A Plugin-Based Multi-Agent System for In-Editor Academic Writing, Review, and Editing

OpenOCR: An Open-Source Toolkit for General-OCR Research and Applications, integrates a unified training and evaluation benchmark, commercial-grade OCR and Document Parsing systems, and faithful reproductions of the core implementations from a wide range of academic papers.

End-to-end AI-powered academic paper writing system — from idea generation and literature search to experiment execution, result backfill, and LaTeX paper compilation. Supports multi-LLM routing, SSH remote training, incremental sync, and anti-AI-detection writing style.

One stop website for your Handouts, Academic Resources, Practice School Queries, Course Reviews, Course Prerequisites, etc. This facilitates the accessibility of course handouts, notes, resources, and contains a course review system, notes sharing system. @thenicekat

Course on Recommender Systems conducted at the Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University - Higher School of Economics. Academic year 2025/2026.

An Academic Papers Management and Discovery System

FenixEdu Academic is open source Student Information System

A collection of resources on dynamic/streaming/temporal/evolving graph processing systems, databases, data structures, datasets, and related academic and industrial work

Modern Academic Information System - Laravel 12, TailwindCSS, Alpine.js, Gemini AI Integration

An academic c++ code for numerical modelling of fluid-particle systems using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Discrete Element Modeling (DEM)

Multi-agent AI research system — finds academic papers via semantic search & citation snowballing, then answers questions over them using agentic RAG with self-reflection. Built with LangGraph, FastAPI, Celery, and Qdrant.

学术论文智能优化系统 - 三维协同优化：降AI检测率、降查重率、学术润色提升 | Intelligent thesis optimization system for AI detection reduction, plagiarism reduction, and academic polishing

OTFS-MRC-detection-MATLAB-package Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) is a recently proposed modulation scheme that multiplexes information symbols in the delay-Doppler domain. The information symbols in OTFS experience a roughly flat fading channel even in high mobility wireless channels resulting in better performance than the widely used OFDM scheme, This code package presents the MATLAB package for OTFS detection based on the MRC scheme proposed in [R1,R2,R3] References [R1]. T. Thaj and E. Viterbo,``Low Complexity Iterative Rake Decision Feedback Equalizer for ZeroPadded OTFS Systems’’, in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 15606- 15622, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2020.3044276. [R2]. T. Thaj and E. Viterbo,``Low Complexity Iterative Rake Detector for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Modulation’’ 2020 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/WCNC45663.2020.9120526. [R3]. Y. Hong, T. Thaj, E. Viterbo, ``Delay-Doppler Communications: Principles and Applications'', Academic Press, 2022, ISBN:9780323850285

