shell_Feeds) by KPMG-Egyde CTI; not directly related to Ukraine, but still a widespread vulnerability. ​  ​-​ Added diagram of Russia-Ukraine Cyberwar Participants 2022 by ETAC ​  ​-​ Additional [​Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)​](https://github.com/curated-intel/Ukraine-Cyber-Operations/blob/main/ETAC_Vetted_UkraineRussiaWar_IOCs.csv#L2042) have been added ​####​ ​`Threat Reports` ​| Date | Source | Threat(s) | URL | ​| --- | --- | --- | --- | ​| 14 JAN | SSU Ukraine | Website Defacements | [ssu.gov.ua](https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-rozsliduie-prychetnist-rosiiskykh-spetssluzhb-do-sohodnishnoi-kiberataky-na-orhany-derzhavnoi-vlady-ukrainy)| ​| 15 JAN | Microsoft | WhisperGate wiper (DEV-0586) | [microsoft.com](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/01/15/destructive-malware-targeting-ukrainian-organizations/) | ​| 19 JAN | Elastic | WhisperGate wiper (Operation BleedingBear) | [elastic.github.io](https://elastic.github.io/security-research/malware/2022/01/01.operation-bleeding-bear/article/) | ​| 31 JAN | Symantec | Gamaredon/Shuckworm/PrimitiveBear (FSB) | [symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com](https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/shuckworm-gamaredon-espionage-ukraine) | ​| 2 FEB | RaidForums | Access broker "GodLevel" offering Ukrainain algricultural exchange | RaidForums [not linked] | ​| 2 FEB | CERT-UA | UAC-0056 using SaintBot and OutSteel malware | [cert.gov.ua](https://cert.gov.ua/article/18419) | ​| 3 FEB | PAN Unit42 | Gamaredon/Shuckworm/PrimitiveBear (FSB) | [unit42.paloaltonetworks.com](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/gamaredon-primitive-bear-ukraine-update-2021/) | ​| 4 FEB | Microsoft | Gamaredon/Shuckworm/PrimitiveBear (FSB) | [microsoft.com](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/02/04/actinium-targets-ukrainian-organizations/) | ​| 8 FEB | NSFOCUS | Lorec53 (aka UAC-0056, EmberBear, BleedingBear) | [nsfocusglobal.com](https://nsfocusglobal.com/apt-retrospection-lorec53-an-active-russian-hack-group-launched-phishing-attacks-against-georgian-government) | ​| 15 FEB | CERT-UA | DDoS attacks against the name server of government websites as well as Oschadbank (State Savings Bank) & Privatbank (largest commercial bank). False SMS and e-mails to create panic | [cert.gov.ua](https://cert.gov.ua/article/37139) | ​| 23 FEB | The Daily Beast | Ukrainian troops receive threatening SMS messages | [thedailybeast.com](https://www.thedailybeast.com/cyberattacks-hit-websites-and-psy-ops-sms-messages-targeting-ukrainians-ramp-up-as-russia-moves-into-ukraine) | ​| 23 FEB | UK NCSC | Sandworm/VoodooBear (GRU) | [ncsc.gov.uk](https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Joint-Sandworm-Advisory.pdf) | ​| 23 FEB | SentinelLabs | HermeticWiper | [sentinelone.com]( https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/hermetic-wiper-ukraine-under-attack/ ) | ​| 24 FEB | ESET | HermeticWiper | [welivesecurity.com](https://www.welivesecurity.com/2022/02/24/hermeticwiper-new-data-wiping-malware-hits-ukraine/) | ​| 24 FEB | Symantec | HermeticWiper, PartyTicket ransomware, CVE-2021-1636, unknown webshell | [symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com](https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/ukraine-wiper-malware-russia) | ​| 24 FEB | Cisco Talos | HermeticWiper | [blog.talosintelligence.com](https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/02/threat-advisory-hermeticwiper.html) | ​| 24 FEB | Zscaler | HermeticWiper | [zscaler.com](https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/hermetic-wiper-resurgence-targeted-attacks-ukraine) | ​| 24 FEB | Cluster25 | HermeticWiper | [cluster25.io](https://cluster25.io/2022/02/24/ukraine-analysis-of-the-new-disk-wiping-malware/) | ​| 24 FEB | CronUp | Data broker "FreeCivilian" offering multiple .gov.ua | [twitter.com/1ZRR4H](https://twitter.com/1ZRR4H/status/1496931721052311557)| ​| 24 FEB | RaidForums | Data broker "Featherine" offering diia.gov.ua | RaidForums [not linked] | ​| 24 FEB | DomainTools | Unknown scammers | [twitter.com/SecuritySnacks](https://twitter.com/SecuritySnacks/status/1496956492636905473?s=20&t=KCIX_1Ughc2Fs6Du-Av0Xw) | ​| 25 FEB | @500mk500 | Gamaredon/Shuckworm/PrimitiveBear (FSB) | [twitter.com/500mk500](https://twitter.com/500mk500/status/1497339266329894920?s=20&t=opOtwpn82ztiFtwUbLkm9Q) | ​| 25 FEB | @500mk500 | Gamaredon/Shuckworm/PrimitiveBear (FSB) | [twitter.com/500mk500](https://twitter.com/500mk500/status/1497208285472215042)| ​| 25 FEB | Microsoft | HermeticWiper | [gist.github.com](https://gist.github.com/fr0gger/7882fde2b1b271f9e886a4a9b6fb6b7f) | ​| 25 FEB | 360 NetLab | DDoS (Mirai, Gafgyt, IRCbot, Ripprbot, Moobot) | [blog.netlab.360.com](https://blog.netlab.360.com/some_details_of_the_ddos_attacks_targeting_ukraine_and_russia_in_recent_days/) | ​| 25 FEB | Conti [themselves] | Conti ransomware, BazarLoader | Conti News .onion [not linked] | ​| 25 FEB | CoomingProject [themselves] | Data Hostage Group | CoomingProject Telegram [not linked] | ​| 25 FEB | CERT-UA | UNC1151/Ghostwriter (Belarus MoD) | [CERT-UA Facebook](https://facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=312939130865352&id=100064478028712)| ​| 25 FEB | Sekoia | UNC1151/Ghostwriter (Belarus MoD) | [twitter.com/sekoia_io](https://twitter.com/sekoia_io/status/1497239319295279106) | ​| 25 FEB | @jaimeblascob | UNC1151/Ghostwriter (Belarus MoD) | [twitter.com/jaimeblasco](https://twitter.com/jaimeblascob/status/1497242668627370009)| ​| 25 FEB | RISKIQ | UNC1151/Ghostwriter (Belarus MoD) | [community.riskiq.com](https://community.riskiq.com/article/e3a7ceea/) | ​| 25 FEB | MalwareHunterTeam | Unknown phishing | [twitter.com/malwrhunterteam](https://twitter.com/malwrhunterteam/status/1497235270416097287) | ​| 25 FEB | ESET | Unknown scammers | [twitter.com/ESETresearch](https://twitter.com/ESETresearch/status/1497194165561659394) | ​| 25 FEB | BitDefender | Unknown scammers | [blog.bitdefender.com](https://blog.bitdefender.com/blog/hotforsecurity/cybercriminals-deploy-spam-campaign-as-tens-of-thousands-of-ukrainians-seek-refuge-in-neighboring-countries/) | ​| 25 FEB | SSSCIP Ukraine | Unkown phishing | [twitter.com/dsszzi](https://twitter.com/dsszzi/status/1497103078029291522) | ​| 25 FEB | RaidForums | Data broker "NetSec"  offering FSB (likely SMTP accounts) | RaidForums [not linked] | ​| 25 FEB | Zscaler | PartyTicket decoy ransomware | [zscaler.com](https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/technical-analysis-partyticket-ransomware) | ​| 25 FEB | INCERT GIE | Cyclops Blink, HermeticWiper | [linkedin.com](https://www.linkedin.com/posts/activity-6902989337210740736-XohK) [Login Required] | ​| 25 FEB | Proofpoint | UNC1151/Ghostwriter (Belarus MoD) | [twitter.com/threatinsight](https://twitter.com/threatinsight/status/1497355737844133895?s=20&t=Ubi0tb_XxGCbHLnUoQVp8w) | ​| 25 FEB | @fr0gger_ | HermeticWiper capabilities Overview | [twitter.com/fr0gger_](https://twitter.com/fr0gger_/status/1497121876870832128?s=20&t=_296n0bPeUgdXleX02M9mg) ​| 26 FEB | BBC Journalist | A fake Telegram account claiming to be President Zelensky is posting dubious messages | [twitter.com/shayan86](https://twitter.com/shayan86/status/1497485340738785283?s=21) | ​| 26 FEB | CERT-UA | UNC1151/Ghostwriter (Belarus MoD) | [CERT_UA Facebook](https://facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=313517477474184&id=100064478028712) | ​| 26 FEB | MHT and TRMLabs | Unknown scammers, linked to ransomware | [twitter.com/joes_mcgill](https://twitter.com/joes_mcgill/status/1497609555856932864?s=20&t=KCIX_1Ughc2Fs6Du-Av0Xw) | ​| 26 FEB | US CISA | WhisperGate wiper, HermeticWiper | [cisa.gov](https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-057a) | ​| 26 FEB | Bloomberg | Destructive malware (possibly HermeticWiper) deployed at Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs & data stolen from Ukrainian telecommunications networks | [bloomberg.com](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-26/hackers-destroyed-data-at-key-ukraine-agency-before-invasion?sref=ylv224K8) | ​| 26 FEB | Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine | IT ARMY of Ukraine created to crowdsource offensive operations against Russian infrastructure | [twitter.com/FedorovMykhailo](https://twitter.com/FedorovMykhailo/status/1497642156076511233) | ​| 26 FEB | Yoroi | HermeticWiper | [yoroi.company](https://yoroi.company/research/diskkill-hermeticwiper-a-disruptive-cyber-weapon-targeting-ukraines-critical-infrastructures) | ​| 27 FEB | LockBit [themselves] | LockBit ransomware | LockBit .onion [not linked] |  ​| 27 FEB | ALPHV [themselves] | ALPHV ransomware | vHUMINT [closed source] | ​| 27 FEB | Mēris Botnet [themselves] | DDoS attacks | vHUMINT [closed source] | ​| 28 FEB | Horizon News [themselves] | Leak of China's Censorship Order about Ukraine | [TechARP](https://www-techarp-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.techarp.com/internet/chinese-media-leaks-ukraine-censor/?amp=1)| ​| 28 FEB | Microsoft | FoxBlade (aka HermeticWiper) | [Microsoft](https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2022/02/28/ukraine-russia-digital-war-cyberattacks/?preview_id=65075) | ​| 28 FEB | @heymingwei | Potential BGP hijacks attempts against Ukrainian Internet Names Center | [https://twitter.com/heymingwei](https://twitter.com/heymingwei/status/1498362715198263300?s=20&t=Ju31gTurYc8Aq_yZMbvbxg) | ​| 28 FEB | @cyberknow20 | Stormous ransomware targets Ukraine Ministry of Foreign Affairs | [twitter.com/cyberknow20](https://twitter.com/cyberknow20/status/1498434090206314498?s=21) |  ​| 1 MAR | ESET | IsaacWiper and HermeticWizard | [welivesecurity.com](https://www.welivesecurity.com/2022/03/01/isaacwiper-hermeticwizard-wiper-worm-targeting-ukraine/) | ​| 1 MAR | Proofpoint | Ukrainian armed service member's email compromised and sent malspam containing the SunSeed malware (likely TA445/UNC1151/Ghostwriter) | [proofpoint.com](https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/asylum-ambuscade-state-actor-uses-compromised-private-ukrainian-military-emails) | ​| 1 MAR | Elastic | HermeticWiper | [elastic.github.io](https://elastic.github.io/security-research/intelligence/2022/03/01.hermeticwiper-targets-ukraine/article/) | ​| 1 MAR | CrowdStrike | PartyTicket (aka HermeticRansom), DriveSlayer (aka HermeticWiper) | [CrowdStrike](https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-to-decrypt-the-partyticket-ransomware-targeting-ukraine/) | ​| 2 MAR | Zscaler | DanaBot operators launch DDoS attacks against the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense | [zscaler.com](https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/danabot-launches-ddos-attack-against-ukrainian-ministry-defense) | ​| 3 MAR | @ShadowChasing1 | Gamaredon/Shuckworm/PrimitiveBear (FSB) | [twitter.com/ShadowChasing1](https://twitter.com/ShadowChasing1/status/1499361093059153921) | ​| 3 MAR | @vxunderground | News website in Poland was reportedly compromised and the threat actor uploaded anti-Ukrainian propaganda | [twitter.com/vxunderground](https://twitter.com/vxunderground/status/1499374914758918151?s=20&t=jyy9Hnpzy-5P1gcx19bvIA) | ​| 3 MAR | @kylaintheburgh | Russian botnet on Twitter is pushing "#istandwithputin" and "#istandwithrussia" propaganda (in English) | [twitter.com/kylaintheburgh](https://twitter.com/kylaintheburgh/status/1499350578371067906?s=21) | ​| 3 MAR | @tracerspiff | UNC1151/Ghostwriter (Belarus MoD) | [twitter.com](https://twitter.com/tracerspiff/status/1499444876810854408?s=21) | ​####​ ​`Access Brokers` ​| Date | Threat(s) | Source | ​| --- | --- | --- | ​| 23 JAN | Access broker "Mont4na" offering UkrFerry | RaidForums [not linked] | ​| 23 JAN | Access broker "Mont4na" offering PrivatBank | RaidForums [not linked] | ​| 24 JAN | Access broker "Mont4na" offering DTEK | RaidForums [not linked] | ​| 27 FEB | KelvinSecurity Sharing list of IP cameras in Ukraine | vHUMINT [closed source] | ​| 28 FEB | "w1nte4mute" looking to buy access to UA and NATO countries (likely ransomware affiliate) | vHUMINT [closed source] | ​####​ ​`Data Brokers` ​| Threat Actor    | Type            | Observation                                                                                               | Validated | Relevance                     | Source                                                     | ​| --------------- | --------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | ----------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ​| aguyinachair    | UA data sharing | PII DB of ukraine.com (shared as part of a generic compilation)                                           | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | ELeaks Forum \[not linked\]                                | ​| an3key          | UA data sharing | DB of Ministry of Communities and Territories Development of Ukraine (minregion\[.\]gov\[.\]ua)           | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| an3key          | UA data sharing | DB of Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs (wanted\[.\]mvs\[.\]gov\[.\]ua)                              | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (40M) of PrivatBank customers (privatbank\[.\]ua)                                                  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | DB of "border crossing" DBs of DPR and LPR                                                                | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (7.5M) of Ukrainian passports                                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB of Ukrainian car registration, license plates, Ukrainian traffic police records                    | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (2.1M) of Ukrainian citizens                                                                       | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (28M) of Ukrainian citizens (passports, drivers licenses, photos)                                  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (1M) of Ukrainian postal/courier service customers (novaposhta\[.\]ua)                             | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (10M) of Ukrainian telecom customers (vodafone\[.\]ua)                                             | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (3M) of Ukrainian telecom customers (lifecell\[.\]ua)                                              | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| CorelDraw       | UA data sharing | PII DB (13M) of Ukrainian telecom customers (kyivstar\[.\]ua)                                             | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| danieltx51      | UA data sharing | DB of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (mfa\[.\]gov\[.\]ua)                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| DueDiligenceCIS | UA data sharing | PII DB (63M) of Ukrainian citizens (name, DOB, birth country, phone, TIN, passport, family, etc)          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| Featherine      | UA data sharing | DB of Ukrainian 'Diia' e-Governance Portal for Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine              | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of Ministry for Internal Affairs of Ukraine public data search engine (wanted\[.\]mvs\[.\]gov\[.\]ua)  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of Ministry for Communities and Territories Development of Ukraine (minregion\[.\]gov\[.\]ua)          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of Motor Insurance Bureau of Ukraine (mtsbu\[.\]ua)                                                    | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | PII DB of Ukrainian digital-medicine provider (medstar\[.\]ua)                                            | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of ticket.kyivcity.gov.ua                                                                              | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of id.kyivcity.gov.ua                                                                                  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of my.kyivcity.gov.ua                                                                                  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of portal.kyivcity.gov.ua                                                                              | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of anti-violence-map.msp.gov.ua                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of dopomoga.msp.gov.ua                                                                                 | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of e-services.msp.gov.ua                                                                               | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of edu.msp.gov.ua                                                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of education.msp.gov.ua                                                                                | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of ek-cbi.msp.gov.ua                                                                                   | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mail.msp.gov.ua                                                                                     | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of portal-gromady.msp.gov.ua                                                                           | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of web-minsoc.msp.gov.ua                                                                               | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of wcs-wim.dsbt.gov.ua                                                                                 | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of bdr.mvs.gov.ua                                                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of motorsich.com                                                                                       | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of dsns.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mon.gov.ua                                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of minagro.gov.ua                                                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of zt.gov.ua                                                                                           | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of kmu.gov.ua                                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mvs.gov.ua                                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of dsbt.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of forest.gov.ua                                                                                       | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of nkrzi.gov.ua                                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of dabi.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of comin.gov.ua                                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of dp.dpss.gov.ua                                                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of esbu.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mms.gov.ua                                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mova.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mspu.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of nads.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of reintegration.gov.ua                                                                                | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of sies.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of sport.gov.ua                                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mepr.gov.ua                                                                                         | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mfa.gov.ua                                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of va.gov.ua                                                                                           | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mtu.gov.ua                                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of cg.mvs.gov.ua                                                                                       | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of ch-tmo.mvs.gov.ua                                                                                   | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of cp.mvs.gov.ua                                                                                       | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of cpd.mvs.gov.ua                                                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of hutirvilnij-mrc.mvs.gov.ua                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of dndekc.mvs.gov.ua                                                                                   | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of visnyk.dndekc.mvs.gov.ua                                                                            | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of dpvs.hsc.gov.ua                                                                                     | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of odk.mvs.gov.ua                                                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of e-driver\[.\]hsc\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                     | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of wanted\[.\]mvs\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                       | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of minregeion\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                           | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of health\[.\]mia\[.\]solutions                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mtsbu\[.\]ua                                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of motorsich\[.\]com                                                                                   | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of kyivcity\[.\]com                                                                                    | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of bdr\[.\]mvs\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                          | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of gkh\[.\]in\[.\]ua                                                                                   | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of kmu\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                                  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mon\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                                  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of minagro\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                              | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| FreeCivilian    | UA data sharing | DB of mfa\[.\]gov\[.\]ua                                                                                  | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | FreeCivilian .onion \[not linked\]                         | ​| Intel\_Data     | UA data sharing | PII DB (56M) of Ukrainian Citizens                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| Kristina        | UA data sharing | DB of Ukrainian National Police (mvs\[.\]gov\[.\]ua)                                                      | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| NetSec          | UA data sharing | PII DB (53M) of Ukrainian citizens                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| Psycho\_Killer  | UA data sharing | PII DB (56M) of Ukrainian Citizens                                                                        | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | Exploit Forum .onion \[not linked\]                        | ​| Sp333           | UA data sharing | PII DB of Ukrainian and Russian interpreters, translators, and tour guides                                | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| Vaticano        | UA data sharing | DB of Ukrainian 'Diia' e-Governance Portal for Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine \[copy\]     | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​| Vaticano        | UA data sharing | DB of Ministry for Communities and Territories Development of Ukraine (minregion\[.\]gov\[.\]ua) \[copy\] | No        | TA discussion in past 90 days | RaidForums \[not linked; site hijacked since UA invasion\] | ​####​ ​`Vendor Support` ​| Vendor | Offering | URL | ​| --- | --- | --- | ​| Dragos | Access to Dragos service if from US/UK/ANZ and in need of ICS cybersecurity support | [twitter.com/RobertMLee](https://twitter.com/RobertMLee/status/1496862093588455429) | ​| GreyNoise |  Any and all `Ukrainian` emails registered to GreyNoise have been upgraded to VIP which includes full, uncapped enterprise access to all GreyNoise products | [twitter.com/Andrew___Morris](https://twitter.com/Andrew___Morris/status/1496923545712091139) | ​| Recorded Future | Providing free intelligence-driven insights, perspectives, and mitigation strategies as the situation in Ukraine evolves| [recordedfuture.com](https://www.recordedfuture.com/ukraine/) | ​| Flashpoint | Free Access to Flashpoint’s Latest Threat Intel on Ukraine | [go.flashpoint-intel.com](https://go.flashpoint-intel.com/trial/access/30days) | ​| ThreatABLE | A Ukraine tag for free threat intelligence feed that's more highly curated to cyber| [twitter.com/threatable](https://twitter.com/threatable/status/1497233721803644950) | ​| Orange | IOCs related to Russia-Ukraine 2022 conflict extracted from our Datalake Threat Intelligence platform. | [github.com/Orange-Cyberdefense](https://github.com/Orange-Cyberdefense/russia-ukraine_IOCs)| ​| FSecure | F-Secure FREEDOME VPN is now available for free in all of Ukraine | [twitter.com/FSecure](https://twitter.com/FSecure/status/1497248407303462960) | ​| Multiple vendors | List of vendors offering their services to Ukraine for free, put together by [@chrisculling](https://twitter.com/chrisculling/status/1497023038323404803) | [docs.google.com/spreadsheets](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/18WYY9p1_DLwB6dnXoiiOAoWYD8X0voXtoDl_ZQzjzUQ/edit#gid=0) | ​| Mandiant | Free threat intelligence, webinar and guidance for defensive measures relevant to the situation in Ukraine. | [mandiant.com](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/insights/ukraine-crisis-resource-center) | ​| Starlink | Satellite internet constellation operated by SpaceX providing satellite Internet access coverage to Ukraine | [twitter.com/elonmusk](https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1497701484003213317) | ​| Romania DNSC | Romania’s DNSC – in partnership with Bitdefender – will provide technical consulting, threat intelligence and, free of charge, cybersecurity technology to any business, government institution or private citizen of Ukraine for as long as it is necessary. | [Romania's DNSC Press Release](https://dnsc.ro/citeste/press-release-dnsc-and-bitdefender-work-together-in-support-of-ukraine)| ​| BitDefender | Access to Bitdefender technical consulting, threat intelligence and both consumer and enterprise cybersecurity technology | [bitdefender.com/ukraine/](https://www.bitdefender.com/ukraine/) | ​| NameCheap | Free anonymous hosting and domain name registration to any anti-Putin anti-regime and protest websites for anyone located within Russia and Belarus | [twitter.com/Namecheap](https://twitter.com/Namecheap/status/1498998414020861953) | ​| Avast | Free decryptor for PartyTicket ransomware | [decoded.avast.io](https://decoded.avast.io/threatresearch/help-for-ukraine-free-decryptor-for-hermeticransom-ransomware/) |  ​####​ ​`Vetted OSINT Sources` ​| Handle | Affiliation | ​| --- | --- | ​| [@KyivIndependent](https://twitter.com/KyivIndependent) | English-language journalism in Ukraine | ​| [@IAPonomarenko](https://twitter.com/IAPonomarenko) | Defense reporter with The Kyiv Independent | ​| [@KyivPost](https://twitter.com/KyivPost) | English-language journalism in Ukraine | ​| [@Shayan86](https://twitter.com/Shayan86) | BBC World News Disinformation journalist | ​| [@Liveuamap](https://twitter.com/Liveuamap) | Live Universal Awareness Map (“Liveuamap”) independent global news and information site | ​| [@DAlperovitch](https://twitter.com/DAlperovitch) | The Alperovitch Institute for Cybersecurity Studies, Founder & Former CTO of CrowdStrike | ​| [@COUPSURE](https://twitter.com/COUPSURE) | OSINT investigator for Centre for Information Resilience | ​| [@netblocks](https://twitter.com/netblocks) | London-based Internet's Observatory | ​####​ ​`Miscellaneous Resources` ​| Source | URL | Content | ​| --- | --- | --- | ​| PowerOutages.com | https://poweroutage.com/ua | Tracking PowerOutages across Ukraine | ​| Monash IP Observatory | https://twitter.com/IP_Observatory | Tracking IP address outages across Ukraine | ​| Project Owl Discord | https://discord.com/invite/projectowl | Tracking foreign policy, geopolitical events, military and governments, using a Discord-based crowdsourced approach, with a current emphasis on Ukraine and Russia | ​| russianwarchatter.info | https://www.russianwarchatter.info/ | Known Russian Military Radio Frequencies |

