:mortar_board:RESEARCH [NLP :thought_balloon:] We use different feature sets and machine learning classifiers to determine the best combination for sentiment analysis of twitter.

An ANN is a model based on a collection of connected units or nodes called "artificial neurons", which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit information, a "signal", from one artificial neuron to another. An artificial neuron that receives a signal can process it and then signal additional artificial neurons connected to it. In common ANN implementations, the signal at a connection between artificial neurons is a real number, and the output of each artificial neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections between artificial neurons are called "edges". Artificial neurons and edges typically have a weight that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a connection. Artificial neurons may have a threshold such that the signal is only sent if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold. Typically, artificial neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform different kinds of transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer) to the last layer (the output layer), possibly after traversing the layers multiple times. The original goal of the ANN approach was to solve problems in the same way that a human brain would. However, over time, attention moved to performing specific tasks, leading to deviations from biology. Artificial neural networks have been used on a variety of tasks, including computer vision, speech recognition, machine translation, social network filtering, playing board and video games and medical diagnosis. Deep learning consists of multiple hidden layers in an artificial neural network. This approach tries to model the way the human brain processes light and sound into vision and hearing. Some successful applications of deep learning are computer vision and speech recognition.[68] Decision trees Main article: Decision tree learning Decision tree learning uses a decision tree as a predictive model to go from observations about an item (represented in the branches) to conclusions about the item's target value (represented in the leaves). It is one of the predictive modeling approaches used in statistics, data mining, and machine learning. Tree models where the target variable can take a discrete set of values are called classification trees; in these tree structures, leaves represent class labels and branches represent conjunctions of features that lead to those class labels. Decision trees where the target variable can take continuous values (typically real numbers) are called regression trees. In decision analysis, a decision tree can be used to visually and explicitly represent decisions and decision making. In data mining, a decision tree describes data, but the resulting classification tree can be an input for decision making. Support vector machines Main article: Support vector machines Support vector machines (SVMs), also known as support vector networks, are a set of related supervised learning methods used for classification and regression. Given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one of two categories, an SVM training algorithm builds a model that predicts whether a new example falls into one category or the other.[69] An SVM training algorithm is a non-probabilistic, binary, linear classifier, although methods such as Platt scaling exist to use SVM in a probabilistic classification setting. In addition to performing linear classification, SVMs can efficiently perform a non-linear classification using what is called the kernel trick, implicitly mapping their inputs into high-dimensional feature spaces. Illustration of linear regression on a data set. Regression analysis Main article: Regression analysis Regression analysis encompasses a large variety of statistical methods to estimate the relationship between input variables and their associated features. Its most common form is linear regression, where a single line is drawn to best fit the given data according to a mathematical criterion such as ordinary least squares. The latter is often extended by regularization (mathematics) methods to mitigate overfitting and bias, as in ridge regression. When dealing with non-linear problems, go-to models include polynomial regression (for example, used for trendline fitting in Microsoft Excel[70]), logistic regression (often used in statistical classification) or even kernel regression, which introduces non-linearity by taking advantage of the kernel trick to implicitly map input variables to higher-dimensional space. Bayesian networks Main article: Bayesian network A simple Bayesian network. Rain influences whether the sprinkler is activated, and both rain and the sprinkler influence whether the grass is wet. A Bayesian network, belief network, or directed acyclic graphical model is a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of random variables and their conditional independence with a directed acyclic graph (DAG). For example, a Bayesian network could represent the probabilistic relationships between diseases and