This is the latest school management system. Available for all type of schools. will work on Phone, Laptop, Tabs, monitors - any screen size. It is available with 100% source code. The features are listed below: INSTALLATION Upload the downloaded zip file to your server in the public_html directory. Extract the zip file. Create a new database from your server mysql. Create user to the database and link the database to the user. Open the file database.php from the directory yourfolder/application/config/database.php. Fill up this information with your database hostname, database username, database password, database name respectively which you have created in the previous step. Now from server phpmyadmin go to your database. Select import and choose the file install.sql located in yourfolder/database/blank_db.sql (demo_db.sql for demo database) And you are ready to go now to browse the application Default admin credentials Email: admin@admin.com Password: admin ADMIN PANEL Managing User accounts (teacher, student, parent) Managing classes, subjects Managing exam, grades Managing exam marks Managing Loan Information Managing Computer Based Test (CBT) Sending exam marks via sms Managing students attendance Managing accounting, income and expenses Managing school events Managing Teachers Managing Libratrian Managing Accountant Manage Circular Manage Task Managing Parents Managing Alumni Managing Academic Sysllabus Managing Helpful Links Managing Help Desk Managing Front-End Information Managing School Session Attendance Reports Managing Staff ID Cards Records management. Notification board management. Management relationships between different type of users. Online Payment acceptance of FEE. Section Management. Reports generator. SMS Alerts. Managing Hostel Manager Managing library, dormitory, transport Messaging between other users Managing system settings (general, sms, language) Managing Media Subject management. Class management. Student payments management. Student behaviour management. Payments Overview. Subjects and assignments management. Fees management. Student assignment results management. Student search. Overdue students list. Student management. Student-Teacher interaction. And many more … TEACHERS Manage Students homework. Assign homework. Share homework on social networking sites (facebook). Manage classes. Manage Student Report. Generate Remarks on Student Reports. Generate Student Attendence. Subject management. Loan Application Class management. Student behaviour management. Subjects and assignments management. Student assignment results management. Student search. Student management. Student-Teacher interaction. Managing Helpful Links Managing Media Assignments Attendance Provide Daily Quotes Holidays Studennts Study Materials Message Noticeboard Transportations And many more… STUDENT PANEL Get class Routine Attempt Online Exam View Online Exam Result Get Exam Marks Message View Noticeboard Transportatio Receive SMS Get attendance status Get study materials / files from teacher Get payment invoice, Pay Online Communicate with teacher Managing Media accounts View Event Schedule, Notice and Holidays Get Helpful Links View Daily Quotes Contact Help Desks And many more …. PARENT PANEL View Children Marks View Children Class Routine Make payment View Payment Invoice Message Admin Message Teachers View Received Messkages Checkin kids progress. Parent-Teacher interaction. Get alerts from School Administration or Teachers. View events Noticeborad Todays Thought News Helpful Links Help Desk Receive SMS And many more … LIBRARIAN Add books Update books Record Lost Books Generate Reports on Books Subject Management. Loan Application Student Search. Student Management. Student-Librarian Interaction. View Helpful Links View Media Holidays Studennts Study Materials Message Transportations Noticeboard View Notification And many more …. ACCOUNTANTS Create Student Payments Students Payment Expenses Expenses Category Vew all Accountants Loan Application Todays Thought News Holidays Message k Noticeboard And many more …. HOSTEL MANAGER ViewAll Hostel Managers Manage Hostels Loan Application Todays Thought News Holidays Message Noticeboard And many more …. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ADMIN PANEL DASHBORD ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Total number of students, teachers, librarian, accountants, hostel manager, alumni, parents and attendance of students for that day at a glance, Dashboard also holds a calendar for showing events, charts for various percentages of teachers, parents, students attendance, grades, students performances, etc. MANAGING SESSION From navigation go to manage session Add / edit / delete MANAGING ACADEMIC SYLLABUS From navigation go to manage academic syllabus Add / edit / delete MANAGING MEDIA From navigation go to manage media Add / edit / delete MANAGING STUDENTS Admit Students From navigation, go to students > admit students Fill up the necessary information Save student Admit Bulk Students From navigation, go to student > admit bulk student Download the blank Excel file Fill up the information Select class Upload the filled up Excel file Save Student Information From navigation go to student > student information Here you can see the students class wise If a class has sections then you can also browse the students as per class sections Student mark sheets From navigation go to student > student mark sheet Here you can see all the students marks class wise If the class has sections then you can also see them along with class MANAGING TEACHERS From navigation go to teacher Here you can see the list of teachers of your school in a tabular form To add a new teacher, click the top right button named add new teacher and fill up the information and save For editing or deleting a teacher information click the action button assigned to each entry of the table. That will bring two options for editing and deleting. Click on the required action editing and deleting MANAGING ACCOUNTANTS From navigation go to accountant Here you can see the list of accountants of your school in a tabular form To add a new accountant, click the top right button named add new accountant and fill up the information and save For editing or deleting a teacher information click the action button assigned to each entry of the table. That will bring two options for editing and deleting. Click on the required action editing and deleting MANAGING LIBRARIANS From navigation go to librarian Here you can see the list of librarians of your school in a tabular form To add a new librarian, click the top right button named add new librarian and fill up the information and save For editing or deleting a teacher information click the action button assigned to each entry of the table. That will bring two options for editing and deleting. Click on the required action editing and deleting MANAGING HOSTEL MANAGERS From navigation go to hostel manager Here you can see the list of hostel managers of your school in a tabular form To add a new hostel manager, click the top right button named add new hostel manager and fill up the information and save For editing or deleting a teacher information click the action button assigned to each entry of the table. That will bring two options for editing and deleting. Click on the required action editing and deleting MANAGING ALUMNI From navigation go to alumni Here you can see the list of alumni of your school in a tabular form To add a new alumni, click the top right button named add new alumni and fill up the information and save For editing or deleting a teacher information click the action button assigned to each entry of the table. That will bring two options for editing and deleting. Click on the required action editing and deleting MANAGING PARENTS From navigation go to parents Here you can see the list of parents of the students of your school in a tabular form To add a new parent, click the top right button named add new parent and fill up the information and save For editing or deleting a parent information click the action button assigned to each entry of the table. That will bring two options for editing and deleting. Click on the required action for editing and deleting MANAGING CLASSES From navigation go to > manage sections Add new class section for a class and assign teacher for each of them View the class sections in a tabular form class wise Edit and delete class section information MANAGING CLASS SECTION From navigation go to class > manage sections Add new class section for a class and assign a teacher for each of them View the class sections in a tabular for class wise Edit and deklete class section information MANAGING SUBJECTS From navigation go to subject If you have already added classes then under this you will see a list of the classes added. If you have not created classes, please create class first Here you can see the subjects class wise Add or edit or delete subjects MANAGING CLASS ROUTINE From navigation go to class routine View all the class routines in accordion Add class routine Click on the subject name on routine to edit and delete MANAGING DIALY STUDENT’S ATTENDENCE From navigation go to daily attendance Select the date and class and click manage attendance That will bring up the students name and attendance information in a tabular form To update the attendance status or for taking the attendance for that particular date of that particular class which you have selected earlier, click the button named update attendance Put the status for all at once and click save changes MANAGING EXAMS Exam list From navigation, go to exam > exam list Add an exam for all Edit and delete exam Exam grade From navigation go to exam > exam grades Add exam grades as per the requirements of your institution Edit or delete exam grades Manage exam marks From navigation go to > manage marks Select exam, class and subject and click manage marks for changing or updating marks That will bring up the form for updating the students marks for that particular subject Enter the marks and click update Sending exam marks by SMS From navigation go to exam > send mark by SMS Select exakm and class and receive (students/parent) Click the button named send mark via SMS That will send SMS with the marks for that exam you have selected if a SMS service is already activated MANAGING PAYMENTS From navigation go to payment Add invoice and take manual payment multiple time under the same invoice If a payment is due, then an option will be there for taking the payment in the action button of the table that contains the list of all the invoices with the basic information. Edit or delete invoice LOAN MANAGEMENT From navigation go to loan application See all the applied loans Click on apply loan Fill forms to apply Wait for loan approval COMPUTER BASED TEST (CBT) From navigation, go to Manage CBT Click on Add Exam Set Class, Exam Time, Exam Duration, Subject, Question Count and Session Click on continue to Add Questions Click on List Exams to View Exams Click on View Result to View Exams Scores ACCOUNTING Incomes From navigation, go to accounting > incomes Here you can see all the incomes for your school that means students fee in a tabular form with their payment time and amount EXPENSES From navigation, go to accounting > expenses Add expenses for the school Edit or delete them GENERATING STAFF IDCARD Teacher, librarian, accounant, hostel manager From navigation, go to staff > ID CARD Here you can you will see a button asking you to click generate ID CARD EXPENSE CATEGORY From navigation, go to accounting > expense category Add expense category Edit or delete them MANAGING BOOKS From navigation go to library Add books Edit or delete them MANAGING TRANSPORT From navigation go to transport Add transport information Edit or delete them MANAGING DORMITORY From navigation go to dormitory Add / edit / delete MANAGING ASSIGNMENT From navigation go to assignment Add / edit / delete MANAGING HOLIDAYS From navigation go to holiday Add / edit / delete MANAGING TODAY’S THOUGHT From navigation go to today’s thought Add / edit / delete MANAGING CIRCULAR From navigation go to circular Add / edit / delete MANAGING SCHOOL CLUBS From navigation go to school club Add / edit / delete MANAGING TASK From navigation go to task manager Add / edit / delete MANAGING HELPFUL LINK From navigation go to Helpful Links Add / edit / delete MANAGING ENQUIRY From navigation go to enquiry Add / edit / delete MANAGING ENQUIRY CATEFORY From navigation go to enquiry category Add / edit / delete MANAGING HELP DESK From navigation go to task Helpdesk Add / edit / delete NOTICEBOARD From navigation go to notice board Add / edit / delete them For sending the notice to all as SMS, yes while creating the notice This will send SMS to all the users about that notice PRIVATE MESSAGING From navigation, go to message Admin can send message to all users For sending message, select user and type the message and click send You can also see all the message sent to you or sent from you SYSTEM SETTINGS From navigation go to settings > general settings You can change basic system settings here and also can select language You can also upload logo from here THEME SETTINGS From navigation go to setting > general settings On the right of the page there is a panel named theme settings You find several skin options for you application Select you desire one to make changes SMS SETTINGS From navigation go to settings > sms settings Here you will find 2 SMS services, one is Clickatell and another is Twilio You have to activate a service first Then put the necessary information for a service Visit https://www.twilio.com/user/acount/settings/international /sms LANGUAGE SETTINGS From navigation go to setting > language settings Change phrase or add new phrase for a particular language Add new language MANAGE BANNER SETTINGS From navigation go to setting > banner settings Add / edit / delete MANAGE FRONT END SETTINGS From navigation go to setting > front end settings Add / edit / delete MANAGE NEWS SETTINGS From navigation go to setting > news settings Add / edit / delete ACCOUNT SETTINGS From navigation go to account Change basic account information Update your password Change profile image ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. TEACHER PANEL DASHBOARD ………………………………………………………………………………………………. Total number of students, parents and attendance of students for that day at a glance Dashboard also holds a calendar for showing events. MANAGING STUDENTS Admit students From navigation go to student > admit student Fill up the necessary information Save student Student information From navigation go to student > student information Here you can see the student class wise If a class has sections then you can also browse the students as per class sections Student mark sheets From navigation go to student > student mark sheet Here you can see all the students marks class wise If the class has sections then you can also see them along with class MANAGING DAILY STUDENT’S ATTENDANCE From navigation go to daily attendance Select the date and class and click mange attendance That will bring up the students name and attendance information in a tabular form To update the attendance status or for taking the attendance for that particular date of that particular class which you have selected earlier, click the button named update attendance Put the status for all at once and click save changes MANAGING DAILY STUDENT’S ATTENDANCE From navigation go to daily attendance Select the date and class and click manage attendance That will bring up the students name and attendance information in a tabular form To update the attendance status or for taking the attendance for that particular date of that particular class which you have selected earlier, click the button named update attendance Put the status for all at once and click save changes MANAGING ASSIGNMENT From navigation go to assignment That will bring up the assignemnt page in a tabular form, you can click on add assignment on left corner of the page to add assignment. MANAGING CLASSES From navigation go to > manage sections Add new class section for a class and assign teacher for each of them View the class sections in a tabular form class wise Edit and delete class section information MANAGING CLASS SECTION From navigation go to class > manage sections Add new class section for a class and assign a teacher for each of them View the class sections in a tabular for class wise Edit and deklete class section information MANAGING SUBJECTS From navigation go to subject If you have already added classes then under this you will see a list of the classes added. If you have not created classes, please create class first Here you can see the subjects class wise Add or edit or delete subjects MANAGING CLASS ROUTINE From navigation go to class routine View all the class routines in accordion Add class routine Click on the subject name on routine to edit and delete MANAGING DIALY STUDENT’S ATTENDENCE From navigation go to daily attendance Select the date and class and click manage attendance That will bring up the students name and attendance information in a tabular form To update the attendance status or for taking the attendance for that particular date of that particular class which you have selected earlier, click the button named update attendance Put the status for all at once and click save changes MANAGING EXAMS Manage exam marks From navigation go to > manage marks Select exam, class and subject and click manage marks for changing or updating marks That will bring up the form for updating the students marks for that particular subject Enter the marks and click update MANAGING HELPFUL LINK From navigation go to Helpful Links Add / edit / delete NEWS From navigation go to view news View all the uploaded news TODAY’S THOUGHT From navigation go to today’s thought View all the uploaded today’s thought HOLIDAY DATES From navigation go to holiday View all the holiday with their respectives dates ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. STUDENT PANEL DASHBOARD ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. Total number of students, teachers, parents and attendance of students for that day at a glance, dashboard also holds a calendar for showing event CLASS ROUTINE Form navigation go to class routine View the class routine of the logged in student EXAM MARKS From navigation go to exam > manage marks Select exam and subject See the mark for the selected exam in the selected subject COMPUTER BASED TEST (CBT) From navigation go to online CBT See all the uploaded test for your class Attemtp the uploaded test View your results STUDY MATERIALS From navigation go to study materials See all the uploaded study materials for your class Download the materials ASSIGNMENT From navigation go to assignment See all the uploaded assignments for your class Download the assignment MEDIA From navigation go to media See all the uploaded media for your class Download or watch media NEWS From navigation go to view news View all the uploaded news TODAY’S THOUGHT From navigation go to today’s thought View all the uploaded today’s thought HOLIDAY DATES From navigation go to holiday View all the holiday with their respectives dates HELPFUL LINKS From navigation go to helpful links View all the helpful links HELP DESK From navigation go to help desk Submit or create help desk to the administrator STUDY MATERIALS From navigation go to study material See all the uploaded study material for your class Download the study material PAYMENT / PAY WITH PAYPAL From navigation go to payment See the list of invoices Pay online with paypal for the unpaid invoices COMMUNICATE WITH TEACHERS / ADMIN From navigation go to message Send new message to teachers and admin Get the sent message to you ………………………………………………………………………………………………...... ACCOUNTANT PANEL DASHBOARD ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Total number of students, accountants, parents and attendance of student for that day at a glance. Dashboard also holds a calendar for showing events. MANAGING PAYMENTS From navigation go to payment Add invoice and take manual payment multiple time under the same invoice If a payment is due, then an option will be there for taking the payment in the action button of the table that contains the list of all the invoices with the basic information. Edit or delete invoice LOAN MANAGEMENT From navigation go to loan application See all the applied loans Click on apply loan Fill forms to apply Wait for loan approval MESSAGING From navigating go to message Send message to teachers and admin Get the message sent to you NEWS From navigation go to view news View all the uploaded news TODAY’S THOUGHT From navigation go to today’s thought View all the uploaded today’s thought HOLIDAY DATES From navigation go to holiday View all the holiday with their respectives dates HELPFUL LINKS From navigation go to helpful links View all the helpful links HELP DESK From navigation go to help desk Submit or create help desk to the administrator TRANSPORTATION From navigation go to transportation View transportation available ………………………………………………………………………………………………...... LIBRARIAN PANEL DASHBOARD ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Total number of students, librarian, parents and attendance of student for that day at a glance. Dashboard also holds a calendar for showing events. MANAGING BOOKS From navigation go to library Add books Edit or delete them LOAN MANAGEMENT From navigation go to loan application See all the applied loans Click on apply loan Fill forms to apply Wait for loan approval MESSAGING From navigating go to message Send message to teachers and admin Get the message sent to you NEWS From navigation go to view news View all the uploaded news TODAY’S THOUGHT From navigation go to today’s thought View all the uploaded today’s thought HOLIDAY DATES From navigation go to holiday View all the holiday with their respectives dates HELPFUL LINKS From navigation go to helpful links View all the helpful links HELP DESK From navigation go to help desk Submit or create help desk to the administrator TRANSPORTATION From navigation go to transportation View transportation available ………………………………………………………………………………………………...... HOSTEL MANAGER PANEL DASHBOARD ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Total number of students, hostel managers, parents and attendance of student for that day at a glance. Dashboard also holds a calendar for showing events. MANAGING DORMITORY From navigation go to dormitory Add / edit / delete LOAN MANAGEMENT From navigation go to loan application See all the applied loans Click on apply loan Fill forms to apply Wait for loan approval MESSAGING From navigating go to message Send message to teachers and admin Get the message sent to you NEWS From navigation go to view news View all the uploaded news TODAY’S THOUGHT From navigation go to today’s thought View all the uploaded today’s thought HOLIDAY DATES From navigation go to holiday View all the holiday with their respectives dates HELPFUL LINKS From navigation go to helpful links View all the helpful links HELP DESK From navigation go to help desk Submit or create help desk to the administrator TRANSPORTATION From navigation go to transportation View transportation available ………………………………………………………………………………………………...... PARENT PANEL DASHBOARD ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Total number of students, teachers, parents and attendance of student for that day at a glance. Dashboard also holds a calendar for showing events. CHILDREN MARKS From navigation go to exam marks See the mark of your children individually One parent can have multiple children PAYMENTS From navigation go to exam > payment View the invoices of your children and individually Make payment via paypal online CLASS ROUTINE From navigation go to class routine Get the class routine for each of your child separately MESSAGING From navigating go to message Send message to teachers and admin Get the message sent to you NEWS From navigation go to view news View all the uploaded news TODAY’S THOUGHT From navigation go to today’s thought View all the uploaded today’s thought HOLIDAY DATES From navigation go to holiday View all the holiday with their respectives dates HELPFUL LINKS From navigation go to helpful links View all the helpful links HELP DESK From navigation go to help desk Submit or create help desk to the administrator

