Scalable, Portable and Distributed Gradient Boosting (GBDT, GBRT or GBM) Library, for Python, R, Java, Scala, C++ and more. Runs on single machine, Hadoop, Spark, Dask, Flink and DataFlow

A fast, scalable, high performance Gradient Boosting on Decision Trees library, used for ranking, classification, regression and other machine learning tasks for Python, R, Java, C++. Supports computation on CPU and GPU.

H2O is an Open Source, Distributed, Fast & Scalable Machine Learning Platform: Deep Learning, Gradient Boosting (GBM) & XGBoost, Random Forest, Generalized Linear Modeling (GLM with Elastic Net), K-Means, PCA, Generalized Additive Models (GAM), RuleFit, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Stacked Ensembles, Automatic Machine Learning (AutoML), etc.

A minimal benchmark for scalability, speed and accuracy of commonly used open source implementations (R packages, Python scikit-learn, H2O, xgboost, Spark MLlib etc.) of the top machine learning algorithms for binary classification (random forests, gradient boosted trees, deep neural networks etc.).

Sketch plugin for creating good-looking and perceptually uniform gradients and color scales.

This is an efficient implementation of a fully connected neural network in NumPy. The network can be trained by a variety of learning algorithms: backpropagation, resilient backpropagation and scaled conjugate gradient learning. The network has been developed with PYPY in mind.