symptoms. Given symptoms, the network can be used to compute the probabilities of the presence of various diseases. Efficient algorithms exist that perform inference and learning. Bayesian networks that model sequences of variables, like speech signals or protein sequences, are called dynamic Bayesian networks. Generalizations of Bayesian networks that can represent and solve decision problems under uncertainty are called influence diagrams. Genetic algorithms Main article: Genetic algorithm A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search algorithm and heuristic technique that mimics the process of natural selection, using methods such as mutation and crossover to generate new genotypes in the hope of finding good solutions to a given problem. In machine learning, genetic algorithms were used in the 1980s and 1990s.[71][72] Conversely, machine learning techniques have been used to improve the performance of genetic and evolutionary algorithms.[73] Training models Usually, machine learning models require a lot of data in order for them to perform well. Usually, when training a machine learning model, one needs to collect a large, representative sample of data from a training set. Data from the training set can be as varied as a corpus of text, a collection of images, and data collected from individual users of a service. Overfitting is something to watch out for when training a machine learning model. Federated learning Main article: Federated learning Federated learning is an adapted form of distributed artificial intelligence to training machine learning models that decentralizes the training process, allowing for users' privacy to be maintained by not needing to send their data to a centralized server. This also increases efficiency by decentralizing the training process to many devices. For example, Gboard uses federated machine learning to train search query prediction models on users' mobile phones without having to send individual searches back to Google.[74] Applications There are many applications for machine learning, including: Agriculture Anatomy Adaptive websites Affective computing Banking Bioinformatics Brain–machine interfaces Cheminformatics Citizen science Computer networks Computer vision Credit-card fraud detection Data quality DNA sequence classification Economics Financial market analysis[75] General game playing Handwriting recognition Information retrieval Insurance Internet fraud detection Linguistics Machine learning control Machine perception Machine translation Marketing Medical diagnosis Natural language processing Natural language understanding Online advertising Optimization Recommender systems Robot locomotion Search engines Sentiment analysis Sequence mining Software engineering Speech recognition Structural health monitoring Syntactic pattern recognition Telecommunication Theorem proving Time series forecasting User behavior analytics In 2006, the media-services provider Netflix held the first "Netflix Prize" competition to find a program to better predict user preferences and improve the accuracy of its existing Cinematch movie recommendation algorithm by at least 10%. A joint team made up of researchers from AT&T Labs-Research in collaboration with the teams Big Chaos and Pragmatic Theory built an ensemble model to win the Grand Prize in 2009 for $1 million.[76] Shortly after the prize was awarded, Netflix realized that viewers' ratings were not the best indicators of their viewing patterns ("everything is a recommendation") and they changed their recommendation engine accordingly.[77] In 2010 The Wall Street Journal wrote about the firm Rebellion Research and their use of machine learning to predict the financial crisis.[78] In 2012, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, Vinod Khosla, predicted that 80% of medical doctors' jobs would be lost in the next two decades to automated machine learning medical diagnostic software.[79] In 2014, it was reported that a machine learning algorithm had been applied in the field of art history to study fine art paintings and that it may have revealed previously unrecognized influences among artists.[80] In 2019 Springer Nature published the first research book created using machine learning.[81] Limitations Although machine learning has been transformative in some fields, machine-learning programs often fail to deliver expected results.[82][83][84] Reasons for this are numerous: lack of (suitable) data, lack of access to the data, data bias, privacy problems, badly chosen tasks and algorithms, wrong tools and people, lack of resources, and evaluation problems.[85] In 2018, a self-driving car from Uber failed to detect a pedestrian, who was killed after a collision.[86] Attempts to use machine learning in healthcare with the IBM Watson system failed to deliver even after years of time and billions of dollars invested.[87][88] Bias Main article: Algorithmic bias Machine learning approaches in particular can suffer from different data biases. A machine learning system trained on current customers only may not be able to predict the needs of new customer groups that are not represented in the training data. When trained on man-made data, machine learning is likely to pick up the same constitutional and unconscious biases already present in society.