An energy system optimization model that is flexible, computationally efficient, and academically robust.

The College Management System is a web-based application developed using Spring Boot and Java to automate and manage the administrative and academic operations of a college. It provides a centralized platform to handle student records, faculty details, courses, attendance, examinations, and fee management efficiently.

Yet Another Deep Dive Clone (YADDC): An automated system that transforms academic research papers into engaging podcast conversations using CrewAI and ElevenLabs.

Academic project covering Knoppix OS installation in a virtual machine and system call implementation.

The “Institute of Current Students” Website (web based application) is useful for the students, faculty, guest who likes to display result as well schedules of examination and all that task like event, news, students can find out list of fresh courses offered by them and admission procedure, discussion forum, fee structure etc. without going to institute. It provides the facility to the students or guest to have complete information about the institute. In this website, does not need to perform papers work likes to make result sheet on papers and then put on the notice board. But on this site just go to the database and update the result and other information. “Institute of Current Students” is a web enabled project with client server application. This website is an initiative to take all the academic and administrative processes of the Institute for IT backbone. This Project is purely web-based that can be accessed from any part of the world with the help of any standard web browser and a working internet connection. “Institute of Current Students” is an automation system which is used to store the information of Institute, faculty, student, exams, and results in the Institute database. Starting from registration of a new student in the institute, it maintains all the details regarding the details about the student and marks of the students. We can also call institute as “Institute Information Centre”. Institute Information Centre provides a solution of all problems in the form of easy to configure and use application by automating all the functionality. To make this website work successfully I shall be using some latest technology such as BOOTSTRAP FRAMEWORK for designing, PHP as the Development Platform and MYSQL as the Database Management environment.

Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, p. 1. Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 55. Definition of AI as the study of intelligent agents: Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998), which provides the version that is used in this article. These authors use the term "computational intelligence" as a synonym for artificial intelligence.[1] Russell & Norvig (2003) (who prefer the term "rational agent") and write "The whole-agent view is now widely accepted in the field".[2] Nilsson 1998 Legg & Hutter 2007 Russell & Norvig 2009, p. 2. McCorduck 2004, p. 204 Maloof, Mark. "Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction, p. 37" (PDF). georgetown.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2018. "How AI Is Getting Groundbreaking Changes In Talent Management And HR Tech". Hackernoon. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020. Schank, Roger C. (1991). "Where's the AI". AI magazine. Vol. 12 no. 4. p. 38. Russell & Norvig 2009. "AlphaGo – Google DeepMind". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Allen, Gregory (April 2020). "Department of Defense Joint AI Center - Understanding AI Technology" (PDF). AI.mil - The official site of the Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020. Optimism of early AI: * Herbert Simon quote: Simon 1965, p. 96 quoted in Crevier 1993, p. 109. * Marvin Minsky quote: Minsky 1967, p. 2 quoted in Crevier 1993, p. 109. Boom of the 1980s: rise of expert systems, Fifth Generation Project, Alvey, MCC, SCI: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 426–441 * Crevier 1993, pp. 161–162,197–203, 211, 240 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 24 * NRC 1999, pp. 210–211 * Newquist 1994, pp. 235–248 First AI Winter, Mansfield Amendment, Lighthill report * Crevier 1993, pp. 115–117 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 22 * NRC 1999, pp. 212–213 * Howe 1994 * Newquist 1994, pp. 189–201 Second AI winter: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 430–435 * Crevier 1993, pp. 209–210 * NRC 1999, pp. 214–216 * Newquist 1994, pp. 301–318 AI becomes hugely successful in the early 21st century * Clark 2015 Pamela McCorduck (2004, p. 424) writes of "the rough shattering of AI in subfields—vision, natural language, decision theory, genetic algorithms, robotics ... and these with own sub-subfield—that would hardly have anything to say to each other." This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: * Russell & Norvig 2003 * Luger & Stubblefield 2004 * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 * Nilsson 1998 Kolata 1982. Maker 2006. Biological intelligence vs. intelligence in general: Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 2–3, who make the analogy with aeronautical engineering. McCorduck 2004, pp. 100–101, who writes that there are "two major branches of artificial intelligence: one aimed at producing intelligent behavior regardless of how it was accomplished, and the other aimed at modeling intelligent processes found in nature, particularly human ones." Kolata 1982, a paper in Science, which describes McCarthy's indifference to biological models. Kolata quotes McCarthy as writing: "This is AI, so we don't care if it's psychologically real".[19] McCarthy recently reiterated his position at the AI@50 conference where he said "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence".[20]. Neats vs. scruffies: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 421–424, 486–489 * Crevier 1993, p. 168 * Nilsson 1983, pp. 10–11 Symbolic vs. sub-symbolic AI: * Nilsson (1998, p. 7), who uses the term "sub-symbolic". General intelligence (strong AI) is discussed in popular introductions to AI: * Kurzweil 1999 and Kurzweil 2005 See the Dartmouth proposal, under Philosophy, below. McCorduck 2004, p. 34. McCorduck 2004, p. xviii. McCorduck 2004, p. 3. McCorduck 2004, pp. 340–400. This is a central idea of Pamela McCorduck's Machines Who Think. She writes: "I like to think of artificial intelligence as the scientific apotheosis of a venerable cultural tradition."[26] "Artificial intelligence in one form or another is an idea that has pervaded Western intellectual history, a dream in urgent need of being realized."[27] "Our history is full of attempts—nutty, eerie, comical, earnest, legendary and real—to make artificial intelligences, to reproduce what is the essential us—bypassing the ordinary means. Back and forth between myth and reality, our imaginations supplying what our workshops couldn't, we have engaged for a long time in this odd form of self-reproduction."[28] She traces the desire back to its Hellenistic roots and calls it the urge to "forge the Gods."[29] "Stephen Hawking believes AI could be mankind's last accomplishment". BetaNews. 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Lombardo P, Boehm I, Nairz K (2020). "RadioComics – Santa Claus and the future of radiology". Eur J Radiol. 122 (1): 108771. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108771. PMID 31835078. Ford, Martin; Colvin, Geoff (6 September 2015). "Will robots create more jobs than they destroy?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018. AI applications widely used behind the scenes: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 28 * Kurzweil 2005, p. 265 * NRC 1999, pp. 216–222 * Newquist 1994, pp. 189–201 AI in myth: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 4–5 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 939 AI in early science fiction. * McCorduck 2004, pp. 17–25 Formal reasoning: * Berlinski, David (2000). The Advent of the Algorithm. Harcourt Books. ISBN 978-0-15-601391-8. OCLC 46890682. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Turing, Alan (1948), "Machine Intelligence", in Copeland, B. Jack (ed.), The Essential Turing: The ideas that gave birth to the computer age, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 412, ISBN 978-0-19-825080-7 Russell & Norvig 2009, p. 16. Dartmouth conference: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 111–136 * Crevier 1993, pp. 47–49, who writes "the conference is generally recognized as the official birthdate of the new science." * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 17, who call the conference "the birth of artificial intelligence." * NRC 1999, pp. 200–201 McCarthy, John (1988). "Review of The Question of Artificial Intelligence". Annals of the History of Computing. 10 (3): 224–229., collected in McCarthy, John (1996). "10. Review of The Question of Artificial Intelligence". Defending AI Research: A Collection of Essays and Reviews. CSLI., p. 73, "[O]ne of the reasons for inventing the term "artificial intelligence" was to escape association with "cybernetics". Its concentration on analog feedback seemed misguided, and I wished to avoid having either to accept Norbert (not Robert) Wiener as a guru or having to argue with him." Hegemony of the Dartmouth conference attendees: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 17, who write "for the next 20 years the field would be dominated by these people and their students." * McCorduck 2004, pp. 129–130 Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 18. Schaeffer J. (2009) Didn't Samuel Solve That Game?. In: One Jump Ahead. Springer, Boston, MA Samuel, A. L. (July 1959). "Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 3 (3): 210–229. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.368.2254. doi:10.1147/rd.33.0210. "Golden years" of AI (successful symbolic reasoning programs 1956–1973): * McCorduck 2004, pp. 243–252 * Crevier 1993, pp. 52–107 * Moravec 1988, p. 9 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 18–21 The programs described are Arthur Samuel's checkers program for the IBM 701, Daniel Bobrow's STUDENT, Newell and Simon's Logic Theorist and Terry Winograd's SHRDLU. DARPA pours money into undirected pure research into AI during the 1960s: * McCorduck 2004, p. 131 * Crevier 1993, pp. 51, 64–65 * NRC 1999, pp. 204–205 AI in England: * Howe 1994 Lighthill 1973. Expert systems: * ACM 1998, I.2.1 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 22–24 * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 227–331 * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 17.4 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 327–335, 434–435 * Crevier 1993, pp. 145–62, 197–203 * Newquist 1994, pp. 155–183 Mead, Carver A.; Ismail, Mohammed (8 May 1989). Analog VLSI Implementation of Neural Systems (PDF). The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. 80. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1639-8. ISBN 978-1-4613-1639-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Formal methods are now preferred ("Victory of the neats"): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 25–26 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 486–487 McCorduck 2004, pp. 480–483. Markoff 2011. 