Introduction Parkinson’s Disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s, affecting more than 10 million people worldwide. Parkinson’s is characterized primarily by the deterioration of motor and cognitive ability. There is no single test which can be administered for diagnosis. Instead, doctors must perform a careful clinical analysis of the patient’s medical history. Unfortunately, this method of diagnosis is highly inaccurate. A study from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders finds that early diagnosis (having symptoms for 5 years or less) is only 53% accurate. This is not much better than random guessing, but an early diagnosis is critical to effective treatment. Because of these difficulties, I investigate a machine learning approach to accurately diagnose Parkinson’s, using a dataset of various speech features (a non-invasive yet characteristic tool) from the University of Oxford. Why speech features? Speech is very predictive and characteristic of Parkinson’s disease; almost every Parkinson’s patient experiences severe vocal degradation (inability to produce sustained phonations, tremor, hoarseness), so it makes sense to use voice to diagnose the disease. Voice analysis gives the added benefit of being non-invasive, inexpensive, and very easy to extract clinically. Background Parkinson's Disease Parkinson’s is a progressive neurodegenerative condition resulting from the death of the dopamine containing cells of the substantia nigra (which plays an important role in movement). Symptoms include: “frozen” facial features, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), akinesia (impairment of voluntary movement), tremor, and voice impairment. Typically, by the time the disease is diagnosed, 60% of nigrostriatal neurons have degenerated, and 80% of striatal dopamine have been depleted. Performance Metrics TP = true positive, FP = false positive, TN = true negative, FN = false negative Accuracy: (TP+TN)/(P+N) Matthews Correlation Coefficient: 1=perfect, 0=random, -1=completely inaccurate Algorithms Employed Logistic Regression (LR): Uses the sigmoid logistic equation with weights (coefficient values) and biases (constants) to model the probability of a certain class for binary classification. An output of 1 represents one class, and an output of 0 represents the other. Training the model will learn the optimal weights and biases. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA): Assumes that the data is Gaussian and each feature has the same variance. LDA estimates the mean and variance for each class from the training data, and then uses properties of statistics (Bayes theorem , Gaussian distribution, etc) to compute the probability of a particular instance belonging to a given class. The class with the largest probability is the prediction. k Nearest Neighbors (KNN): Makes predictions about the validation set using the entire training set. KNN makes a prediction about a new instance by searching through the entire set to find the k “closest” instances. “Closeness” is determined using a proximity measurement (Euclidean) across all features. The class that the majority of the k closest instances belong to is the class that the model predicts the new instance to be. Decision Tree (DT): Represented by a binary tree, where each root node represents an input variable and a split point, and each leaf node contains an output used to make a prediction. Neural Network (NN): Models the way the human brain makes decisions. Each neuron takes in 1+ inputs, and then uses an activation function to process the input with weights and biases to produce an output. Neurons can be arranged into layers, and multiple layers can form a network to model complex decisions. Training the network involves using the training instances to optimize the weights and biases. Naive Bayes (NB): Simplifies the calculation of probabilities by assuming that all features are independent of one another (a strong but effective assumption). Employs Bayes Theorem to calculate the probabilities that the instance to be predicted is in each class, then finds the class with the highest probability. Gradient Boost (GB): Generally used when seeking a model with very high predictive performance. Used to reduce bias and variance (“error”) by combining multiple “weak learners” (not very good models) to create a “strong learner” (high performance model). Involves 3 elements: a loss function (error function) to be optimized, a weak learner (decision tree) to make predictions, and an additive model to add trees to minimize the loss function. Gradient descent is used to minimize error after adding each tree (one by one). Engineering Goal Produce a machine learning model to diagnose Parkinson’s disease given various features of a patient’s speech with at least 90% accuracy and/or a Matthews Correlation Coefficient of at least 0.9. Compare various algorithms and parameters to determine the best model for predicting Parkinson’s. Dataset Description Source: the University of Oxford 195 instances (147 subjects with Parkinson’s, 48 without Parkinson’s) 22 features (elements that are possibly characteristic of Parkinson’s, such as frequency, pitch, amplitude / period of the sound wave) 1 label (1 for Parkinson’s, 0 for no Parkinson’s) Project Pipeline pipeline Summary of Procedure Split the Oxford Parkinson’s Dataset into two parts: one for training, one for validation (evaluate how well the model performs) Train each of the following algorithms with the training set: Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, k Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Neural Network, Naive Bayes, Gradient Boost Evaluate results using the validation set Repeat for the following training set to validation set splits: 80% training / 20% validation, 75% / 25%, and 70% / 30% Repeat for a rescaled version of the dataset (scale all the numbers in the dataset to a range from 0 to 1: this helps to reduce the effect of outliers) Conduct 5 trials and average the results Data a_o a_r m_o m_r Data Analysis In general, the models tended to perform the best (both in terms of accuracy and Matthews Correlation Coefficient) on the rescaled dataset with a 75-25 train-test split. The two highest performing algorithms, k Nearest Neighbors and the Neural Network, both achieved an accuracy of 98%. The NN achieved a MCC of 0.96, while KNN achieved a MCC of 0.94. These figures outperform most existing literature and significantly outperform current methods of diagnosis. Conclusion and Significance These robust results suggest that a machine learning approach can indeed be implemented to significantly improve diagnosis methods of Parkinson’s disease. Given the necessity of early diagnosis for effective treatment, my machine learning models provide a very promising alternative to the current, rather ineffective method of diagnosis. Current methods of early diagnosis are only 53% accurate, while my machine learning model produces 98% accuracy. This 45% increase is critical because an accurate, early diagnosis is needed to effectively treat the disease. Typically, by the time the disease is diagnosed, 60% of nigrostriatal neurons have degenerated, and 80% of striatal dopamine have been depleted. With an earlier diagnosis, much of this degradation could have been slowed or treated. My results are very significant because Parkinson’s affects over 10 million people worldwide who could benefit greatly from an early, accurate diagnosis. Not only is my machine learning approach more accurate in terms of diagnostic accuracy, it is also more scalable, less expensive, and therefore more accessible to people who might not have access to established medical facilities and professionals. The diagnosis is also much simpler, requiring only a 10-15 second voice recording and producing an immediate diagnosis. Future Research Given more time and resources, I would investigate the following: Create a mobile application which would allow the user to record his/her voice, extract the necessary vocal features, and feed it into my machine learning model to diagnose Parkinson’s. Use larger datasets in conjunction with the University of Oxford dataset. Tune and improve my models even further to achieve even better results. Investigate different structures and types of neural networks. Construct a novel algorithm specifically suited for the prediction of Parkinson’s. Generalize my findings and algorithms for all types of dementia disorders, such as Alzheimer’s. References Bind, Shubham. "A Survey of Machine Learning Based Approaches for Parkinson Disease Prediction." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6 (2015): n. pag. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies. 2015. Web. 8 Mar. 2017. Brooks, Megan. "Diagnosing Parkinson's Disease Still Challenging." Medscape Medical News. National Institute of Neurological Disorders, 31 July 2014. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Exploiting Nonlinear Recurrence and Fractal Scaling Properties for Voice Disorder Detection', Little MA, McSharry PE, Roberts SJ, Costello DAE, Moroz IM. BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007, 6:23 (26 June 2007) Hashmi, Sumaiya F. "A Machine Learning Approach to Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease."Claremont Colleges Scholarship. Claremont College, 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. Karplus, Abraham. "Machine Learning Algorithms for Cancer Diagnosis." Machine Learning Algorithms for Cancer Diagnosis (n.d.): n. pag. Mar. 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Little, Max. "Parkinsons Data Set." UCI Machine Learning Repository. University of Oxford, 26 June 2008. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Ozcift, Akin, and Arif Gulten. "Classifier Ensemble Construction with Rotation Forest to Improve Medical Diagnosis Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 104.3 (2011): 443-51. Semantic Scholar. 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. "Parkinson’s Disease Dementia." UCI MIND. N.p., 19 Oct. 2015. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. Salvatore, C., A. Cerasa, I. Castiglioni, F. Gallivanone, A. Augimeri, M. Lopez, G. Arabia, M. Morelli, M.c. Gilardi, and A. Quattrone. "Machine Learning on Brain MRI Data for Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy."Journal of Neuroscience Methods 222 (2014): 230-37. 2014. Web. 18 Mar. 2017. Shahbakhi, Mohammad, Danial Taheri Far, and Ehsan Tahami. "Speech Analysis for Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease Using Genetic Algorithm and Support Vector Machine."Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 07.04 (2014): 147-56. Scientific Research. July 2014. Web. 2 Mar. 2017. "Speech and Communication." Speech and Communication. Parkinson's Disease Foundation, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2017. Sriram, Tarigoppula V. S., M. Venkateswara Rao, G. V. Satya Narayana, and D. S. V. G. K. Kaladhar. "Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease Using Machine Learning and Data Mining Systems from Voice Dataset." SpringerLink. Springer, Cham, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 17 Mar. 2017.