[89] Language models learned from data have been shown to contain human-like biases.[90][91] Machine learning systems used for criminal risk assessment have been found to be biased against black people.[92][93] In 2015, Google photos would often tag black people as gorillas,[94] and in 2018 this still was not well resolved, but Google reportedly was still using the workaround to remove all gorillas from the training data, and thus was not able to recognize real gorillas at all.[95] Similar issues with recognizing non-white people have been found in many other systems.[96] In 2016, Microsoft tested a chatbot that learned from Twitter, and it quickly picked up racist and sexist language.[97] Because of such challenges, the effective use of machine learning may take longer to be adopted in other domains.[98] Concern for fairness in machine learning, that is, reducing bias in machine learning and propelling its use for human good is increasingly expressed by artificial intelligence scientists, including Fei-Fei Li, who reminds engineers that "There’s nothing artificial about AI...It’s inspired by people, it’s created by people, and—most importantly—it impacts people. It is a powerful tool we are only just beginning to understand, and that is a profound responsibility.”[99] Model assessments Classification of machine learning models can be validated by accuracy estimation techniques like the holdout method, which splits the data in a training and test set (conventionally 2/3 training set and 1/3 test set designation) and evaluates the performance of the training model on the test set. In comparison, the K-fold-cross-validation method randomly partitions the data into K subsets and then K experiments are performed each respectively considering 1 subset for evaluation and the remaining K-1 subsets for training the model. In addition to the holdout and cross-validation methods, bootstrap, which samples n instances with replacement from the dataset, can be used to assess model accuracy.[100] In addition to overall accuracy, investigators frequently report sensitivity and specificity meaning True Positive Rate (TPR) and True Negative Rate (TNR) respectively. Similarly, investigators sometimes report the false positive rate (FPR) as well as the false negative rate (FNR). However, these rates are ratios that fail to reveal their numerators and denominators. The total operating characteristic (TOC) is an effective method to express a model's diagnostic ability. TOC shows the numerators and denominators of the previously mentioned rates, thus TOC provides more information than the commonly used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and ROC's associated area under the curve (AUC).[101] Ethics Machine learning poses a host of ethical questions. Systems which are trained on datasets collected with biases may exhibit these biases upon use (algorithmic bias), thus digitizing cultural prejudices.[102] For example, using job hiring data from a firm with racist hiring policies may lead to a machine learning system duplicating the bias by scoring job applicants against similarity to previous successful applicants.[103][104] Responsible collection of data and documentation of algorithmic rules used by a system thus is a critical part of machine learning. Because human languages contain biases, machines trained on language corpora will necessarily also learn these biases.[105][106] Other forms of ethical challenges, not related to personal biases, are more seen in health care. There are concerns among health care professionals that these systems might not be designed in the public's interest but as income-generating machines. This is especially true in the United States where there is a long-standing ethical dilemma of improving health care, but also increasing profits. For example, the algorithms could be designed to provide patients with unnecessary tests or medication in which the algorithm's proprietary owners hold stakes. There is huge potential for machine learning in health care to provide professionals a great tool to diagnose, medicate, and even plan recovery paths for patients, but this will not happen until the personal biases mentioned previously, and these "greed" biases are addressed.[107] Hardware Since the 2010s, advances in both machine learning algorithms and computer hardware have led to more efficient methods for training deep neural networks (a particular narrow subdomain of machine learning) that contain many layers of non-linear hidden units.[108] By 2019, graphic processing units (GPUs), often with AI-specific enhancements, had displaced CPUs as the dominant method of training large-scale commercial cloud AI.[109] OpenAI estimated the hardware compute used in the largest deep learning projects from AlexNet (2012) to AlphaZero (2017), and found a 300,000-fold increase in the amount of compute required, with a doubling-time trendline of 3.4 months.[110][111] Software Software suites containing a variety of machine learning algorithms include the following: Free and open-source so