With WWW being the global platform, various fields inclusive to the same have emerged until hitherto. Due to ever-changing forms of cyber Security, it has become a necessity to classify Malicious websites so as to secure personal content. In this project we have implemented The State-Of-the-Art Decision Tree Machine Learning Models such as Random Forest and Decision Tree to classify URLs as malicious or amiable. Implementation of Classification algorithms for discrete data as well as normal regression model is used in the project. Malevolent URLs have been broadly used to mount different digital assaults including spamming, phishing and malware. Recognition of malignant URLs and distinguishing proof of danger types are basic to upset these assaults. Knowing the sort of a danger empowers assessment of seriousness of the assault and embraces a viable countermeasure. Existing strategies commonly distinguish vindictive URLs of a solitary assault type. In this paper, we propose technique utilizing AI to identify malevolent URLs of all the mainstream assault types. While the World Wide Web has become a stellar application on the Internet, it has likewise gotten a massive danger of digital assaults. Enemies have utilized the Web as a vehicle to convey malignant assaults, for example, phishing, spamming, and malware contamination. For instance, phishing ordinarily includes sending an email apparently from a dependable source to deceive individuals to click a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) contained in the email that joins to a fake page. To address Web-based assaults, an incredible exertion has been coordinated towards identification of noxious URLs. A typical countermeasure is to utilize a boycott of vindictive URLs, which can be built from different sources, particularly human criticisms that are exceptionally precise yet tedious. Boycotting acquires no bogus positives, however is successful just for known noxious URLs. It can't identify obscure malevolent URLs. The very idea of careful match in boycotting these renders it simple to be sidestepped. This shortcoming of blacklisting has been tended to by oddity-based location techniques intended to identify obscure vindictive URLs. In these strategies, a characterization model dependent on discriminative principles or highlights is worked with either information from the earlier or through machine learning. Choice of discriminative standards or highlights assumes a basic function for the presentation of a locator. Online malware assaults become one in everything about chief genuine dangers that need to be tended too frantically. Numerous methodologies that have stood out as promising manners by which of safeguard work, for example, malware grasp utilizing various boycotts. Nonetheless, these standard methodologies ordinarily neglect to watch new assaults due to the adaptability of malignant sites. Consequently, it's hard to deal with state-of-the-art boycotts with data concerning new vindictive sites. Malignant location identification assumes a significant part for a few network protection applications, and unmistakably AI moves toward square measure a promising course. In mix with protection imperatives on information sets of real client traffic, its irksome for scientists and product engineers to measure hostile to malware arrangements against huge scope information sets of practical net traffic. AI strategy [1] region unit utilized so as to characterize the online deals into malignant and benevolent URLs. The appearance of ongoing correspondence innovations has had enormous contact with in the development and advancement of organizations spamming over a few applications just as web based banking, online business, and long range informal communication. In actuality, in the present age it's almost required to have a web presence to run a famous endeavour. Accordingly, the significance of the overall net has ceaselessly been expanding. Unfortunately the mechanical promotions return in expansion to new unobtrusive strategies to assault and trick client. Such assaults grasp noxious sites that sell fake stock, financial extortion by fooling clients into uncovering delicate data that in the long run cause stealing of money or character, or maybe placing in malware inside the clients framework. There square measure a huge kind of procedures to actualize such assaults, similar to explicit hacking attempts, Derive-by abuses, Denial of administration [2], Distributed refusal of administration [1] and bunches of others. Concentrating the changeability of assaults, without a doubt new assault assortments, and furthermore the unnumbered settings inside which such assaults will appears, it's exhausting to style-solid frameworks to find digital security penetrates. The restrictions of customary security the board advancements are getting to an ever increasing extent genuine given this remarkable development of new security dangers, fast changes of new IT advancements, and critical deficiency of security experts. The vast majority of these assaulting strategies are acknowledged through spreading traded off URLs. A primary exploration exertion in pernicious URL recognition has zeroed in on choosing profoundly successful discriminative highlights. Existing techniques were intended to distinguish pernicious URLs of a solitary assault type, for example, spamming, phishing, or malware. In this paper, we propose a strategy utilizing Machine Learning Algorithms on how to distinguish malevolent URLs of all the well known assault types including phishing, spamming and malware contamination, and distinguish the assault types noxious URLs endeavour to dispatch.