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Cognitive Systems Research. 48: 39–55. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.05.001. hdl:2318/1665207. S2CID 206868967. Problem solving, puzzle solving, game playing and deduction: * Russell & Norvig 2003, chpt. 3–9, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, chpt. 2,3,7,9, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, chpt. 3,4,6,8, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 7–12 Uncertain reasoning: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 452–644, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 345–395, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 333–381, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 19 Psychological evidence of sub-symbolic reasoning: * Wason & Shapiro (1966) showed that people do poorly on completely abstract problems, but if the problem is restated to allow the use of intuitive social intelligence, performance dramatically improves. (See Wason selection task) * Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) have shown that people are terrible at elementary problems that involve uncertain reasoning. (See list of cognitive biases for several examples). * Lakoff & Núñez (2000) have controversially argued that even our skills at mathematics depend on knowledge and skills that come from "the body", i.e. sensorimotor and perceptual skills. (See Where Mathematics Comes From) Knowledge representation: * ACM 1998, I.2.4, * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 320–363, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 23–46, 69–81, 169–196, 235–277, 281–298, 319–345, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 227–243, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 18 Knowledge engineering: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 260–266, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 199–233, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. ≈17.1–17.4 Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames and scripts): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 349–354, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 174–177, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 248–258, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 18.3 Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 328–341, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 281–298, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 18.2 Causal calculus: * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 335–337 Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 341–344, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 275–277 Sikos, Leslie F. (June 2017). Description Logics in Multimedia Reasoning. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54066-5. ISBN 978-3-319-54066-5. S2CID 3180114. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Ontology: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 320–328 Smoliar, Stephen W.; Zhang, HongJiang (1994). "Content based video indexing and retrieval". IEEE Multimedia. 1 (2): 62–72. doi:10.1109/93.311653. S2CID 32710913. Neumann, Bernd; Möller, Ralf (January 2008). "On scene interpretation with description logics". Image and Vision Computing. 26 (1): 82–101. doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2007.08.013. Kuperman, G. J.; Reichley, R. M.; Bailey, T. C. (1 July 2006). "Using Commercial Knowledge Bases for Clinical Decision Support: Opportunities, Hurdles, and Recommendations". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 13 (4): 369–371. doi:10.1197/jamia.M2055. PMC 1513681. PMID 16622160. MCGARRY, KEN (1 December 2005). "A survey of interestingness measures for knowledge discovery". The Knowledge Engineering Review. 20 (1): 39–61. doi:10.1017/S0269888905000408. S2CID 14987656. Bertini, M; Del Bimbo, A; Torniai, C (2006). "Automatic annotation and semantic retrieval of video sequences using multimedia ontologies". MM '06 Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia. 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia. Santa Barbara: ACM. pp. 679–682. Qualification problem: * McCarthy & Hayes 1969 * Russell & Norvig 2003[page needed] While McCarthy was primarily concerned with issues in the logical representation of actions, Russell & Norvig 2003 apply the term to the more general issue of default reasoning in the vast network of assumptions underlying all our commonsense knowledge. Default reasoning and default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 354–360, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 248–256, 323–335, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 335–363, * Nilsson 1998, ~18.3.3 Breadth of commonsense knowledge: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 21, * Crevier 1993, pp. 113–114, * Moravec 1988, p. 13, * Lenat & Guha 1989 (Introduction) Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986. Gladwell 2005. Expert knowledge as embodied intuition: * Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986 (Hubert Dreyfus is a philosopher and critic of AI who was among the first to argue that most useful human knowledge was encoded sub-symbolically. See Dreyfus' critique of AI) * Gladwell 2005 (Gladwell's Blink is a popular introduction to sub-symbolic reasoning and knowledge.) * Hawkins & Blakeslee 2005 (Hawkins argues that sub-symbolic knowledge should be the primary focus of AI research.) Planning: * ACM 1998, ~I.2.8, * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 375–459, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 281–316, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 314–329, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 10.1–2, 22 Information value theory: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 600–604 Classical planning: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 375–430, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 281–315, * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 314–329, * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 10.1–2, 22 Planning and acting in non-deterministic domains: conditional planning, execution monitoring, replanning and continuous planning: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 430–449 Multi-agent planning and emergent behavior: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 449–455 Turing 1950. Solomonoff 1956. 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Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020. Machine perception: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 537–581, 863–898 * Nilsson 1998, ~chpt. 6 Speech recognition: * ACM 1998, ~I.2.7 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 568–578 Object recognition: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 885–892 Computer vision: * ACM 1998, I.2.10 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 863–898 * Nilsson 1998, chpt. 6 Robotics: * ACM 1998, I.2.9, * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 901–942, * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 443–460 Moving and configuration space: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 916–932 Tecuci 2012. Robotic mapping (localization, etc): * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 908–915 Cadena, Cesar; Carlone, Luca; Carrillo, Henry; Latif, Yasir; Scaramuzza, Davide; Neira, Jose; Reid, Ian; Leonard, John J. (December 2016). "Past, Present, and Future of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: Toward the Robust-Perception Age". IEEE Transactions on Robotics. 32 (6): 1309–1332. arXiv:1606.05830. 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Retrieved 26 April 2018. Domingos 2015. Artificial brain arguments: AI requires a simulation of the operation of the human brain * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 957 * Crevier 1993, pp. 271 and 279 A few of the people who make some form of the argument: * Moravec 1988 * Kurzweil 2005, p. 262 * Hawkins & Blakeslee 2005 The most extreme form of this argument (the brain replacement scenario) was put forward by Clark Glymour in the mid-1970s and was touched on by Zenon Pylyshyn and John Searle in 1980. Goertzel, Ben; Lian, Ruiting; Arel, Itamar; de Garis, Hugo; Chen, Shuo (December 2010). "A world survey of artificial brain projects, Part II: Biologically inspired cognitive architectures". Neurocomputing. 74 (1–3): 30–49. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2010.08.012. Nilsson 1983, p. 10. Nils Nilsson writes: "Simply put, there is wide disagreement in the field about what AI is all about."