This project walks you on how to create a twitter sentiment analysis model using python. Twitter sentiment analysis is performed to identify the sentiments of the people towards various topics. For this project, we will be analysing the sentiment of people towards Pfizer vaccines. We will be using the data available on Kaggle to create this machine learning model. The collected tweets from Twitter will be analysed using machine learning to identify the different sentiments present in the tweets. The different sentiments identified in this project include positive sentiment, negative sentiment and neutral sentiment. We will also be using different classifiers to see which classifier gives the best model accuracy.

This project addresses the problem of sentiment analysis on Twitter. The goal of this project was to predict sentiment for the given Twitter post using Python. Sentiment analysis can predict many different emotions attached to the text, but in this report, only 3 major were considered: positive, negative and neutral. The training dataset was small (just over 5900 examples) and the data within it was highly skewed, which greatly impacted on the difficulty of building a good classifier. After creating a lot of custom features, utilizing bag-of-words representations and applying the Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithm, the classification accuracy at the level of 58% was achieved. Analysing the public sentiment as firms trying to find out the response of their products in the market, predicting political elections and predicting socioeconomic phenomena like the stock exchange.

A twitter sentiment classifier based on Support Vector Machines algorithm

A twitter sentiment classifier based on KNN and SVM algorithms

Multi-source social sentiment bot for Kalshi. Monitors Twitter/X, Reddit, and Telegram in real time, scores signals on 5 dimensions, and enters positions before Kalshi contract prices reprice. Includes NLP classifier and auto-entry mode.

A sentiment classifier tool and library trained on Twitter data

Classifier of Twitter sentiment

Twitter Sentiment Analysis | Naive Bayes Classifier

Aim was to develop a machine learning model which can analyze sentiments on twitter and to predict the winner of Lok Sabha Elections 2019. Web scraping was used for comments and then applied feature extraction, TF-IDF, Word2Vec, ANN and LSTM to improve the accuracy of model. Softmax function was used for multiclass classification. Learning curve was used to select the epochs and batch size in ANN and LSTM. Word cloud was made to select the most important features in the dataset. Random forest classification was selected as the best classifier with the help of PR curve by using micro average for average precision and recall.

Multi-source social sentiment bot for Polymarket. Monitors Twitter/X, Reddit, and Telegram in real time, scores sentiment signals on 5 dimensions, and enters positions before odds reprice. Includes NLP classifier, velocity detection, and auto-entry mode.

R shiny web application to scrape tweets based on user-defined search keyword and perform sentiment analysis of the tweets. Sentiment analysis of tweets consists of classifying tweets into emotion classes (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise) and also polarity classes (i.e., negative, neutral and positive) using naïve Bayes classifier. The tweets are scraped, classified into sentiment classes and visualized in R using twitteR, sentiment and ggplot2 packages, respectively.

The main aim of the project is to develop a sentiment analyzer that can be used on twitter data to classify it as positive or negative. Our project takes care of the challenge of bilingual comments, where people tweet in two languages, in this case Hindi and English, in the Latin Alphabet.

Implementation of Subjectivity and Clues Classifications in Sentiment Analysis of Philippine Restaurants Reviews in Twitter using Mutinomial Naive Bayes and Support Vector Classifiers

Source code for the Twitter Hybrid Sentiment Classifier used in Semeval 2014 competition. (Sentiment Analysis system)

A Natural Language Processing project that performs sentiment analysis on Twitter data using TF-IDF and Logistic Regression. The model classifies tweets as positive or negative and evaluates performance using accuracy and classification report.

Problem Statement The objective of this task is to detect hate speech in tweets. For the sake of simplicity, we say a tweet contains hate speech if it has a racist or sexist sentiment associated with it. So, the task is to classify racist or sexist tweets from other tweets. Formally, given a training sample of tweets and labels, where label '1' denotes the tweet is racist/sexist and label '0' denotes the tweet is not racist/sexist, your objective is to predict the labels on the test dataset. Motivation Hate speech is an unfortunately common occurrence on the Internet. Often social media sites like Facebook and Twitter face the problem of identifying and censoring problematic posts while weighing the right to freedom of speech. The importance of detecting and moderating hate speech is evident from the strong connection between hate speech and actual hate crimes. Early identification of users promoting hate speech could enable outreach programs that attempt to prevent an escalation from speech to action. Sites such as Twitter and Facebook have been seeking to actively combat hate speech. In spite of these reasons, NLP research on hate speech has been very limited, primarily due to the lack of a general definition of hate speech, an analysis of its demographic influences, and an investigation of the most effective features. Data Our overall collection of tweets was split in the ratio of 65:35 into training and testing data. Out of the testing data, 30% is public and the rest is private. Data Files train.csv - For training the models, we provide a labelled dataset of 31,962 tweets. The dataset is provided in the form of a csv file with each line storing a tweet id, its label and the tweet. There is 1 test file (public) test_tweets.csv - The test data file contains only tweet ids and the tweet text with each tweet in a new line.