As a digital marketing company, we have actually driven numerous web site hits, millions of leads as well as also millions of sales. So if you are a local business or a young expert that wants to find out more about marketing management, then you remain in the best place. Today, we're reviewing exactly how advertising managers can develop effective projects, detailed. Our digital marketing firm saves small companies from bad advertising as well as no development, yet of course, in order to do that effectively, our advertising and marketing supervisors have to have extraordinary skills around marketing monitoring. Regrettably, a great deal of the schools today are instructing out-of-date advertising and marketing techniques. As well as the net is swamped with phony experts who show marketing however in fact have no actual experience. This can be an easy catch for anyone just beginning to seek aid regarding the globe of marketing. That's why you should pick up from individuals who have actual experience As Well As can confirm it for greater than one firm. And also these are simply results we've gotten for our firm, using our very own techniques. We have more than 10,000 hrs of actual digital marketing experience and also have aided thousands of business find the very best options to their advertising issues. Just how have we managed to do this? Via our team of marketer! In order for them to offer these efficient options, our marketing supervisors need to have outstanding abilities around marketing administration. And those abilities are precisely what our advertising and marketing supervisors have. We're mosting likely to give you some powerful techniques if you want to learn advertising and marketing monitoring or become a much better marketing manager. In this blog, you will certainly learn exactly how advertising managers can develop effective campaigns, step-by-step. We will certainly discuss: 1. Just how to onboard a brand-new marketing project 2. Just how to structure your strategy 3. How to setup everything 4. And much more! Without further trouble, let's go ahead as well as dive in with action # 1. Action 1: How to onboard a brand-new advertising project Whether you are beginning a new marketing campaign from square one or you are inheriting an existing advertising campaign, it is really important to recognize 2 things. # 1 You require to develop your advertising goals. Now usually we have clients that will certainly claim their objective is to obtain more sales. Yet that is an extremely high-level goal. With that, you'll intend to unbox your goal into something more workable. To break down your objective into actionable parts, we will certainly start to speak about leading as well as lagging indicators. A lagging indicator is normally a result, such as more sales, even more leads, or more web traffic, which are great objectives to have. Yet in order to get to an outcome or a lagging indication, you need a leading indication which is typically an action. Leading signs are points that you can regulate now everyday or each week. And these are the advertising and marketing objectives that you want to develop. As a marketing manager, you need to understand both leading and lagging objectives. # 2 You need to understand your budget. When you onboard an advertising and marketing campaign, you require to understand your campaign budget. If you are unclear about your marketing spending plan or about just how to accurately calculate your marketing budget, we have a thorough video clip that can help you here. Ultimately, the important point below is that you intend to make sure your budget plan matches your objectives. For that reason, if you desire $1 million in sales for instance, then you require to be all set to spend thousands of thousands of dollars. And also honestly, you wish to be as sensible as possible because that's the accountable thing to do as a great online marketer. A lot of people strive for the over night success desire, however the fact is excellent marketing can require time. Now that you have established you require to establish some advertising goals and also a spending plan, after that you can transfer to tip number two, which is "just how to structure your advertising strategy." Action 2: Exactly how to structure your advertising plan The first thing we suggest that you do is to develop an advertising and marketing channel, or really plainly recognize the advertising and marketing channel that already exists. If your business is already generating any type of sales, after that you likely have an advertising and marketing channel whether you understand it or not. It is necessary to recognize which part of the funnel you will certainly need to influence with your advertising project. Understanding the advertising channel will help you pinpoint which stage of the channel demands adjustments. To get a far better understanding of the advertising and marketing channel, let's take a more detailed look at an advertising funnel as well as break down an advertising funnel for B2C (service to customer) as well as B2B (organization to service) firms. At the top of the channel you have the recognition stage. For both B2B or B2C companies this is where potential consumers become aware of your company either by means of search, or an advertisement, or a person referring them to you. The next part of the channel is the interest stage. This is where your capacity clients start to read more concerning your product and services. After that phase of the channel is the consideration stage. This is where your capacity customers actually begin thinking about buying your products. They might begin to review your evaluations or compare your products to others that are on the market. After the consideration stage is the intent phase. This is the stage where the potential client prepares to buy as well as simply needs a little push to complete the transaction. If you're a B2C firm, that implies that a visitor has perhaps added something to their cart. And also if you're a B2B firm, that implies that a site visitor may have asked for a meeting or a live trial. Swiftly after that, the prospective consumer enters the examination stage. This is when the potential consumer is considering the experience they are having as they are having a look at for a B2C company or finishing the contract for a B2B firm. At the really bottom of the channel you have the actual purchase, which is when the potential client becomes a real consumer. As you can see, there is a whole process to getting a client to really end up being a client. On top of that, a channel can continue after the acquisition factor, particularly if you wish to get even more sales from your present consumers. However those phases we pointed out are mosting likely to be the major locations that the majority of marketing managers require to focus on. Nevertheless, if you wish to discover a bit a lot more concerning marketing funnels, check out this blog where we go a lot more thorough with the advertising and marketing channel phases. As you are doing your marketing administration, you wish to begin asking on your own, "Which stage in the advertising and marketing channel does my organization require the most assist with?" You will discover that some business require general understanding prior to they can enhance any other part of their funnel. You may additionally locate that some business have a lot of awareness, yet battle to convert those introduce sales. However, once you recognize where your marketing needs one of the most aid, then you can concentrate there and also start to establish those leading indication objectives. For example, in the recognition stage, you have to focus on getting to a great deal of people. And also if business spending plan you have actually established is reduced, that suggests you will likely require to make use of an organic advertising and marketing approach. Currently let's move on to tip number three, which is just how to establish your advertising and marketing projects Action 3: How to set up your marketing campaigns. The first thing you need to think of below is production. What we indicate by "production" is you need to understand WHO or WHAT you require and WHEN you require it. To figure this out, go back to your leading indications and think about just how you are mosting likely to complete them. Possibly you need a web content writer, a designer, or a marketing spending plan. Or perhaps you require to set aside a couple of hours a day, to hire an agency, or a few other tools to aid you be reliable. The bottom line is, you need to be extremely clear about what deliverables you need as well as when you require them. After manufacturing, we recommend that you track your development. Since doesn't mean you are seeking that delayed indication or that major result that you wish to accomplish. Rather, you'll want to track whether or not your growth is headed in a positive instructions. Ideally, it's very easy to determine a trend line that is going up overtime. For example, if you are publishing on YouTube on a daily basis for six months as well as you are not obtaining any kind of sights whatsoever, then that is an indication that you require to quit and reassess your advertising strategy. One of our company's favorite tools to make use of to track development is Google Analytics. It's very simple to set up on your own as well as ought to take you no time to obtain arrangement and start. As soon as you're set up for success with Google Analytics, you can go on to tip number four, which isn't truly an action however it is a crucial idea to live by. Step 4: Stay with your strategy We have actually stated it before however excellent advertising takes some time. We can't emphasize this sufficient. Unless you have a really large spending plan, we're speaking at the very least $100,000 a year, then you greater than likely will require to focus on one point at a time. That means you wish to put together a really great approach and make sure it functions PRIOR TO you proceed to something that is new and also stylish right now. We suggest you give your technique a minimum of 6 months before you quit. And this is six months of pure quality! That means you are not missing out on due dates and you are putting together an excellent amount of quantity and also top quality work. Bear in mind to still be tracking your outcomes and making sure you're constructing some energy or seeing a positive trend line. Even if the positive trend line is slow, it is still positive. Now allow's go on to our last step. Tip 5: Reporting If you are doing any type of type of advertising and marketing management or if you are an advertising and marketing supervisor on your own, after that at some time you will require to do some reporting. Whether you are reporting to yourself, stakeholders, a supervisor, or a customer, this is an area where you require to successfully interact just how your advertising and marketing is going. When you are connecting, you need to recognize your target market. If you are speaking to an additional advertising and marketing professional or somebody with an advertising background, after that you can possibly utilize more advanced descriptions of your development. However if you are speaking with someone that does not know a lot regarding advertising, after that you want to try to simplify as simply as possible. For instance, you would not begin speaking to a stranger about ROAS, ROI, conversion projects, as well as lead-to-sale conversions since there's a slim chance they would understand what you were discussing. Everything that we cover in this blog are points that you wish to communicate to whoever you are reporting to. To make sure that suggests you want to relate things back to the goals, the budget, the channel, and the positive pattern line. You'll see that poor marketing professionals only care about telling you just how good their negative results are. A bad marketing professional will tell you about all the leads they have actually created but have really little results for conversions. As good marketers, it is our obligation to interact successfully as well as with honesty. So understand your numbers, know your target market, as well as be as clear as possible whether the results are good or bad. Establishing in-depth records that are comprehensive sufficient for your audience to recognize is what will assist everyone be on the very same web page. Verdict There you have it-- 5 truly awesome suggestions for advertising monitoring. Tips that we stand by and are confirmed due to the fact that we've used them for our own advertising and marketing projects. In addition, we have actually managed campaigns for our customers that have actually driven numerous hits, numerous leads, and countless sales. That's why we believe you can stand by these important pointers we have actually supplied here.And there's so much extra you can learn more about advertising and marketing for your business! Whether you are a small company proprietor or a young specialist that intends to find out more concerning advertising and marketing administration, after that you remain in the right area. Our group of marketer prepare to help you make on your own a better marketer!

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business packages software that allows an organization to use a system of vERP applications to manage the business and Automobiles many Manufacturing functions related to technology, services and human resources. ERP software integrates all facets of an operation — including product planning, development, manufacturing, sales and marketing — in a single database, application and user interface. ERP is an Enterprise Application for ERP packages ERP software is considered to be a type of enterprise packages, that is software designed to be used by larger businesses and often requires dedicated teams to customize and analyze the data and to handle upgrades and deployment. In contrast, Small business ERP applications are lightweight business management software solutions, often customized for a specific business industry or vertical. ERP Software Modules Explained ERP software typically consists of multiple enterprise Automobiles modules that are individually purchased, based on what best meets the specific needs and technical capabilities of the organization. Each ERP module is focused on one area of business processes, such as product development or marketing. Some of the most common ERP modules include those for product planning, material purchasing, inventory control, distribution, accounting, marketing, finance and HR. A business will typically use a combination of different modules to manage back-office activities and tasks including the following: Distribution process management, supply chain management, services knowledge base, configure, prices, improve accuracy of financial data, facilitate better project planning, automate employee life-cycle, standardize critical business procedures, reduce redundant tasks, assess business needs, accounting and financial applications, lower purchasing costs, manage human resources and payroll. As the ERP methodology has become more popular, ERP Customized software have merged to help business managers implement ERP in to other business activities and may incorporate modules for CRM and business demo in kolkata, presenting it as a single ERP package. Recommended Reading: The Difference Between CRM and ERP The basic goal of using an enterprise resource planning system is to provide one central repository for all information that is shared by all the various ERP facets to improve the flow of data across the organization. Enterprise ERP Trends The ERP field can be slow to change, but the last couple of years have unleashed forces which are fundamentally shifting the entire area. The following new and continuing trends affect enterprise ERP software: 1. Mobile ERP Executives and employees want real-time access to information, regardless of where they are. It is expected that businesses will embrace mobile ERP for the reports, dashboards and to conduct key business processes. 2. Cloud ERP The cloud has been advancing steadily into the enterprise for some time, but many ERP users have been reluctant to place data cloud. Those reservations have gradually been evaporating, however, as the advantages of the cloud become apparent. 3. Social ERP There has been much hype around social media and how important —or not — it is to add to ERP systems. Certainly, vendors have been quick to seize the initiative, adding social media packages to their ERP systems with much fanfare. But some wonder if there is really much gain to be had by integrating social media with ERP. 4. Two-tier ERP Enterprises once attempted to build an all-encompassing ERP system to take care of every aspect of organizational systems. But some expensive failures have gradually brought about a change in strategy – adopting two tiers of ERP. ERP Vendors Depending on your organization's size and needs there are a number of enterprise resource planning software vendors to choose from in the large enterprise, mid-market and the small business ERP market. Gartner's annual market share reports put SAP, Oracle, Sage, Microsoft and Net Suite among the top vendors, but vERP data suggests that SAP and Oracle are easily the biggest two, with vERP. http://www.verp.in/ERP-Packages

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NAME: SHA'BAN YOUSEF MOHAMMAD ELQASASS TELE PHONE NO. : 0799455189 NATIONALITY: JORDANIAN ADDRESS: JORDAN-AMMAN E-MAIL: SHBNQ422@YAHOO.COM WWW.SHAABANALQASSAS.COM CERTIFICATES: • HIGHER DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ( THE UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN) • B.CS IN CHEMISTRY AND COMPUTER FROM YARMOUK UNIVERSITY JORDAN • MCAD.NET (MICROSOFT CERTIFIED APPLICATION DEVELOPER 2003) • ADO.NET; ASP.NET ; MVC :LINQ :VB.NET : C# • MS SQL SERVER DATABASE 2005-2008-2012-2014 • ACCESSING DATA WITH MICROSOFT .NET FRAMEWORK 4 CERTIFICATE -MICROSOFT • JOOMLA WEBSITES DEVELOPER • PHP; MYSQL DATABASE; • MICROSOFT CERTIFIED TECHNOLOGY SPECIALIST (MCTS 2013) • CERTIFICATE DEVELOPING DATA ACCESS SOLUTIONS- MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE DEVELOPING WEB APPLICATIONS – MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE ADMIN TEAM FOUNDATION SERVER – MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE DEVELOPING SILVERLIGHT – MICROSOFT • OFFICIAL TRANING IN ARCGIS 10.1 (I) – BY ESRI • OFFICIAL TRANING IN ARCGIS 10.1 ( II) – BY ESRI • OFFICIAL TRANING IN ARCGIS 10.1 ( III) performing analysis – BY ESRI • OFFICIAL TRANING IN ARCGIS 10.1 ( BUILDING GEODATABASE) – BY ESRI • OFFICIAL TRANING IN IMPLEMENTING VERSIONED WORKFLOWS IN A MULTIUSER GEODATABASE – BY ESRI • OFFICIAL TRANING IN ARCGIS 10.1 ( BUILDING WEB APPLICATION USING THE ARCGIS API ) – BY ESRI • OFFICIAL TRANING IN ARCGIS 10.1 ( INTRODUCTION TO ARCGIS SERVER) – BY ESRI • OFFICIAL TRANING IN ARCGIS 10.1 (CONFIGURING & MANAGING THE MULTIUSER GEODATABASE (SDE)) – BY ESRI • CERTIFICATE MAINTAINING MICROSOFT SQL SERVER DATABASE-MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE IMPLEMENTING MICROSOFT SQL SERVER DATABASE REPORTING SERVICES- MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE SHAREPOINT SERVER ADMINISTRATION- MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE SHAREPOINT SERVER DEVELOPMENT- MICROSOFT • BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE TOOLS :DATA ANALYSIS SERVICES, DATA TRANSFORMATION SERVICES (DTS), DATA MIGRATION SERVICES, ETL (EXTRACT, TRANSFORM, AND LOAD) SERVICES, • ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP) AND DATA-MINING TOOLS • CERTIFICATE WRITING QUERIES USING MICROSOFT SQL SERVER TRANSACT SQL –MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE IMPLEMENTING AND MAINTAINING MICROSOFT SQL SERVER ANALYSIS SERVICES –MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE IMPLEMENTING AND MAINTAINING MICROSOFT SQL SERVER INTEGRATION SERVICES –MICROSOFT • CERTIFICATE ADMINISTERING TEAM FOUNDATION SERVER • SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR • Adobe program (graphics & design) • MS - SQL SERVER REPORTING SERVICE-OLAP-BI • SPSS ADVANCED TRAINING • ICDL CERTIFICATE • GEOMEDIA PROFESSIONAL GIS • GEOMEDIA WEBMAP GIS • GEOMEDIA TRANSPORTAION GIS • INTEL CERTIFICATE FUTURE FOR LEARNING • A+ COMPUTER MAINTENANCE (HARDWARE & SOFTWARE) • NETWORK + • SPECIALIZED COURSE IN METHODS OF CALCULATING THE RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH / DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS • COURSE COMPLETION DEMOGRAPHIC / DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS • SPECIALIZED COURSE IN THE MEASUREMENT OF IMMIGRATION / DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS. • Develop GIS websites using GIS SILVERLIGHT asp.net technology. • Develop GIS websites using GIS flex technology. • Certificate projection methods and simulation models-UNESCO • Specialized course in fertility / Department of Statistics. • Specialized course in the measurement of levels and patterns of DEATH / DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS • COURSE CODE POPULATION PROJECTIONS / DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS • SPECIALIZED COURSE IN THE PREPARATION OF PROJECTIONS IN CRISES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING - UNESCO • WEB DESIGN USING DREAM WAVER • ASSOCIATE REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON EDUCATION STATISTICS - UNESCO INSTITUTE FOR STATISTICS • USING SPSS PROGRAM • ADVANCED COURSE IN STRATEGIC PLANNING AND THE PREPARATION OF INDICATORS • ADVANCED COURSE IN-DEPTH DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS (U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS) • ADVANCED COURSE IN POPULATION PROJECTIONS (U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS) • EMIS EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM EXPERIENCES: • HEAD OF EMIS AND GIS DIVISION ) EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM( • HEAD OF PLANNING AND STATISTICS DIVISION • SUPERVISOR IN THE STATISTICS OF THE POPULATION IN THE KINGDOM IN 2004 AND DESIGNED STATISTICAL SOFTWARE.PARTICIPANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES AND SOFTWARE EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS SIDE WITH GIS MAPS OF SCHOOL • TEAM LEADER IN DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM PROJECT ERSP • TEAM LEADER IN DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM PROJECT OPENEMIS • PARTICIPANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES AND SOFTWARE STATISTICAL INFORMATION AND SURVEY FOR SCHOOL FOOD.. 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MYSQL DATABASE دورة "أخصائي تكنولوجيا معتمد من مايكروسوفتMCTS MS - SQL SERVER REPORTING SERVICE –OLAP-BI MS ANALYSIS SERVICE System administrator Joomla website developer شهادةNETWORK + الدولية في شبكات الحاسوب شهادة التعليم للمستقبل INTEL لحوسبة التعليم شهادةA+ الدولية في صيانة الحاسوب شهادة نظم إدارة المعلومات التربوية EMIS وشهادة الخرائط الجغرافية GIS تدريب متخصص ArcGIS10.1 (I) شركة ESRI العالمية تدريب متخصص ArcGIS10.1 (II) شركة ESRI العالمية تدريب متخصص ArcGIS10.1 (III) performing analysis شركة ESRI العالمية تدريب متخصص ArcGIS10.1 (building geodatabase) شركة ESRI العالمية تدريب متخصص SharePoint إدارة وتطوير GEOMEDIA PROFESSIONAL GIS GEOMEDIA WEBMAP GIS GEOMEDIA TRANSPORTAION GIS دورة استخدام برمجيات المؤشرات والتحليل الاحصائي devinfo spectrum -- دورة متخصصة في اساليب حساب معدل النمو السكاني / دائرة الاحصاءات العامة دورة متخصصة في الاستكمال الديمغرافي / دائرة الاحصاءات العامة دورة متخصصة في قياس الهجرة / دائرة الاحصاءات العامة دورة متخصصة في الخصوبة / دائرة الاحصاءات العامة دورة متخصصة في قياس مستويات وانماط الوفاة / دائرة الاحصاءات العامة دورة متخصصة في برمجية الاسقاطات السكانية / دائرة الاحصاءات العامة Adobe program (graphics & design) تصميم مواقع الانترنت باستخدام Dream Waver استخدام برمجية SPSS في التحليل الاحصائي دورة متقدمة في التخطيط الاستراتيجي واعداد المؤشرات دورة متخصصة في اعداد الاسقاطات في الازمات والتخطيط الاستراتيجي - يونيسكو دورة متقدمة في التحليل الديمغرافي المعمق U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS دورة متقدمة في الاسقاطات السكانية U.S.BUREAU OF CENSUS الخبرات: • رئيس قسم نظام إدارة المعلومات التربوية EMIS والخرائط GIS في وزارة التربية • رئيس قسم التخطيط والاحصاء التربوي في وزارة التربية والتعليم من تاريخ 2006 . • اعداد والمشاركة في ورش المؤشرات الدولية والتخطيط الاستراتيجي واستخدام برمجياتها وتطويرها • مشرف في الاحصاءات العامة للسكان في المملكة للعام 2004 ومصمم برمجيات احصائية. • تطوير مواقع انترنت الجغرافية باستخدام تقنية GIS SILVERLIGHT asp.net • تطوير مواقع انترنت الجغرافية باستخدام تقنية GIS flex • اخصائي قواعد بيانات في الهيئة المستقلة للانتخاب –الأردن • مدير فريق تطوير نظام إدارة المعلومات التربوي والمؤشرات التربية ERSP • مدير فريق تطوير نظام إدارة المعلومات التربوي والمؤشرات التربية OpenEMIS • مشارك في تطوير قواعد بيانات و معلومات الطلبة اللاجئين السوريين • مشارك في ورشة عمل في إدارة التغيير – USIAD • مشارك في ورشة عمل في المتابعة والتقييم - USIAD • مشارك في تطوير قواعد بيانات و برمجيات المؤشرات التربوية باستخدام الخرائط المدرسية GIS • مشارك في الانتخابات النيابية تطوير جداول المتابعة واصدار النتائج. • مشارك في تطوير قواعد بيانات وبرمجيات المعلومات الاحصائية EMIS-Eduwave • مشارك في مشروع تطوير المديرية والمدرسة (SDDP) ورسم وبناء السياسات التربوية . • مشارك في مشروع تكامل انظمة المعلومات في وزارة التربية والتعليم • مشارك في مشروع احصائيات معرفة القراءة والكتابة برنامج تقييم وتتبع مستويات القرائية LAMP • دورة متقدمة في القيادة في استراتيجية الاتصال . جامعة ميتشغان الامريكية • المنسق الوطني لمؤشرات التعليم WEI "World Education Indicator " -UNESCO • مشارك في ورشة عمل الاقليمية حول احصاءات التعليم – معهد اليونسكو للاحصاء • مصمم برمجيات احصائية خاصة في حملة يالا نوفر مي في عمان للعام 2009 • مطور ومصمم مواقع انترنت • مبرمج في قسم التخطيط في مديرية التربية والتعليم .تطوير برامج الحاسوب لحوسبة أعمال القسم من تاريخ 2004 • مدرس لمادتي الكيمياء والحاسوب للمرحلة الثانوية والأساسية من تاريخ 1995 • مدرب لبرمجية visual basic .net asp.net ado.net من تاريخ 2004 • مدرب لشهادة الحاسوب الدولية ICDL)) من تاريخ 2001