[163] AI's immediate precursors: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 51–107 * Crevier 1993, pp. 27–32 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 15, 940 * Moravec 1988, p. 3 Haugeland 1985, pp. 112–117 The most dramatic case of sub-symbolic AI being pushed into the background was the devastating critique of perceptrons by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert in 1969. See History of AI, AI winter, or Frank Rosenblatt. Cognitive simulation, Newell and Simon, AI at CMU (then called Carnegie Tech): * McCorduck 2004, pp. 139–179, 245–250, 322–323 (EPAM) * Crevier 1993, pp. 145–149 Soar (history): * McCorduck 2004, pp. 450–451 * Crevier 1993, pp. 258–263 McCarthy and AI research at SAIL and SRI International: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 251–259 * Crevier 1993 AI research at Edinburgh and in France, birth of Prolog: * Crevier 1993, pp. 193–196 * Howe 1994 AI at MIT under Marvin Minsky in the 1960s : * McCorduck 2004, pp. 259–305 * Crevier 1993, pp. 83–102, 163–176 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 19 Cyc: * McCorduck 2004, p. 489, who calls it "a determinedly scruffy enterprise" * Crevier 1993, pp. 239–243 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 363−365 * Lenat & Guha 1989 Knowledge revolution: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 266–276, 298–300, 314, 421 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 22–23 Frederick, Hayes-Roth; William, Murray; Leonard, Adelman. "Expert systems". AccessScience. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.248550. Embodied approaches to AI: * McCorduck 2004, pp. 454–462 * Brooks 1990 * Moravec 1988 Weng et al. 2001. Lungarella et al. 2003. Asada et al. 2009. Oudeyer 2010. Revival of connectionism: * Crevier 1993, pp. 214–215 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 25 Computational intelligence * IEEE Computational Intelligence Society Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Hutson, Matthew (16 February 2018). "Artificial intelligence faces reproducibility crisis". Science. pp. 725–726. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..725H. doi:10.1126/science.359.6377.725. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018. Norvig 2012. Langley 2011. Katz 2012. The intelligent agent paradigm: * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 27, 32–58, 968–972 * Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, pp. 7–21 * Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 235–240 * Hutter 2005, pp. 125–126 The definition used in this article, in terms of goals, actions, perception and environment, is due to Russell & Norvig (2003). Other definitions also include knowledge and learning as additional criteria. Agent architectures, hybrid intelligent systems: * Russell & Norvig (2003, pp. 27, 932, 970–972) * Nilsson (1998, chpt. 25) Hierarchical control system: * Albus 2002 Lieto, Antonio; Lebiere, Christian; Oltramari, Alessandro (May 2018). "The knowledge level in cognitive architectures: Current limitations and possibile developments". Cognitive Systems Research. 48: 39–55. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.05.001. hdl:2318/1665207. S2CID 206868967. Lieto, Antonio; Bhatt, Mehul; Oltramari, Alessandro; Vernon, David (May 2018). "The role of cognitive architectures in general artificial intelligence". Cognitive Systems Research. 48: 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.08.003. hdl:2318/1665249. S2CID 36189683. Russell & Norvig 2009, p. 1. White Paper: On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust (PDF). Brussels: European Commission. 2020. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. 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"Social media 'outstrips TV' as news source for young people". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Smith, Mark (22 July 2016). "So you think you chose to read this article?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Brown, Eileen. "Half of Americans do not believe deepfake news could target them online". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019. The Turing test: Turing's original publication: * Turing 1950 Historical influence and philosophical implications: * Haugeland 1985, pp. 6–9 * Crevier 1993, p. 24 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 70–71 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 2–3 and 948 Dartmouth proposal: * McCarthy et al. 1955 (the original proposal) * Crevier 1993, p. 49 (historical significance) The physical symbol systems hypothesis: * Newell & Simon 1976, p. 116 * McCorduck 2004, p. 153 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 18 Dreyfus 1992, p. 156. Dreyfus criticized the necessary condition of the physical symbol system hypothesis, which he called the "psychological assumption": "The mind can be viewed as a device operating on bits of information according to formal rules."[206] Dreyfus' critique of artificial intelligence: * Dreyfus 1972, Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986 * Crevier 1993, pp. 120–132 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 211–239 * Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 950–952, Gödel 1951: in this lecture, Kurt Gödel uses the incompleteness theorem to arrive at the following disjunction: (a) the human mind is not a consistent finite machine, or (b) there exist Diophantine equations for which it cannot decide whether solutions exist. Gödel finds (b) implausible, and thus seems to have believed the human mind was not equivalent to a finite machine, i.e., its power exceeded that of any finite machine. He recognized that this was only a conjecture, since one could never disprove (b). Yet he considered the disjunctive conclusion to be a "certain fact". The Mathematical Objection: * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 949 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 448–449 Making the Mathematical Objection: * Lucas 1961 * Penrose 1989 Refuting Mathematical Objection: * Turing 1950 under "(2) The Mathematical Objection" * Hofstadter 1979 Background: * Gödel 1931, Church 1936, Kleene 1935, Turing 1937 Graham Oppy (20 January 2015). "Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016. These Gödelian anti-mechanist arguments are, however, problematic, and there is wide consensus that they fail. Stuart J. Russell; Peter Norvig (2010). "26.1.2: Philosophical Foundations/Weak AI: Can Machines Act Intelligently?/The mathematical objection". Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-604259-4. even if we grant that computers have limitations on what they can prove, there is no evidence that humans are immune from those limitations. Mark Colyvan. An introduction to the philosophy of mathematics. Cambridge University Press, 2012. From 2.2.2, 'Philosophical significance of Gödel's incompleteness results': "The accepted wisdom (with which I concur) is that the Lucas-Penrose arguments fail." Iphofen, Ron; Kritikos, Mihalis (3 January 2019). "Regulating artificial intelligence and robotics: ethics by design in a digital society". Contemporary Social Science: 1–15. doi:10.1080/21582041.2018.1563803. ISSN 2158-2041. "Ethical AI Learns Human Rights Framework". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Crevier 1993, pp. 132–144. In the early 1970s, Kenneth Colby presented a version of Weizenbaum's ELIZA known as DOCTOR which he promoted as a serious therapeutic tool.[216] Joseph Weizenbaum's critique of AI: * Weizenbaum 1976 * Crevier 1993, pp. 132–144 * McCorduck 2004, pp. 356–373 * Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 961 Weizenbaum (the AI researcher who developed the first chatterbot program, ELIZA) argued in 1976 that the misuse of artificial intelligence has the potential to devalue human life. Wendell Wallach (2010). Moral Machines, Oxford University Press. Wallach, pp 37–54. Wallach, pp 55–73. Wallach, Introduction chapter. Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson (2011), Machine Ethics, Cambridge University Press. "Machine Ethics". aaai.org. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Rubin, Charles (Spring 2003). "Artificial Intelligence and Human Nature". The New Atlantis. 1: 88–100. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Brooks, Rodney (10 November 2014). "artificial intelligence is a tool, not a threat". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. "Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and Bill Gates Warn About Artificial Intelligence". Observer. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Chalmers, David (1995). "Facing up to the problem of consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2 (3): 200–219. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2018. See also this link Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine Horst, Steven, (2005) "The Computational Theory of Mind" Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Searle 1980, p. 1. This version is from Searle (1999), and is also quoted in Dennett 1991, p. 435. Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." [230] Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 947): "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently

This is a course on Deep Learning-based Recommender Systems taught at HSE University, academic year 2025/26.

ReCiter: an enterprise open source author disambiguation system for academic institutions

AI-powered academic paper management system

Production-ready multi-agent academic illustration system with Chinese GUI, background generation, plot workbench, and portable result bundles. Extended from PaperBanana.

PiCoGen (Piano Cover Generation) is an academic project aimed at developing an automatic piano cover generation system.

This is my academic 4th-year Final Project... This web application is about an online-based House Rental system made by Laravel-6. The system aims at enabling efficient rental management by using a computerized centralized system. This project will provide information about Rooms/Flats/Houses which are available for Rent or Sale.

SCHEDONE is a user-friendly task management system developed to empower students in efficiently handling their academic workload. This repository serves as a central hub for the project's codebase. The project offers students a platform to organize tasks, deadlines, and track progress for improved academic organization and accountability.

Project name : College Management Portal Description : Developed CMS for college which manages the college smartly. Technology used : MySQL, PHP, HTML5, CSS3, Bootstrap College Management System deals with all kind of student details, academic related reports, college details, course details, curriculum, batch details and other resource related details too. It tracks all the details of a student from the day one to the end of his course which can be used for all reporting purpose, tracking of attendance, progress in the course, completed semesters years, coming semester year curriculum details, exam details, project or any other assignment details, final exam result; and all these will be available for future references too.Our program will have the databases of Courses offered by the college under all levels of graduation or main streams, teacher or faculty's details, batch execution details, students' details in all aspects.This program can facilitate us explore all the activities happening in the college, even we can get to know which teacher / faculty is assigned to which batch, the current status of a batch, attendance percentage of a batch and upcoming requirements of a batch. Different reports and Queries can be generated based of vast options related to students, batch, course, teacher / faculty, exams, semesters, certification and even for the entire college. The College management system is an automated version of manual Student Management System. It can handle all details about a student. The details include college details, subject details, student personnel details, academic details, exam details etc... In case of manual system they need a lot of time, manpower etc.Here almost all work is computerized. So the accuracy is maintained. Maintaining backup is very easy. It can do with in a few minutes. Our system has two type of accessing modes, administrator and user. Student management system is managed by an administrator. It is the job of the administrator to insert update and monitor the whole process. When a user log in to the system. He would only view details of the student. He can't perform any changes .

A template academic knowledge management (AKM) system for Obsidian

An online student attendance management system for recording the student attendance over the web and generating various reports from it. Intended and designed considering the operation of GTU (Gujarat Technological University) it can be used by other Institutions as well if it fits their needs (feel free to suggest changes). We always aim to make this more and more flexible so that it can be used by any Institution. Developed by two students (Chirayu Chiripal & Kunal Ahuja) of SAL Institute of Techonology & Engineering Research as part of their final year academic project which falls under GTU.