Twitter sentiment analysis project using machine learning to classify tweets and understand audience mood, opinions, and behavior trends in real-time.

[Natural Language Processing] Using NLTK-3 and Sklearn to train different machine learning classifiers and then using an average system to produce the best optimized sentiment analysis of Twitter feeds.

Twitter Sentiment Analysis Using InSet (Indonesia Sentiment Lexicon) and Random Forest Classifier

Analysis of the opinions expressed on Twitter regarding the relocation of Indonesia's capital city using combination of algorithm classifiers Support Vector Machine (SVM), Feature Selection Term Frequency Inverse Document (TF-IDF), and Bag of Words, and also using a Lexicon-based approach for labeling data as positive or negative sentiment

I developed a Logistic Regression model to classify the sentiment (positive or negative) of tweets, to an accuracy of 77%

Detects bots from a small subset of Twitter accounts and classifies them as positive, negative or neutral by the sentiment of their tweets.

This project has taken US Airlines Twitter Dataset (Training 15000 tweets & Testing 3000 tweets). It uses machine learning to classify the sentiments of tweets into positive, neutral and negative. It uses Naive-Bayes Classifier for text-classification and NLTK and SkLearn libraries in python.

A twitter bot used to scrape tweets and classify them based on user sentiment for the PROS Hackathon 2019

In this assignment I am finding out peoples sentiment about DeMonetisation happened in india. Demonetization means the old unit of currency must be retired and replaced with a new currency unit. This is currently trending issue in India and people have both positive and negative sentiments about. I am collecting tweets which has #DeMonetisation using search API of twitter and classifying them as Positive and negative sentiment based on train data which will train model.In cluster.py i am finding out users who has tweeted about this issue and using there id am also Collecting whom they follow, using this information i am creating graph which will be one big component. This graph i am dividing in different communities using girvan newman. This information i am using to find out average user per community and sentiments of that community. In classify.py I am finding out positive and negative sentiments of people from tweets collected. To find out positive and negative sentiments of people, first i am training my model using train data which Is classifies using AFINN. Then i am collecting live twitter data which will be my test data, and then i am classifying this data as positive and negative sentiments. In summarize.py file i am showing final analysis. By looking at data in file we can say that more people having negative sentiments about DeMonetisation issue and people unhappy about the government decision while there are some people which are happy about government decision and having positive sentiment.

Natural language processing (NLP) is an exciting branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows machines to break down and understand human language. I plan to walk through text pre-processing techniques, machine learning techniques and Python libraries for NLP. Text pre-processing techniques include tokenization, text normalization and data cleaning. Once in a standard format, various machine learning techniques can be applied to better understand the data. This includes using popular modeling techniques to classify emails as spam or not, or to score the sentiment of a tweet on Twitter. Newer, more complex techniques can also be used such as topic modeling, word embeddings or text generation with deep learning. We will walk through an example in Jupyter Notebook that goes through all of the steps of a text analysis project, using several NLP libraries in Python including NLTK, TextBlob, spaCy and gensim along with the standard machine learning libraries including pandas and scikit-learn.

Analysis of Community Sentiments on President And Vice President Of Indonesia, 2019 Based on Twitter Opinion Using Naive Bayes Classifier Method

Twitter Sentiment Analysis - Classifying positive, negative and neutral tweets