Help a legislative association with political and financial examination. Produce a notable narrative that gives others another purpose of section on a worldwide issue, for example, destitution. Rouse secondary school understudies to build up their creative mind through writing. Humanities and sociologies furnish you with a lot of abilities for an expansive scope of expert fields, including business, correspondence, training, law, drug, governmental issues, and brain science, among others. In NYU’s undergrad programs in the humanities and sociologies, you increase a strong aesthetic sciences establishment, nitty gritty investigation of the hypothetical parts of your field, hands-on proficient experience, and the chance to learn at NYU’s grounds and revolves the world over. What is Humanities and Sociology? This area manages the degree and investigation of Humanities and sociology as a control in India. A portion of the significant territories that have been shrouded in this area incorporate the Extent of Humanities, Professions in Sociology and Humanities, various courses in Humanities and top colleges and schools offering humanities. Contemplating Humanities in India is considered by numerous individuals as not a forthcoming alternative. Humanities offer a plenty of courses and vocation choices for understudies after class 12. The significant subjects under Humanities include: What is Humanities? Despite the fact that each stream and part of scholastics someway or different throws sway on the general public, the center logical controls have an aberrant bearing as their attention is principally on to the logical marvels. Simultaneously, there are a few controls where people and the general public is the focal point of study. Some are occupied with disentangling the past, some different parts of person and society viz social, social, political, monetary and so on. Such teaches are extensively alluded in the ambit of Sociologies or Humanities. The efficient investigation of society and human connections inside society is alluded as sociology. It is considered as probably the most seasoned subject that tremendously affect society. Sociologies intend to comprehend human social orders through logical clarifications. There are a few orders where people and the general public is the focal point of study. Some are occupied with unwinding the past, some different parts of individual and society, for example, social, social, political, monetary and so on. These orders are comprehensively alluded in the ambit of Sociologies or humanities. Sociology is the interdisciplinary investigation of progressive advancement of human culture. It offers heap trains, for example, human science, brain research, human sciences, and applied social examinations, for example, social strategy investigation and social work. The scope of projects in Sociology is its quality. There is a steady accentuation on understudies seeking after different sociology courses to do inside and out research and to basically challenge their general surroundings. Subjects Under Humanities Presently, that you have a superior comprehension of Humanities, you ought to likewise realize the sociology subjects that you can ponder under Humanities like History, Financial matters, Political Theory and English. To find out about these subjects and the extension it offers, click here. Humanities versus Sociologies Humanities and sociologies manage human viewpoints like governmental issues, law, semantics, financial matters, and brain science. One of the significant contrasts between the two is that humanities include a progressively basic and logical methodology while sociologies manage to a greater degree a logical methodology. Humanities are a part of science that manages the legacy and the subject of what makes us human. Humanities manage law, history, antiquated dialects, current dialects, reasoning, history, religion, and visual/performing expressions. Humanities are viewed as more philosophical than sociologies. As there is a logical way to deal with sociologies, it is viewed as a part of concentrate in the middle of humanities and common sciences. Human studies, criminology, organization, archaic exploration, instruction, financial matters, brain research, phonetics, political theory, law, and history go under the domain of sociologies. The investigation of humanities can be followed back to old Greece. It was during the Roman occasions that the idea of seven aesthetic sciences created like; talk and rationale, syntax, music, cosmology, mathematics, space science, and geometry. There was an incredible move, be that as it may, to the investigation of humanities in the fifteenth century. It was after the fifteenth century that humanities was viewed as a subject to be examined instead of rehearsed. When discussing sociologies, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are credited with giving it a cutting edge definition. Sociologies was affected by the French upheaval and the mechanical upset. Sociology was created from prescriptive practices that were identified with a gathering’s social improvement, or through applied and trial sciences, or through the systematic information on bases. Outline: 1.One of the significant contrasts between the two is that humanities include a progressively basic and investigative methodology though sociology manages an increasingly logical methodology. 2.Humanities are a part of science that manage the legacy and the subject of what makes us human. 3.As there is a logical way to deal with sociologies, it is viewed as a part of concentrate in the middle of humanities and regular sciences. 4.Humanities are viewed as more philosophical than sociologies. 5.The investigation of humanities can be followed back to antiquated Greece. It was during the Roman occasions that the idea of seven human sciences created like; talk and rationale, language structure, music, stargazing, mathematics, cosmology, and geometry. There was an extraordinary move, be that as it may, to the investigation of humanities in the fifteenth century. 6.Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are attributed with giving a cutting edge definition to sociologies. This part of study was affected by the French transformation and the mechanical upheaval.

You work for Spark Funds, an asset management company. Spark Funds wants to make investments in a few companies. The CEO of Spark Funds wants to understand the global trends in investments so that she can take the investment decisions effectively. Business and Data Understanding Spark Funds has two minor constraints for investments: It wants to invest between 5 to 15 million USD per round of investment It wants to invest only in English-speaking countries because of the ease of communication with the companies it would invest in For your analysis, consider a country to be English speaking only if English is one of the official languages in that country You may use this list: Click here for a list of countries where English is an official language. These conditions will give you sufficient information for your initial analysis. Before getting to specific questions, let’s understand the problem and the data first. 1. What is the strategy? Spark Funds wants to invest where most other investors are investing. This pattern is often observed among early stage startup investors. 2. Where did we get the data from? We have taken real investment data from crunchbase.com, so the insights you get may be incredibly useful. For this group project, we have divided the data into the following files: You have to use three main data tables for the entire analysis (available for download on the next page): 3. What is Spark Funds’ business objective? The business objectives and goals of data analysis are pretty straightforward. Business objective: The objective is to identify the best sectors, countries, and a suitable investment type for making investments. The overall strategy is to invest where others are investing, implying that the 'best' sectors and countries are the ones 'where most investors are investing'. Goals of data analysis: Your goals are divided into three sub-goals: Investment type analysis: Comparing the typical investment amounts in the venture, seed, angel, private equity etc. so that Spark Funds can choose the type that is best suited for their strategy. Country analysis: Identifying the countries which have been the most heavily invested in the past. These will be Spark Funds’ favourites as well. Sector analysis: Understanding the distribution of investments across the eight main sectors. (Note that we are interested in the eight 'main sectors' provided in the mapping file. The two files — companies and rounds2 — have numerous sub-sector names; hence, you will need to map each sub-sector to its main sector.) 4. How do you approach the case study? What are the deliverables? The entire case study is divided into checkpoints to help you navigate. For each checkpoint, you are advised to fill in the tables into the spreadsheet provided in the download segment. The tables are also mentioned under the 'Results Expected' section after each checkpoint.

As a digital marketing company, we have actually driven numerous web site hits, millions of leads as well as also millions of sales. So if you are a local business or a young expert that wants to find out more about marketing management, then you remain in the best place. Today, we're reviewing exactly how advertising managers can develop effective projects, detailed. Our digital marketing firm saves small companies from bad advertising as well as no development, yet of course, in order to do that effectively, our advertising and marketing supervisors have to have extraordinary skills around marketing monitoring. Regrettably, a great deal of the schools today are instructing out-of-date advertising and marketing techniques. As well as the net is swamped with phony experts who show marketing however in fact have no actual experience. This can be an easy catch for anyone just beginning to seek aid regarding the globe of marketing. 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Just how to onboard a brand-new marketing project 2. Just how to structure your strategy 3. How to setup everything 4. And much more! Without further trouble, let's go ahead as well as dive in with action # 1. Action 1: How to onboard a brand-new advertising project Whether you are beginning a new marketing campaign from square one or you are inheriting an existing advertising campaign, it is really important to recognize 2 things. # 1 You require to develop your advertising goals. Now usually we have clients that will certainly claim their objective is to obtain more sales. Yet that is an extremely high-level goal. With that, you'll intend to unbox your goal into something more workable. To break down your objective into actionable parts, we will certainly start to speak about leading as well as lagging indicators. A lagging indicator is normally a result, such as more sales, even more leads, or more web traffic, which are great objectives to have. Yet in order to get to an outcome or a lagging indication, you need a leading indication which is typically an action. Leading signs are points that you can regulate now everyday or each week. And these are the advertising and marketing objectives that you want to develop. As a marketing manager, you need to understand both leading and lagging objectives. # 2 You need to understand your budget. When you onboard an advertising and marketing campaign, you require to understand your campaign budget. If you are unclear about your marketing spending plan or about just how to accurately calculate your marketing budget, we have a thorough video clip that can help you here. Ultimately, the important point below is that you intend to make sure your budget plan matches your objectives. For that reason, if you desire $1 million in sales for instance, then you require to be all set to spend thousands of thousands of dollars. And also honestly, you wish to be as sensible as possible because that's the accountable thing to do as a great online marketer. A lot of people strive for the over night success desire, however the fact is excellent marketing can require time. Now that you have established you require to establish some advertising goals and also a spending plan, after that you can transfer to tip number two, which is "just how to structure your advertising strategy." Action 2: Exactly how to structure your advertising plan The first thing we suggest that you do is to develop an advertising and marketing channel, or really plainly recognize the advertising and marketing channel that already exists. If your business is already generating any type of sales, after that you likely have an advertising and marketing channel whether you understand it or not. It is necessary to recognize which part of the funnel you will certainly need to influence with your advertising project. Understanding the advertising channel will help you pinpoint which stage of the channel demands adjustments. To get a far better understanding of the advertising and marketing channel, let's take a more detailed look at an advertising funnel as well as break down an advertising funnel for B2C (service to customer) as well as B2B (organization to service) firms. At the top of the channel you have the recognition stage. For both B2B or B2C companies this is where potential consumers become aware of your company either by means of search, or an advertisement, or a person referring them to you. The next part of the channel is the interest stage. This is where your capacity clients start to read more concerning your product and services. After that phase of the channel is the consideration stage. This is where your capacity customers actually begin thinking about buying your products. They might begin to review your evaluations or compare your products to others that are on the market. After the consideration stage is the intent phase. This is the stage where the potential client prepares to buy as well as simply needs a little push to complete the transaction. If you're a B2C firm, that implies that a visitor has perhaps added something to their cart. And also if you're a B2B firm, that implies that a site visitor may have asked for a meeting or a live trial. Swiftly after that, the prospective consumer enters the examination stage. This is when the potential consumer is considering the experience they are having as they are having a look at for a B2C company or finishing the contract for a B2B firm. At the really bottom of the channel you have the actual purchase, which is when the potential client becomes a real consumer. As you can see, there is a whole process to getting a client to really end up being a client. On top of that, a channel can continue after the acquisition factor, particularly if you wish to get even more sales from your present consumers. However those phases we pointed out are mosting likely to be the major locations that the majority of marketing managers require to focus on. Nevertheless, if you wish to discover a bit a lot more concerning marketing funnels, check out this blog where we go a lot more thorough with the advertising and marketing channel phases. As you are doing your marketing administration, you wish to begin asking on your own, "Which stage in the advertising and marketing channel does my organization require the most assist with?" You will discover that some business require general understanding prior to they can enhance any other part of their funnel. You may additionally locate that some business have a lot of awareness, yet battle to convert those introduce sales. However, once you recognize where your marketing needs one of the most aid, then you can concentrate there and also start to establish those leading indication objectives. For example, in the recognition stage, you have to focus on getting to a great deal of people. And also if business spending plan you have actually established is reduced, that suggests you will likely require to make use of an organic advertising and marketing approach. Currently let's move on to tip number three, which is just how to establish your advertising and marketing projects Action 3: How to set up your marketing campaigns. The first thing you need to think of below is production. What we indicate by "production" is you need to understand WHO or WHAT you require and WHEN you require it. To figure this out, go back to your leading indications and think about just how you are mosting likely to complete them. Possibly you need a web content writer, a designer, or a marketing spending plan. Or perhaps you require to set aside a couple of hours a day, to hire an agency, or a few other tools to aid you be reliable. The bottom line is, you need to be extremely clear about what deliverables you need as well as when you require them. After manufacturing, we recommend that you track your development. Since doesn't mean you are seeking that delayed indication or that major result that you wish to accomplish. Rather, you'll want to track whether or not your growth is headed in a positive instructions. Ideally, it's very easy to determine a trend line that is going up overtime. For example, if you are publishing on YouTube on a daily basis for six months as well as you are not obtaining any kind of sights whatsoever, then that is an indication that you require to quit and reassess your advertising strategy. One of our company's favorite tools to make use of to track development is Google Analytics. It's very simple to set up on your own as well as ought to take you no time to obtain arrangement and start. As soon as you're set up for success with Google Analytics, you can go on to tip number four, which isn't truly an action however it is a crucial idea to live by. Action 4: Stay with your strategy We have actually stated it before however excellent advertising takes some time. We can't emphasize this sufficient. Unless you have a really large spending plan, we're speaking at the very least $100,000 a year, then you greater than likely will require to focus on one point at a time. That means you wish to put together a really great approach and make sure it functions PRIOR TO you proceed to something that is new and also stylish right now. We suggest you give your technique a minimum of 6 months before you quit. And this is six months of pure quality! That means you are not missing out on due dates and you are putting together an excellent amount of quantity and also top quality work. Bear in mind to still be tracking your outcomes and making sure you're constructing some energy or seeing a positive trend line. Even if the positive trend line is slow, it is still positive. Now allow's go on to our last step. Action 5: Reporting If you are doing any type of type of advertising and marketing management or if you are an advertising and marketing supervisor on your own, after that at some time you will require to do some reporting. Whether you are reporting to yourself, stakeholders, a supervisor, or a customer, this is an area where you require to successfully interact just how your advertising and marketing is going. When you are connecting, you need to recognize your target market. If you are speaking to an additional advertising and marketing professional or somebody with an advertising background, after that you can possibly utilize more advanced descriptions of your development. However if you are speaking with someone that does not know a lot regarding advertising, after that you want to try to simplify as simply as possible. For instance, you would not begin speaking to a stranger about ROAS, ROI, conversion projects, as well as lead-to-sale conversions since there's a slim chance they would understand what you were discussing. Everything that we cover in this blog are points that you wish to communicate to whoever you are reporting to. To make sure that suggests you want to relate things back to the goals, the budget, the channel, and the positive pattern line. You'll see that poor marketing professionals only care about telling you just how good their negative results are. A bad marketing professional will tell you about all the leads they have actually created but have really little results for conversions. As good marketers, it is our obligation to interact successfully as well as with honesty. So understand your numbers, know your target market, as well as be as clear as possible whether the results are good or bad. Establishing in-depth records that are comprehensive sufficient for your audience to recognize is what will assist everyone be on the very same web page. Conclusion There you have it-- 5 truly awesome suggestions for advertising monitoring. Tips that we stand by and are confirmed due to the fact that we've used them for our own advertising and marketing projects. In addition, we have actually managed campaigns for our customers that have actually driven numerous hits, numerous leads, and countless sales. That's why we believe you can stand by these important pointers we have actually supplied here.And there's so much extra you can learn more about advertising and marketing for your business! Whether you are a small company proprietor or a young specialist that intends to find out more concerning advertising and marketing administration, after that you remain in the right area. Our group of marketer prepare to help you make on your own a better marketer!

This Project_1 analyses OLA’s ride-sharing data using Python, SQL, Power BI, and Streamlit to enhance operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and business strategy.

The aim of this project is to build a customer churn model for a telecommunication company to predict the customers who are about to get churned so that they can implement different business strategies to retain those customers before they actually get churned. The tool that I am using for this analysis is R-studio. This project will be conducted in 2 different phase where I will be exploring different data analysis techniques to accurately predict the churned customers. Phase 1 of this project will include the detailed descriptive statistical analysis of the data by making use of various R packages to build relevant charts, graphs, and interactions etc. Data preprocessing will be done to clean and transform the data to suit the prediction model. This section will address the issues with the dataset like missing values, outliers etc. The second phase of this project is solely for the model building and includes the appropriate statistical procedures, the test of independence etc

What is digital marketing ? Digital marketing services is a multifaceted strategy aimed to target, reach out To and build relationship with customer online, across a broad range Of channels, ultimately getting them to make purchases in the future. The results of digital marketing are dramatic. Blogging alone can help Brands bring in 71 percent more leads compared to those that never Post and more. Seo services also boasts a conversion rate of 14.7 percent, which is dramatically higher than the 1.7 percent conversion rate that traditional Outbound method deliver. Digital marketing consists of the following tactics: Search engine optimization (seo) Content marketing Email marketing Social media marketing Facebook ads Google ads Mobile marketing Online marketing digital marketing agencince employs a wide variety of differents tactics, Strategies, and more online tools to help a business attain its marketing and Sales goals. This can make planning and executing a successful digital Marketing campaign a challenge prospect for most solopreneurs and smaller marketing departments. Given the scope of digital marketing, it’s helpful to look at the most popular Types of digital marketing agencies and the services they offer and more. 7 types of digital marketing agencies Choosing a digital marketing agency can be challenging if you aren’t with the industry. Some agencies specialize in one industry of service while others offer a broad range of services. Remember that the Best one for your business will depend on your budget. Your digital marketing goals and objectives, and how hands on you want to be in your Digital marketing. 1. Digital marketing agency A digital marketing agency reaches customer online through omnichannel Marketing, multichannel marketing. Or single-channel marketing. With Multichannel and single-channel marketing, agencies interact with customers in one or multiple channel such as website, blogs, email, Social media facebook ads youtube ads, and more. Omnichannel marketing refers to marketing that Provides a seamless customer experience across channels and devices Throughout their lifecycle a digital marketing agency typically won’t offer Traditional marketing services 2. Full-services digital marketing agency A full-services digital marketing agency tends to be larger than most other Types of agencies and offer a variety of digital marketing agency. Businesses often partner with full-services digital marketing agencies because they have the experience doing specific projects that the businesses need done, such as lead nurture campaigns or a website Redesign. 3. Inbound marketing agency Inbound marketing agencies offer inbound marketing tactics and strategies, which differ from traditional outbound strategies. Inbound agency seek to position a business online where customers can find them, build trust over time and eventually generate sales. Inbound strategies can yield significant results over time, but they typically retire A longer time horizon before leads and sales “Hockey stick” up. 4.seo agency Digital marketing agencies that specialize in seo(search angine optimization) help their clients’ website and website content to rank High on search results. They will have a special performance the following. Keyword research Website audits Backlink audits Website and blog content Metadata assessment (checking the quality of URL, title tags, meta descriptions, etc and more) Video description optimization Link building And more 5.online ad agency/ppc agency Paid search, also called paid advertising, is another way to generate Traffic to a website. Spending money to bid on keywords and ad placement on search Results. Digital ads can appear on websites, search results pages (SERPs), social media channels and more. This can bring you leads quickly, But your campaign must be properly set up to reach your target audience. Digital marketing agencies that focus on online marketing ads know how to produceAttention-getting, optimized ads that conform to best practices. 6. Social media agency When companies turn to Social Media Agencies, they need helps with starting and maintaining a social media presence on the Internet. Social Media Agency provides service on many platforms like Facebook Ads, Instagram Ads, YouTube Ads and more.They may also offer influencer Marketing for cross promotion. 7. Web design agency A web designing agency is a group of creative designers who build customized websites or web pages for businesses or for personal use. Web Designer will handle the look, feel, and outcome of the pages, Whether it’s for a fresh website, a website and also for redesigners. There are many common services between web designers and ui/ui designers.

Business problem overview In the telecom industry, customers are able to choose from multiple service providers and actively switch from one operator to another. In this highly competitive market, the telecommunications industry experiences an average of 15-25% annual churn rate. Given the fact that it costs 5-10 times more to acquire a new customer than to retain an existing one, customer retention has now become even more important than customer acquisition. For many incumbent operators, retaining high profitable customers is the number one business goal. To reduce customer churn, telecom companies need to predict which customers are at high risk of churn. In this project, you will analyse customer-level data of a leading telecom firm, build predictive models to identify customers at high risk of churn and identify the main indicators of churn. Understanding and defining churn There are two main models of payment in the telecom industry - postpaid (customers pay a monthly/annual bill after using the services) and prepaid (customers pay/recharge with a certain amount in advance and then use the services). In the postpaid model, when customers want to switch to another operator, they usually inform the existing operator to terminate the services, and you directly know that this is an instance of churn. However, in the prepaid model, customers who want to switch to another network can simply stop using the services without any notice, and it is hard to know whether someone has actually churned or is simply not using the services temporarily (e.g. someone may be on a trip abroad for a month or two and then intend to resume using the services again). Thus, churn prediction is usually more critical (and non-trivial) for prepaid customers, and the term ‘churn’ should be defined carefully. Also, prepaid is the most common model in India and Southeast Asia, while postpaid is more common in Europe in North America. This project is based on the Indian and Southeast Asian market. Definitions of churn There are various ways to define churn, such as: Revenue-based churn: Customers who have not utilised any revenue-generating facilities such as mobile internet, outgoing calls, SMS etc. over a given period of time. One could also use aggregate metrics such as ‘customers who have generated less than INR 4 per month in total/average/median revenue’. The main shortcoming of this definition is that there are customers who only receive calls/SMSes from their wage-earning counterparts, i.e. they don’t generate revenue but use the services. For example, many users in rural areas only receive calls from their wage-earning siblings in urban areas. Usage-based churn: Customers who have not done any usage, either incoming or outgoing - in terms of calls, internet etc. over a period of time. A potential shortcoming of this definition is that when the customer has stopped using the services for a while, it may be too late to take any corrective actions to retain them. For e.g., if you define churn based on a ‘two-months zero usage’ period, predicting churn could be useless since by that time the customer would have already switched to another operator. In this project, you will use the usage-based definition to define churn. High-value churn In the Indian and the Southeast Asian market, approximately 80% of revenue comes from the top 20% customers (called high-value customers). Thus, if we can reduce churn of the high-value customers, we will be able to reduce significant revenue leakage. In this project, you will define high-value customers based on a certain metric (mentioned later below) and predict churn only on high-value customers. Understanding the business objective and the data The dataset contains customer-level information for a span of four consecutive months - June, July, August and September. The months are encoded as 6, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. The business objective is to predict the churn in the last (i.e. the ninth) month using the data (features) from the first three months. To do this task well, understanding the typical customer behaviour during churn will be helpful. Understanding customer behaviour during churn Customers usually do not decide to switch to another competitor instantly, but rather over a period of time (this is especially applicable to high-value customers). In churn prediction, we assume that there are three phases of customer lifecycle : The ‘good’ phase: In this phase, the customer is happy with the service and behaves as usual. The ‘action’ phase: The customer experience starts to sore in this phase, for e.g. he/she gets a compelling offer from a competitor, faces unjust charges, becomes unhappy with service quality etc. In this phase, the customer usually shows different behaviour than the ‘good’ months. Also, it is crucial to identify high-churn-risk customers in this phase, since some corrective actions can be taken at this point (such as matching the competitor’s offer/improving the service quality etc.) The ‘churn’ phase: In this phase, the customer is said to have churned. You define churn based on this phase. Also, it is important to note that at the time of prediction (i.e. the action months), this data is not available to you for prediction. Thus, after tagging churn as 1/0 based on this phase, you discard all data corresponding to this phase. In this case, since you are working over a four-month window, the first two months are the ‘good’ phase, the third month is the ‘action’ phase, while the fourth month is the ‘churn’ phase. Data dictionary The dataset can be download using this link. The data dictionary is provided for download below. Data Dictionary - Telecom Churn Download The data dictionary contains meanings of abbreviations. Some frequent ones are loc (local), IC (incoming), OG (outgoing), T2T (telecom operator to telecom operator), T2O (telecom operator to another operator), RECH (recharge) etc. The attributes containing 6, 7, 8, 9 as suffixes imply that those correspond to the months 6, 7, 8, 9 respectively. Data Preparation The following data preparation steps are crucial for this problem: 1. Derive new features This is one of the most important parts of data preparation since good features are often the differentiators between good and bad models. Use your business understanding to derive features you think could be important indicators of churn. 2. Filter high-value customers As mentioned above, you need to predict churn only for the high-value customers. Define high-value customers as follows: Those who have recharged with an amount more than or equal to X, where X is the 70th percentile of the average recharge amount in the first two months (the good phase). After filtering the high-value customers, you should get about 29.9k rows. 3. Tag churners and remove attributes of the churn phase Now tag the churned customers (churn=1, else 0) based on the fourth month as follows: Those who have not made any calls (either incoming or outgoing) AND have not used mobile internet even once in the churn phase. The attributes you need to use to tag churners are: total_ic_mou_9 total_og_mou_9 vol_2g_mb_9 vol_3g_mb_9 After tagging churners, remove all the attributes corresponding to the churn phase (all attributes having ‘ _9’, etc. in their names). Modelling Build models to predict churn. The predictive model that you’re going to build will serve two purposes: It will be used to predict whether a high-value customer will churn or not, in near future (i.e. churn phase). By knowing this, the company can take action steps such as providing special plans, discounts on recharge etc. It will be used to identify important variables that are strong predictors of churn. These variables may also indicate why customers choose to switch to other networks. In some cases, both of the above-stated goals can be achieved by a single machine learning model. But here, you have a large number of attributes, and thus you should try using a dimensionality reduction technique such as PCA and then build a predictive model. After PCA, you can use any classification model. Also, since the rate of churn is typically low (about 5-10%, this is called class-imbalance) - try using techniques to handle class imbalance. You can take the following suggestive steps to build the model: Preprocess data (convert columns to appropriate formats, handle missing values, etc.) Conduct appropriate exploratory analysis to extract useful insights (whether directly useful for business or for eventual modelling/feature engineering). Derive new features. Reduce the number of variables using PCA. Train a variety of models, tune model hyperparameters, etc. (handle class imbalance using appropriate techniques). Evaluate the models using appropriate evaluation metrics. Note that it is more important to identify churners than the non-churners accurately - choose an appropriate evaluation metric which reflects this business goal. Finally, choose a model based on some evaluation metric. The above model will only be able to achieve one of the two goals - to predict customers who will churn. You can’t use the above model to identify the important features for churn. That’s because PCA usually creates components which are not easy to interpret. Therefore, build another model with the main objective of identifying important predictor attributes which help the business understand indicators of churn. A good choice to identify important variables is a logistic regression model or a model from the tree family. In case of logistic regression, make sure to handle multi-collinearity. After identifying important predictors, display them visually - you can use plots, summary tables etc. - whatever you think best conveys the importance of features. Finally, recommend strategies to manage customer churn based on your observations.

In the telecom industry, customers are able to choose from multiple service providers and actively switch from one operator to another. In this highly competitive market, the telecommunications industry experiences an average of 15-25% annual churn rate. Given the fact that it costs 5-10 times more to acquire a new customer than to retain an existing one, customer retention has now become even more important than customer acquisition. For many incumbent operators, retaining high profitable customers is the number one business goal. To reduce customer churn, telecom companies need to predict which customers are at high risk of churn. In this project, you will analyse customer-level data of a leading telecom firm, build predictive models to identify customers at high risk of churn and identify the main indicators of churn. Understanding and Defining Churn There are two main models of payment in the telecom industry - postpaid (customers pay a monthly/annual bill after using the services) and prepaid (customers pay/recharge with a certain amount in advance and then use the services). In the postpaid model, when customers want to switch to another operator, they usually inform the existing operator to terminate the services, and you directly know that this is an instance of churn. However, in the prepaid model, customers who want to switch to another network can simply stop using the services without any notice, and it is hard to know whether someone has actually churned or is simply not using the services temporarily (e.g. someone may be on a trip abroad for a month or two and then intend to resume using the services again). Thus, churn prediction is usually more critical (and non-trivial) for prepaid customers, and the term ‘churn’ should be defined carefully. Also, prepaid is the most common model in India and southeast Asia, while postpaid is more common in Europe in North America. This project is based on the Indian and Southeast Asian market. Definitions of Churn There are various ways to define churn, such as: Revenue-based churn: Customers who have not utilised any revenue-generating facilities such as mobile internet, outgoing calls, SMS etc. over a given period of time. One could also use aggregate metrics such as ‘customers who have generated less than INR 4 per month in total/average/median revenue’. The main shortcoming of this definition is that there are customers who only receive calls/SMSes from their wage-earning counterparts, i.e. they don’t generate revenue but use the services. For example, many users in rural areas only receive calls from their wage-earning siblings in urban areas. Usage-based churn: Customers who have not done any usage, either incoming or outgoing - in terms of calls, internet etc. over a period of time. A potential shortcoming of this definition is that when the customer has stopped using the services for a while, it may be too late to take any corrective actions to retain them. For e.g., if you define churn based on a ‘two-months zero usage’ period, predicting churn could be useless since by that time the customer would have already switched to another operator. In this project, you will use the usage-based definition to define churn. High-value Churn In the Indian and the southeast Asian market, approximately 80% of revenue comes from the top 20% customers (called high-value customers). Thus, if we can reduce churn of the high-value customers, we will be able to reduce significant revenue leakage. In this project, you will define high-value customers based on a certain metric (mentioned later below) and predict churn only on high-value customers. Understanding the Business Objective and the Data The dataset contains customer-level information for a span of four consecutive months - June, July, August and September. The months are encoded as 6, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. The business objective is to predict the churn in the last (i.e. the ninth) month using the data (features) from the first three months. To do this task well, understanding the typical customer behaviour during churn will be helpful. Understanding Customer Behaviour During Churn Customers usually do not decide to switch to another competitor instantly, but rather over a period of time (this is especially applicable to high-value customers). In churn prediction, we assume that there are three phases of customer lifecycle : The ‘good’ phase: In this phase, the customer is happy with the service and behaves as usual. The ‘action’ phase: The customer experience starts to sore in this phase, for e.g. he/she gets a compelling offer from a competitor, faces unjust charges, becomes unhappy with service quality etc. In this phase, the customer usually shows different behaviour than the ‘good’ months. Also, it is crucial to identify high-churn-risk customers in this phase, since some corrective actions can be taken at this point (such as matching the competitor’s offer/improving the service quality etc.) The ‘churn’ phase: In this phase, the customer is said to have churned. You define churn based on this phase. Also, it is important to note that at the time of prediction (i.e. the action months), this data is not available to you for prediction. Thus, after tagging churn as 1/0 based on this phase, you discard all data corresponding to this phase. In this case, since you are working over a four-month window, the first two months are the ‘good’ phase, the third month is the ‘action’ phase, while the fourth month is the ‘churn’ phase. The data dictionary contains meanings of abbreviations. Some frequent ones are loc (local), IC (incoming), OG (outgoing), T2T (telecom operator to telecom operator), T2O (telecom operator to another operator), RECH (recharge) etc. The attributes containing 6, 7, 8, 9 as suffixes imply that those correspond to the months 6, 7, 8, 9 respectively. Data Preparation The following data preparation steps are crucial for this problem: 1. Derive new features This is one of the most important parts of data preparation since good features are often the differentiators between good and bad models. Use your business understanding to derive features you think could be important indicators of churn. 2. Filter high-value customers As mentioned above, you need to predict churn only for the high-value customers. Define high-value customers as follows: Those who have recharged with an amount more than or equal to X, where X is the 70th percentile of the average recharge amount in the first two months (the good phase). After filtering the high-value customers, you should get about 29.9k rows. 3. Tag churners and remove attributes of the churn phase Now tag the churned customers (churn=1, else 0) based on the fourth month as follows: Those who have not made any calls (either incoming or outgoing) AND have not used mobile internet even once in the churn phase. The attributes you need to use to tag churners are: total_ic_mou_9 total_og_mou_9 vol_2g_mb_9 vol_3g_mb_9 After tagging churners, remove all the attributes corresponding to the churn phase (all attributes having ‘ _9’, etc. in their names). Modelling Build models to predict churn. The predictive model that you’re going to build will serve two purposes: It will be used to predict whether a high-value customer will churn or not, in near future (i.e. churn phase). By knowing this, the company can take action steps such as providing special plans, discounts on recharge etc. It will be used to identify important variables that are strong predictors of churn. These variables may also indicate why customers choose to switch to other networks. In some cases, both of the above-stated goals can be achieved by a single machine learning model. But here, you have a large number of attributes, and thus you should try using a dimensionality reduction technique such as PCA and then build a predictive model. After PCA, you can use any classification model. Also, since the rate of churn is typically low (about 5-10%, this is called class-imbalance) - try using techniques to handle class imbalance. You can take the following suggestive steps to build the model: Preprocess data (convert columns to appropriate formats, handle missing values, etc.) Conduct appropriate exploratory analysis to extract useful insights (whether directly useful for business or for eventual modelling/feature engineering). Derive new features. Reduce the number of variables using PCA. Train a variety of models, tune model hyperparameters, etc. (handle class imbalance using appropriate techniques). Evaluate the models using appropriate evaluation metrics. Note that is is more important to identify churners than the non-churners accurately - choose an appropriate evaluation metric which reflects this business goal. Finally, choose a model based on some evaluation metric. The above model will only be able to achieve one of the two goals - to predict customers who will churn. You can’t use the above model to identify the important features for churn. That’s because PCA usually creates components which are not easy to interpret. Therefore, build another model with the main objective of identifying important predictor attributes which help the business understand indicators of churn. A good choice to identify important variables is a logistic regression model or a model from the tree family. In case of logistic regression, make sure to handle multi-collinearity. After identifying important predictors, display them visually - you can use plots, summary tables etc. - whatever you think best conveys the importance of features. Finally, recommend strategies to manage customer churn based on your observations. Note: Everything has to be submitted in one Jupyter notebook. The evaluation rubrics are mentioned on the next page.

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However, this transition has been challenging for many traditional business owners.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The good news is that building a prominent online presence doesn't have to be an impossible task.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In this article, we'll cover everything you need to know about the basics of SEO, content marketing, website creation, and other techniques that will make your site visible on Google.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h2><strong><strong>Complete SEO Guide for Beginners</strong></strong></h2> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We put this guide together to guide you through the most important steps of creating a website for your business.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The information you'll find here is just the tip of the iceberg, so if you want to know more, you can contact a </span><a href="https://www.digitalsilk.com/web-design-company/new-york"><span style="font-weight: 400;">New York web design company</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for expert advice. Now, let's jump right into it.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>1. Choose Your Website's Domain Name Wisely</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You might think that getting a domain name that suits your brand and goals is easy, but you'd be wrong.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Google's algorithms are designed to scan the domain name to figure out what it's about. So instead of simply putting your business name as the domain, you should sit down and do some brainstorming first.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are a few important rules to consider when picking a domain name. Here's a quick overview:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Choose a name that's relevant to your niche</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The name should be catchy and easy to remember</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It should include the main keyword you want to rank for</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you can't fit everything into one domain name, you shouldn't force things. Sometimes, using your company name for the domain name works great.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, you might want to add a relevant keyword and your company name to help visitors better understand what you offer.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Let's say that you sell custom-printed T-shirts and that your company is called Black Swan. Something like www.blackswantshirts.com should do just fine.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With that said, you should know that lots of domain names are already taken, so check if they are available before picking the final combination.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>2. Use Everything Available To Increase Online Visibility</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It doesn't matter what type of business you're running: the moment you create a website, you will be competing against thousands of businesses offering similar products and services.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The competition is fierce, and you'll have to use everything available to get ahead. The first thing you should do is to open a Google My Business profile.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can create one for free and it will make sure that your business appears in relevant searches on Google. You can also use the account as a form of communication with Google as well as you're your customers.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Update your business information, add details on your work hours and make sure that you fit into the most relevant categories. You can also use the platform to inform Google users about upcoming events, respond to customer reviews, share posts, and provide relevant updates.&nbsp;</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>3. Keyword Research and Overall Website Design</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keyword research is the most important part of any SEO effort since search engine ranking mostly depends on the keywords you use.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can't possibly optimize your website without the right keywords. As such, you have to find the main terms and subjects you want to focus your SEO efforts on.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are all kinds of tools designed to help you find keywords based on the amount of traffic generated by your competitors. As a new brand, you should start with less popular keywords, especially long-tail keywords, and work your way up from there.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Once you figure out the base of your SEO operations, the next thing to do is to come up with the architecture of the entire website.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In other words, you have to find the best way to organize your product or service offerings. The homepage is always on top of the pyramid, and the information is then divided into subpages and categories.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Remember to keep things simple, or your visitors will get lost while navigating between the pages.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>4. Stock Up On Website Content</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When you got everything above in order, it's time to populate your website with SEO-optimized content.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Start with your landing pages, homepage, and other pages where the content won't change in the near future. Make sure that you use the keywords you found across all these pages, as that will help increase your Google ranking.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, that's just the first step in the long process of achieving a better ranking. You'll have to keep digging for as many relevant keywords as possible and create high-quality content around them.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The idea is to find questions that include these keywords and answer them to attract a wider audience. The process never stops, as Google demands that you keep adding new, unique content to your website at least every month.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>5. On-Site and Off-Site SEO are a Must</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Great content won't be enough to help you optimize your new website's SEO. You have to create every page according to the best SEO practices. That includes both on-site and off-site content.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Apart from finding the right keywords, you'll also have to come up with the appropriate tags, meta titles, descriptions, and other details that all work together to improve your website's ranking.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You'll also have to include outbound links to bigger websites and link all internal pages, as well as add social media sharing widgets.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Expect your SEO efforts to be hard at first, as it takes some time to build a strong backlink strategy. However, if you build a website with a strong architecture coupled with compelling content that shares an expert view on things, it shouldn't be too hard to link up with other high-authority websites and boost your rank.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>6. Master the Art of Data Analytics</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Google Analytics will become your best friend that will aid your future website's ranking. That's why you should get familiar with how these tools work and what metrics matter the most.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It's a good idea to learn the ropes before your website goes live. Google Analytics and similar data analytics tools can give you insight into extremely useful information on customer behavior, conversion rates, the effectiveness of your marketing campaigns, and so on.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When you know where your website users come from, how much time they spend on different pages, and their bounce rate, you will pinpoint the weak spots in your content and replace them with something more engaging.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By using other tools, such as heatmaps or overview tools, you will be able to enhance your SEO efforts further, resulting in better website ranking, higher conversion rates, and improved organic traffic.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>7. Update Your Strategy According to the Best Practices</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">SEO is an ever-evolving practice that never stops. Website owners have to keep testing their pages and optimizing keywords as well as other features constantly.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You must check the data regularly to identify problems and make necessary changes.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Staying one step ahead of your competition isn't that easy, so it's a good idea to subscribe to blogs, YouTube channels, and forums where SEO experts share advice and useful tips you can use to improve your website's ranking.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h3><strong><strong>8. Ask Experts for Help</strong></strong></h3> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As you can see, a lot of work and knowledge goes into running a successful website. With other things going on, learning how everything works and applying it to your site won't be easy. The good news is that many digital marketing companies can get your website's SEO for a price.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We spoke with the CEO of a New York web design company called Digital Silk, and this is what he said:&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"The recent COVID pandemic has changed the rules businesses operate all over the globe. Brick-and-mortar shops and stores keep closing down due to lockdowns, pushing thousands of companies to move their operations online. As a result, the competition has reached a new level making it harder for individuals to keep up with the latest SEO trends. If you want your website to succeed, hiring digital marketing professionals will give you the best chances."</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The process of digitalization is entering its final stages, making SEO efforts even harder. That's why you should consider hiring an expert to guide you through the entire process and boost your website's Google ranking in accordance with the best industry practices.</span></p> <ul> <li> <h2><strong><strong>Final Words</strong></strong></h2> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It takes a lot of time and practice to master SEO, and if you're a beginner, it may seem too complex.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, with a little bit of hard work and high-quality website content, you will be able to put together an SEO strategy that will boost your website's ranking.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As a website owner, you'll have to update your SEO knowledge frequently if you want to stay ahead of your competition. Good luck with your future SEO projects!</span></p>

Customer segmentation is an important technique for developing marketing strategies. It helps in better targeting and positioning customers with the company's offerings. We can perform customer personality analysis by observing their demographics and preferences.

(Guided Project) In this project Natural Language Processing (NLP) strategies will be used to analyze Yelp reviews data. Number of 'stars' indicate the business rating given by a customer, ranging from 1 to 5 'Cool', 'Useful', and 'Funny' are votes given to reviews by other Yelp Users.

PROBLEM STATEMENT In this project, Natural Language Processing (NLP) strategies will be used to analyze Yelp reviews data Number of 'stars' indicate the business rating given by a customer, ranging from 1 to 5 'Cool', 'Useful' and 'Funny' indicate the number of cool votes given by other Yelp Users.

This project allowed me to apply advanced Power BI techniques to a real-world sales and marketing scenario. By working with Forggith’s distributor data, I strengthened my ability to: 1. Uncover regional and channel-wise revenue patterns 2.Evaluate marketing performance across teams and reps 3.Present clear, actionable KPIs for business strategy

sss Global “Frozen Potato Chip Market” (2022-2028) research report encompasses a thorough in-depth analysis of market size, share, drivers, restraints, and current situation of the global market along with several market dynamics. The report supplies a comprehensive analysis of business aspects like global Frozen Potato Chip market size, recent technological advances, and inventions. The research report consists of an introduction of the market, key players, opportunities, restraints, product and type classification, and overall market analysis. Furthermore, this report includes the approximate overview of different segments in terms of overall growth, development, trend, and business strategies, for the forecast period 2028. Get a sample copy of the report at - https://www.industryresearch.biz/enquiry/request-sample/20644988 The Frozen Potato Chip market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations. According to our (Researchers) latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global Frozen Potato Chip market size is estimated to be worth USD million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during review period. Quick Service Restaurant accounting for % of the Frozen Potato Chip global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While Straight Cut segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028. Global key manufacturers of Frozen Potato Chip include McCain Foods, Lamb Weston, Simplot Foods, Aviko Group, and Kraft Heinz, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021. The Frozen Potato Chip Industry report is compiled with the use of the latest primary and secondary research methodologies and tools providing various analyses that have been comprehended in the report. It gives an explanation of various definitions and segmentation or classifications of the industry, applications of the industry, and value chain structure. The information available in the Frozen Potato Chip market summarized report provides customers with effective information that enables them to make effective decisions, which could lead to a significant expansion of the business in the future. Get A Sample PDF Of Frozen Potato Chip Market Report 2022-2028 The Major Players in the Frozen Potato Chip Market (Company Overview, Business Strategy, Key Product Offerings, Financial Performance, Key Performance Indicators, Risk Analysis, Recent Development, Regional Presence, SWOT Analysis) include: McCain Foods Lamb Weston Simplot Foods Aviko Group Kraft Heinz Agristo Cavendish Farms Farm Frites General Mills Nomad Foods Ardo Pizzoli Market Segmentation: Frozen Potato Chip market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets. Market Segment by Type, Covers: Straight Cut Crinkle Cut Others Market Segment by Application Can Be Divided into: Quick Service Restaurant Household Others Enquire before purchasing this report - https://www.industryresearch.biz/enquiry/pre-order-enquiry/20644988 Key Benefits of This Frozen Potato Chip Market Research: Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study A neutral perspective on the market performance Recent industry trends and developments Competitive landscape and strategies of key players Potential and niche segments and regions exhibiting promising growth covered Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value In-depth analysis of the Frozen Potato Chip Market Overview of the regional outlook of the Frozen Potato Chip Market Frozen Potato Chip Market Research/Analysis Report Contains Answers to the following Questions Which Manufacturing Technology is used for Frozen Potato Chip? What Developments Are Going On in That Technology? Which Trends Are Causing These Developments? Who Are the Global Key Players in This Frozen Potato Chip Market? What are Their Company Profile, Their Product Information, and Contact Information? What Was Global Market Status of Frozen Potato Chip Market? What Was Capacity, Production Value, Cost and PROFIT of Frozen Potato Chip Market? What Is Current Market Status of Frozen Potato Chip Industry? What’s Market Competition in This Industry, Both Company, and Country Wise? What’s Market Analysis of Frozen Potato Chip Market by Taking Applications and Types in Consideration? What Are Projections of Global Frozen Potato Chip Industry Considering Capacity, Production and Production Value? What Will Be the Estimation of Cost and Profit? What Will Be Market Share, Supply and Consumption? What about Import and Export? What Is Frozen Potato Chip Market Chain Analysis by Upstream Raw Materials and Downstream Industry? What Is Economic Impact On Frozen Potato Chip Industry? What are Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis Results? What Are Global Macroeconomic Environment Development Trends? What Are Market Dynamics of Frozen Potato Chip Market? What Are Challenges and Opportunities? What Should Be Entry Strategies, Countermeasures to Economic Impact, and Marketing Channels for Frozen Potato Chip Industry? TO KNOW HOW COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND RUSSIA UKRAINE WAR WILL IMPACT THIS MARKET - REQUEST SAMPLE The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters: Chapter 1, to describe Frozen Potato Chip product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks. Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Frozen Potato Chip, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Frozen Potato Chip in 2018 and 2019. Chapter 3, the Frozen Potato Chip competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast. Chapter 4, the Frozen Potato Chip breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2015 to 2020. Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2015 to 2020. Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2015 to 2020. Chapter 12, Frozen Potato Chip market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2020 to 2025. Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Frozen Potato Chip sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source. Reasons for buying this report: It offers an analysis of changing competitive scenarios. For making informed decisions in businesses, it offers analytical data with strategic planning methodologies. It offers a seven-year assessment of the Frozen Potato Chip Market. It helps in understanding the major key product segments. Researchers throw light on the dynamics of the market such as drivers, restraints, trends, and opportunities. It offers regional analysis of Frozen Potato Chip Market along with business profiles of several stakeholders. It offers massive data about trending factors that will influence the progress of the Frozen Potato Chip Market. Purchase this report (Price 3480 for a single-user license) - https://www.industryresearch.biz/purchase/20644988 With tables and figures helping analyze worldwide Global Frozen Potato Chip market, this research provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market. Detailed TOC of Global Frozen Potato Chip Market 2022 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2028 1 Market Overview 1.1 Frozen Potato Chip Introduction 1.2 Market Analysis by Type 1.2.1 Overview: Global Frozen Potato Chip Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028 1.3 Market Analysis by Application 1.3.1 Overview: Global Frozen Potato Chip Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028 1.4 Global Frozen Potato Chip Market Size & Forecast 1.4.1 Global Frozen Potato Chip Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028) 1.4.2 Global Frozen Potato Chip Sales in Volume (2017-2028) 1.4.3 Global Frozen Potato Chip Price (2017-2028) 1.5 Global Frozen Potato Chip Production Capacity Analysis 1.5.1 Global Frozen Potato Chip Total Production Capacity (2017-2028) 1.5.2 Global Frozen Potato Chip Production Capacity by Geographic Region 1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends 1.6.1 Frozen Potato Chip Market Drivers 1.6.2 Frozen Potato Chip Market Restraints 1.6.3 Frozen Potato Chip Trends Analysis 2 Manufacturers Profiles 3 Frozen Potato Chip Breakdown Data by Manufacturer 3.1 Global Frozen Potato Chip Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) 3.2 Global Frozen Potato Chip Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) 3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Frozen Potato Chip 3.4 Market Concentration Rate 3.4.1 Top 3 Frozen Potato Chip Manufacturer Market Share in 2021 3.4.2 Top 6 Frozen Potato Chip Manufacturer Market Share in 2021 3.5 Global Frozen Potato Chip Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022 3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Frozen Potato Chip Production Site 3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans 3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions 4 Market Analysis by Region 4.1 Global Frozen Potato Chip Market Size by Region 4.1.1 Global Frozen Potato Chip Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028) 4.1.2 Global Frozen Potato Chip Revenue by Region (2017-2028) 4.2 North America Frozen Potato Chip Revenue (2017-2028) 4.3 Europe Frozen Potato Chip Revenue (2017-2028) 4.4 Asia-Pacific Frozen Potato Chip Revenue (2017-2028) 4.5 South America Frozen Potato Chip Revenue (2017-2028) 4.6 Middle East and Africa Frozen Potato Chip Revenue (2017-2028) 5 Market Segment by Type 5.1 Global Frozen Potato Chip Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028) 5.2 Global Frozen Potato Chip Revenue by Type (2017-2028) 5.3 Global Frozen Potato Chip Price by Type (2017-2028) 6 Market Segment by Application 6.1 Global Frozen Potato Chip Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028) 6.2 Global Frozen Potato Chip Revenue by Application (2017-2028) 6.3 Global Frozen Potato Chip Price by Application (2017-2028) 7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application 7.1 North America Frozen Potato Chip Sales by Type (2017-2028) 7.2 North America Frozen Potato Chip Sales by Application (2017-2028) 7.3 North America Frozen Potato Chip Market Size by Country 7.3.1 North America Frozen Potato Chip Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) 7.3.2 North America Frozen Potato Chip Revenue by Country (2017-2028) 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028) 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028) 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028) ………………………………. 12 Raw Material and Industry Chain 12.1 Raw Material of Frozen Potato Chip and Key Manufacturers 12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Frozen Potato Chip 12.3 Frozen Potato Chip Production Process 12.4 Frozen Potato Chip Industrial Chain 13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers 13.1 Sales Channel 13.1.1 Direct Marketing 13.1.2 Indirect Marketing 13.2 Frozen Potato Chip Typical Distributors 13.3 Frozen Potato Chip Typical Customers …………………………Continued About Us: Market is changing rapidly with the ongoing expansion of the industry. Advancement in technology has provided today’s businesses with multifaceted advantages resulting in daily economic shifts. Thus, it is very important for a company to comprehend the patterns of market movements in order to strategize better. An efficient strategy offers the companies a head start in planning and an edge over the competitors. Industry Research is a credible source for gaining market reports that will provide you with the lead your business needs. Contact Info: Industry Research Biz Phone: US +1 424 253 0807 UK +44 203 239 8187 Email:sales@industryresearch.biz Web:https://www.industryresearch.biz Our Other Reports: https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/global-metal-nanoparticles-catalyst-market-2022-key-leaders-analysis-industry-segmentation-latest-trends-and-challenges-opportunities-in-grooming-regions-and-growth-forecast-to-2028-2022-08-17 https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/global-rotating-table-polishing-machines-market-leading-company-analysis-2022-a-detailed-study-on-business-strategies-development-factors-cagr-future-trends-opportunities-and-demand-outlook-2027-2022-08-17

INTRODUCTION This project is made in partial fulfillment of the Service Design Innovation Project for my master degree. The student data is from the University of Maastricht (UM). Do note that this piece of code is part one of four for the entire project. However, since the purpose of this github account is to serve as my portfolio and proof of my coding capabilities, I will only include code that I have personally written. With that being said, this piece of code is made by me and another group member, Robbert Lalisang. The whole code was written by me, except from lines 117-1148, which was Mr. Lalisang's part. BUSINESS PROBLEM The university has tasked us to create a disruptive business idea and provided student data for us to work with. Our group was assigned to create a service for the internal communications department of the unviersity. We worked around the idea of creating a tool for the marketing department to see which bachelor students are likely to become master studets so they can make tailored marketing strategies. DATA PROBLEM In order to create tailored marketing strategies, we need to predict the probability of a student continuing their master studies at UM. This can be done by using a classification type machine learning model. In order to do that, we have to clean the data first. DATA SOLUTION This code exhibits my skills in data cleaning, wrangling, and feature engineering. It served as a learning experience in getting proficient with different packages, especially the dplyr. The main challenge is in finding alternatives to inefficient for loops. For more details about the project, one can read it in the code itself. It is heavily documented via comments. BUSINESS SOLUTION This code was the first step to creating a machine learning model. Since the models were not made by me, I cannot post the code as part of my portfolio. But for the sake of completeness, the cleaned data was fed to several preliminary models: logistic regression, SVM, ANN, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting. We focused on tweaking Random Forest models, one for each specialization of the student. From this, we proposed dividing the students into four groups: Loyalists (0.75-1 probability), Hostages (0.5-0.75), Defectors (0.25-0.5), and Mercenaries (0-0.25). Based on the characteristics of the student during their bachelor, their probability of staying can be predicted with up to 79% accuracy. With this information, the marketing department can make tailored marketing strategies.

Processes to capital raising 1. Understanding the management structure, governance, and quality Investors are adamant that management structure and governance must be conducive in order to create profitable returns. For a successful roadshow, management must convey efficient oversight controls that exhibit streamlined business procedures and good governance. 2. Understanding key risks Although risks aren’t positive, management must highlight and be upfront about the risks involved. Failure to report any key risks will only portray their inability to identify risks, hence demonstrates bad management. However, instead of spending the majority of their time identifying the risks, management should emphasize their hedging and risk management controls in place to address and mitigate the risks involved in carrying out their business. 3. Informing tactical and long-term strategies Informing investors about the management’s tactical and strategical plans is crucial for investors to understand the company’s future growth and trajectory. Will management be able to create sustainable growth? What are the growth strategies? Are they aggressive or conservative? 4. Identifying key competitors Again, although competition isn’t a positive factor, management must clearly address the issue to its investors. When discussing key competitors, management should lead the conversation to how their competitive advantage is or will be more superior than that of their competitor’s. 5. Outlining the funding purpose and requirements Why does the management need more cash? In what projects will these investments be used for? 6. A thorough analysis of the industry/sector Investors want to not only understand this company, but also the industry. Is it an emerging market? What is this company’s projected growth compared to the industry growth? Are the barriers to entry high/low? Asaba, Nigeria

A time-varying criminal network that is repeatedly disturbed by police forces. The data for this problem can be found in the CAVIAR directory of the data archive. The CAVIAR investigation lasted two years and ran from 1994 to 1996. The operation brought together investigation units of the Montréal police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of Canada. During this two year period, 11 wiretap warrants, valid for a period of about two months each, were obtained (the 11 matrices contained in phase1.csv, phase2.csv, correspond to these eleven, two month wiretap phases). This case is interesting because, unlike other investigative strategies, the mandate of the CAVIAR project was to seize the drugs without arresting the perpetrators. During this period, imports of the trafficking network were hit by the police on eleven occasions. The arrests took place only at the end of the investigation. Monetary losses for traffickers were estimated at million dollars. Eleven seizures took place throughout the investigation. Some phases included no seizures, and others included multiple. The following summarizes the seizures: Phase 4 1 seizure 2,500,000300kgofmarijuanaPhase63seizures 1,300,000 2 x 15 kg of marijuana + 1 x 2 kg of cocaine Phase 7 1 seizure 3,500,000401kgofmarijuanaPhase81seizure 360,000 9 kg of cocaine Phase 9 2 seizures 4,300,0002kgofcocaine+1x500kgmarijuanaPhase101seizure 18,700,000 2200 kg of marijuana Phase 11 2 seizures $1,300,000 12 kg of cocaine + 11 kg of cocaine This case offers a rare opportunity to study a criminal network in upheaval from police forces. This allows us to analyze changes in the network structure and to survey the reaction and adaptation of the participants while they were subjected to an increasing number of distressing constraints. The network consists of 110 (numbered) players. Players 1-82 are the traffickers. Players 83-110 are the non-traffickers (financial investors; accountants; owners of various importation businesses, etc.). Initially, the investigation targeted Daniel Serero, the alleged mastermind of a drug network in downtown Montréal, who attempted to import marijuana to Canada from Morocco, transiting through Spain. After the first seizure, happening in Phase 4, traffickers reoriented to cocaine import from Colombia, transiting through the United States.

o limits on question, choice, or answers Craft a branded quiz your audience will love. Personality Quizzes Are HWhy should you make a quiz? One word: growth. And there's two kinds of it. 1) Business growth-entrepreneurs growing by acquiring and retaining customers, and 2) personal or professional growth-teachers or corporate trainers helping people with new knowledge and skills. An online quiz maker is a useful tool for facilitating both kinds of growth. How? Marketers can use quizzes as part of a social media marketing strategy to generate brand awareness or to drive engagement. Organizations also use quizzes to strengthen lessons from onboarding or training. Project management software platforms, like Wrike, create quizzes for customers after product tutorials. As a result they reduced product training time by 70%. Teachers and trainers can create a quiz to make lessons more interactive and engaging. It's been researched and proven that regular quizzes-not to be graded or evaluated (this is key)-boost memory retention, drive engagement, and make learning fun. More on this in a bit.ighly Shared and Fun Way to Gain Insights into Your Audience.Make an amazing and fully customized online quiz in minutes, start for free. The webs easiest online quiz maker. More than 15 milllion quizzes completed ...The online quiz maker that's easy to use, fun and fully customizable · A multiple choice quiz maker for memory retention · Use a quiz builder to give students an ...

Summery: Global Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) accounted for a market revenue of USD 6 billion in the year 2019 and is projected to further grow at a CAGR of more than 6% over the forecast period. Polymethyl Methacrylate Market research is an intelligence report with meticulous efforts undertaken to study the right and valuable information. The data which has been looked upon is done considering both, the existing top players and the upcoming competitors. Business strategies of the key players and the new entering market industries are studied in detail. Well explained SWOT analysis, revenue share and contact information are shared in this report analysis. It also provides market information in terms of development and its capacities. The report also offers an entire evaluation of sales volume, pricing evaluation, revenue, gross margin, the increased price in the Polymethyl Methacrylate market. It also covers Polymethyl Methacrylate market trends together with the key elements and parameters affecting the market. This report analyses the effect of the COVID-19 on the Polymethyl Methacrylate market key players and their opponents. Free Sample Report + All Related Graphs & Charts @ https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/contacts/request-sample/1429 Leading players of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market are analyzed taking into account their market share, recent developments, new product launches, partnerships, mergers or acquisitions, and markets served. We also provide an exhaustive analysis of their product portfolios to explore the products and applications they concentrate on when operating in the Polymethyl Methacrylate market. Furthermore, the report offers two separate market forecasts – one for the production side and another for the consumption side of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market. It also provides useful recommendations for new as well as established players of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market. Various factors are responsible for the market’s growth trajectory, which are studied at length in the report. In addition, the report lists down the restraints that are posing threat to the global Polymethyl Methacrylate market. This report is a consolidation of primary and secondary research, which provides market size, share, dynamics, and forecast for various segments and sub-segments considering the macro and micro environmental factors. It also gauges the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat from new entrants and product substitute, and the degree of competition prevailing in the market. Access full Report Description, TOC, Table of Figure, Chart, etc. @ https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/industry-reports/polymethyl-methacrylate-pmma-market Polymethyl Methacrylate market research report is a historic assessment and in-depth look at the current and future market of the Polymethyl Methacrylate industry. The report represents a fundamental review of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market size, percentage, and competitor segment with a fundamental creation of manufactures, geographical regions, product types, and applications. This report offers a historic review of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market trends, sales, capacity, value structure, and key driver’s evaluation. Polymethyl Methacrylate market report study offers complete coverage of the market throughout distinctive market segments and examination on drivers, restraints, key trends, and opportunities. Also, Polymethyl Methacrylate market report primary awareness on key business financials, product portfolio, growth techniques, and latest trends. Global Polymethyl Methacrylate Market research report offers: • Market definition of the global Polymethyl Methacrylate market along with the analysis of different influencing factors like drivers, restraints, and opportunities. • Extensive research on the competitive landscape of global Polymethyl Methacrylate • Identification and analysis of micro and macro factors that are and will effect on the growth of the market. • A comprehensive list of key market players operating in the global Polymethyl Methacrylate market. • Analysis of the different market segments such as type, size, applications, and end-users. • It offers a descriptive analysis of demand-supply chaining in the global Polymethyl Methacrylate market. • Statistical analysis of some significant economics facts • Figures, charts, graphs, pictures to describe the market clearly. The influence of the latest government guidelines is also analysed in detail in the report. It studies the Polymethyl Methacrylate market’s trajectory between forecast periods. The cost analysis of the Global Polymethyl Methacrylate Market has been performed while keeping in view manufacturing expenses, labour cost, and raw materials and their market concentration rate, suppliers, and price trend. Key questions answered in the report: 1. Which are the dominant players of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market? 2. How will the Polymethyl Methacrylate market change in the next five years? 3. Which product and application will take a lion’s share of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market? 4. What are the drivers and restraints of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market? 5. Which regional market will show the highest growth? 6. What will be the CAGR and size of the Polymethyl Methacrylate market throughout the forecast period? Reasons for buying this report: * It offers an analysis of changing competitive scenarios. * For making informed decisions in the businesses, it offers analytical data with strategic planning methodologies. * It offers a six-year assessment of Polymethyl Methacrylate Market. * It helps in understanding the major key product segments. * Researchers throw light on the dynamics of the market such as drivers, restraints, trends, and opportunities. * It offers a regional analysis of Polymethyl Methacrylate Market along with the business profiles of several stakeholders. * It offers massive data about trending factors that will influence the progress of the Polymethyl Methacrylate Market. Do You Have Any Query Or Specific Requirement? Ask to Our Industry Expert @ https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/contacts/enquiry-before-buying/1429 Customization of the Report: This report can be customized to meet the client’s requirements. 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Business Problem Overview In the telecom industry, customers are able to choose from multiple service providers and actively switch from one operator to another. In this highly competitive market, the telecommunications industry experiences an average of 15-25% annual churn rate. Given the fact that it costs 5-10 times more to acquire a new customer than to retain an existing one, customer retention has now become even more important than customer acquisition. For many incumbent operators, retaining high profitable customers is the number one business goal. To reduce customer churn, telecom companies need to predict which customers are at high risk of churn. In this project, you will analyse customer-level data of a leading telecom firm, build predictive models to identify customers at high risk of churn and identify the main indicators of churn. Understanding and Defining Churn There are two main models of payment in the telecom industry - postpaid (customers pay a monthly/annual bill after using the services) and prepaid (customers pay/recharge with a certain amount in advance and then use the services). In the postpaid model, when customers want to switch to another operator, they usually inform the existing operator to terminate the services, and you directly know that this is an instance of churn. However, in the prepaid model, customers who want to switch to another network can simply stop using the services without any notice, and it is hard to know whether someone has actually churned or is simply not using the services temporarily (e.g. someone may be on a trip abroad for a month or two and then intend to resume using the services again). Thus, churn prediction is usually more critical (and non-trivial) for prepaid customers, and the term ‘churn’ should be defined carefully. Also, prepaid is the most common model in India and southeast Asia, while postpaid is more common in Europe in North America. This project is based on the Indian and Southeast Asian market. Definitions of Churn There are various ways to define churn, such as: Revenue-based churn: Customers who have not utilised any revenue-generating facilities such as mobile internet, outgoing calls, SMS etc. over a given period of time. One could also use aggregate metrics such as ‘customers who have generated less than INR 4 per month in total/average/median revenue’. The main shortcoming of this definition is that there are customers who only receive calls/SMSes from their wage-earning counterparts, i.e. they don’t generate revenue but use the services. For example, many users in rural areas only receive calls from their wage-earning siblings in urban areas. Usage-based churn: Customers who have not done any usage, either incoming or outgoing - in terms of calls, internet etc. over a period of time. A potential shortcoming of this definition is that when the customer has stopped using the services for a while, it may be too late to take any corrective actions to retain them. For e.g., if you define churn based on a ‘two-months zero usage’ period, predicting churn could be useless since by that time the customer would have already switched to another operator. In this project, you will use the usage-based definition to define churn. High-value Churn In the Indian and the southeast Asian market, approximately 80% of revenue comes from the top 20% customers (called high-value customers). Thus, if we can reduce churn of the high-value customers, we will be able to reduce significant revenue leakage. In this project, you will define high-value customers based on a certain metric (mentioned later below) and predict churn only on high-value customers. Understanding the Business Objective and the Data The dataset contains customer-level information for a span of four consecutive months - June, July, August and September. The months are encoded as 6, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. The business objective is to predict the churn in the last (i.e. the ninth) month using the data (features) from the first three months. To do this task well, understanding the typical customer behaviour during churn will be helpful. Understanding Customer Behaviour During Churn Customers usually do not decide to switch to another competitor instantly, but rather over a period of time (this is especially applicable to high-value customers). In churn prediction, we assume that there are three phases of customer lifecycle : The ‘good’ phase: In this phase, the customer is happy with the service and behaves as usual. The ‘action’ phase: The customer experience starts to sore in this phase, for e.g. he/she gets a compelling offer from a competitor, faces unjust charges, becomes unhappy with service quality etc. In this phase, the customer usually shows different behaviour than the ‘good’ months. Also, it is crucial to identify high-churn-risk customers in this phase, since some corrective actions can be taken at this point (such as matching the competitor’s offer/improving the service quality etc.) The ‘churn’ phase: In this phase, the customer is said to have churned. You define churn based on this phase. Also, it is important to note that at the time of prediction (i.e. the action months), this data is not available to you for prediction. Thus, after tagging churn as 1/0 based on this phase, you discard all data corresponding to this phase. In this case, since you are working over a four-month window, the first two months are the ‘good’ phase, the third month is the ‘action’ phase, while the fourth month is the ‘churn’ phase. Data Dictionary The dataset can be download using this link. The data dictionary is provided for download below. Data Dictionary - Telecom Churn Download The data dictionary contains meanings of abbreviations. Some frequent ones are loc (local), IC (incoming), OG (outgoing), T2T (telecom operator to telecom operator), T2O (telecom operator to another operator), RECH (recharge) etc. The attributes containing 6, 7, 8, 9 as suffixes imply that those correspond to the months 6, 7, 8, 9 respectively. Data Preparation The following data preparation steps are crucial for this problem: 1. Derive new features This is one of the most important parts of data preparation since good features are often the differentiators between good and bad models. Use your business understanding to derive features you think could be important indicators of churn. 2. Filter high-value customers As mentioned above, you need to predict churn only for the high-value customers. Define high-value customers as follows: Those who have recharged with an amount more than or equal to X, where X is the 70th percentile of the average recharge amount in the first two months (the good phase). After filtering the high-value customers, you should get about 29.9k rows. 3. Tag churners and remove attributes of the churn phase Now tag the churned customers (churn=1, else 0) based on the fourth month as follows: Those who have not made any calls (either incoming or outgoing) AND have not used mobile internet even once in the churn phase. The attributes you need to use to tag churners are: total_ic_mou_9 total_og_mou_9 vol_2g_mb_9 vol_3g_mb_9 After tagging churners, remove all the attributes corresponding to the churn phase (all attributes having ‘ _9’, etc. in their names). Modelling Build models to predict churn. The predictive model that you’re going to build will serve two purposes: It will be used to predict whether a high-value customer will churn or not, in near future (i.e. churn phase). By knowing this, the company can take action steps such as providing special plans, discounts on recharge etc. It will be used to identify important variables that are strong predictors of churn. These variables may also indicate why customers choose to switch to other networks. In some cases, both of the above-stated goals can be achieved by a single machine learning model. But here, you have a large number of attributes, and thus you should try using a dimensionality reduction technique such as PCA and then build a predictive model. After PCA, you can use any classification model. Also, since the rate of churn is typically low (about 5-10%, this is called class-imbalance) - try using techniques to handle class imbalance. You can take the following suggestive steps to build the model: Preprocess data (convert columns to appropriate formats, handle missing values, etc.) Conduct appropriate exploratory analysis to extract useful insights (whether directly useful for business or for eventual modelling/feature engineering). Derive new features. Reduce the number of variables using PCA. Train a variety of models, tune model hyperparameters, etc. (handle class imbalance using appropriate techniques). Evaluate the models using appropriate evaluation metrics. Note that is is more important to identify churners than the non-churners accurately - choose an appropriate evaluation metric which reflects this business goal. Finally, choose a model based on some evaluation metric. The above model will only be able to achieve one of the two goals - to predict customers who will churn. You can’t use the above model to identify the important features for churn. That’s because PCA usually creates components which are not easy to interpret. Therefore, build another model with the main objective of identifying important predictor attributes which help the business understand indicators of churn. A good choice to identify important variables is a logistic regression model or a model from the tree family. In case of logistic regression, make sure to handle multi-collinearity. After identifying important predictors, display them visually - you can use plots, summary tables etc. - whatever you think best conveys the importance of features. Finally, recommend strategies to manage customer churn based on your observations.

The global oven bags market is segmented by material type of polyester and nylon; by end-use in roasting meats, seafood and others and by regions. The global oven bags market is observing a robust growth owing to increasing demand from electric ovens. Additionally, advancement in packaging industry in the past few years has developed food grade oven bags .This supports cooking without nutrition loss and other food values .This factor is projected to drive the oven bags market during the forecast period. As per U.S. Department of Agriculture, the food expenditure by Asia Pacific countries in 2016 such as Japan, India, China and Indonesia are increasing which is rising the oven bags demand across this region during the forecast period. Indonesia has global food expenditure share by 31.4%, China has 22.5% global share, India by 30.2% and Japan by 14.2% which is expected to rise the food consumption and is anticipated to drive the oven bags market during the forecast period. The widespread utilization of oven bags on the account of changing food consumption habits in the Asian countries. Asia Pacific is expected to witness highest growth rate during the forecast period on the account of increasing adoption of western culture coupled with the high use of electric oven during the forecast period. Free Sample Request @ https://www.researchnester.com/sample-request-1269 Rising Demand from Asia Pacific Countries The changing consumer preferences regarding the food in various Asian countries coupled with rapidly growing demand for food and beverages. Additionally, changing consumer eating habits coupled with the growing dietary demands is expected to significantly impact the oven bags market during the forecast period. The oven bags market are mainly used for roasting and cooking of various meats and fishes. The high growth in meat consumption in China and other Asian countries is expected to propel the oven bags market during the forecast period. Additionally, increasing expansion of food service coupled with increasing urbanized population is driving the demand for the oven bags. Moreover, the rising demand for cost effective packing bags is expected to have positive impact on the demand of oven bags worldwide. However, one time usability of the oven bags and increasing concern related to usage of plastic in different industrial sectors is expected to hinder the growth of oven bags market. The oven bags are not eco-friendly and its usage enhances the plastic disposals. This is expected to further hinder the market growth over the forecast period. Request Free Table of Contents Here @ https://www.researchnester.com/request-toc-1269 The report titled “Global Oven bags Market: Global Demand Analysis & Opportunity Outlook 2027” delivers detailed overview of the global Oven bags market in terms of market segmentation by material type, by end-use and by regions. Further, for the in-depth analysis, the report encompasses the industry growth drivers, restraints, supply and demand risk, market attractiveness, BPS analysis and Porter’s five force model. This report also provides the existing competitive scenario of some of the key players of the global oven bags market which includes company profiling of Sunkey Plastic Packaging Co. Ltd., Xiamen Threestone Packing Material Co. Ltd., Sirane Ltd., Extra Packaging Corp., Reynolds Consumer Products, Terinex LTD., Yin Tian Industrial Co. Ltd., Huangshan Sinoflex Packaging Co. Ltd., M&Q Packaging Ltd., Flexipol Packaging Limited. The profiling enfolds key information of the companies which encompasses business overview, products and services, key financials and recent news and developments. On the whole, the report depicts detailed overview of the global oven bags market that will help industry consultants, equipment manufacturers, existing players searching for expansion opportunities, new players searching possibilities and other stakeholders to align their market centric strategies according to the ongoing and expected trends in the future. Buy This Premium Report Now @ https://www.researchnester.com/payment/rep-id-1269 About Research Nester: Research Nester is a leading service provider for strategic market research and consulting. We aim to provide unbiased, unparalleled market insights and industry analysis to help industries, conglomerates and executives to take wise decisions for their future marketing strategy, expansion and investment etc. We believe every business can expand to its new horizon, provided a right guidance at a right time is available through strategic minds. Our out of box thinking helps our clients to take wise decision so as to avoid future uncertainties. Contact for more Info: Ajay Daniel Email: ajay.daniel@researchnester.com U.S. Phone: +1 646 586 9123 U.K. Phone: +44 203 608 5919

Summary The ‘Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes’ research study forecasts market revenue and growth rates for the chosen industry vertical during the forecasted timeframe. Many significant features of the 'Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes' sector are also included in the study, including revenue predictions, industry size, and overall revenues. The report also dives into the intricacies of the company categories, as well as the growth variables that will enhance profitability during the course of the research. The research focuses on the target market's growth prospects, limitations, and opportunities. The 'Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes' research report will be useful to manufacturers that want to better understand and defend their strategy in order to stay ahead of the competition. Customers will use the research to come to a fair decision and gain a better understanding of present and future conditions and trends in the worldwide "Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes" industry. The research looks at both established "Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes" organizations and new initiatives that are having an effect on the global market with their newest ideas and technology. According to a recently released report, the worldwide "Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes" market is categorized by type/product, application, and geographical region. The recently released research study exposes essential features of the global "Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes" industry, including strategic plans, market drivers, vendor environment, and difficulties, in addition to a geographical overview. Free Sample Report + All Related Graphs & Charts @ https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/contacts/request-sample/1491 Customers can better grasp the differences between suppliers and how they operate on a worldwide scale thanks to the competitive landscape in the market analysis. Readers of the global 'Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes' Market report can also get crucial data like market size, market revenue, and growth rate for a number of items and applications. The study report includes forecasted data for the projected timeframe, historical data for past years, and industry revenue of crucial data for the approaching years. This research looks at sales and revenue both in the past and in the future. You can assess the relevance of numerous elements that drive overall market growth by understanding the various sectors. Purchase the report at https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/researchreport/purchase/1491 Key Points Covered in the Report: A thorough analysis of value and volume at the worldwide, sector, and regional levels is included in the global 'Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes' market report. The study offers a full business size 'Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes' from a global point of view through a review of past facts and possible scenarios. Geographically, the Sealing And Strapping Packaging Tapes of market analysis includes the number of regions and their contrast of revenue. The The market analysis focuses on ex-factory costs, output volume, market share & sales for every manufacturer on a company level basis. ABOUT US: Adroit Market Research is an India-based business analytics and consulting company. Our target audience is a wide range of corporations, manufacturing companies, product/technology development institutions and industry associations that require understanding of a market’s size, key trends, participants and future outlook of an industry. We intend to become our clients’ knowledge partner and provide them with valuable market insights to help create opportunities that increase their revenues. We follow a code– Explore, Learn and Transform. At our core, we are curious people who love to identify and understand industry patterns, create an insightful study around our findings and churn out money-making roadmaps. CONTACT US: Ryan Johnson Account Manager Global 3131 McKinney Ave Ste 600, Dallas, TX 75204, U.S.A Phone No.: USA:+1 9726644514/ +91 9665341414

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