MSG-GAN: Multi-Scale Gradients GAN (Architecture inspired from ProGAN but doesn't use layer-wise growing)

Witches' Brew: Industrial Scale Data Poisoning via Gradient Matching

An official implementation of "Network Quantization with Element-wise Gradient Scaling" (CVPR 2021) in PyTorch.

This is the official PyTorch implementation of our paper "Grad-PU: Arbitrary-Scale Point Cloud Upsampling via Gradient Descent with Learned Distance Functions" (CVPR 2023).

An R package for large scale estimation with stochastic gradient descent

Official release of code for "Oops I Took A Gradient: Scalable Sampling for Discrete Distributions"

A modern Lovelace thermometer card with interval-based colors, gradients, outline styling, optional glass effect, scale ticks, and Min/Avg/Max stats.”

Repository for the PGA-MAP-Elites algorithm. PGA-MAP-Elites was developed to efficiently scale MAP-Elites to large genotypes and noisy domains. It uses Neuroevolution driven by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) coupled with Policy Gradients (PG) derived from an off-policy Deep Reinforcement Learning method.

Source code for Large-Scale Wasserstein Gradient Flows (NeurIPS 2021)

Code for the paper "Stable Gradients for Stable Learning at Scale in Deep Reinforcement Learning". Great performance in many environments!

[CCS 2021] "DataLens: Scalable Privacy Preserving Training via Gradient Compression and Aggregation" by Boxin Wang*, Fan Wu*, Yunhui Long*, Luka Rimanic, Ce Zhang, Bo Li

Scaled Gradient Descent for Low-rank Matrix and Tensor Estimation

High resolution image to image translation using multi-scale gradients

Scalable, Portable and Distributed Gradient Boosting

Unified Embedding Trainer for LLMs & VLMs: Fine-tune Qwen3, ColPali, & CLIP. Scalable from single 24GB consumer GPUs to multi-card clusters. Features Gradient Cache, Matryoshka (MRL) & LoRA for SOTA Multimodal RAG.

A repository of Python & PyTorch scripts which (currently) converts .safetensors models into scaled FP8 variants, utilizing gradient descent for optimal rounding.

Position-based Scaled Gradient for Model Quantization and Pruning Code (NeurIPS 2020)

CatBoost a fast, scalable, high performance Gradient Boosting on Decision Trees library. Golang using Cgo for blazing fast inference CatBoost Model 🚀

This project aims to study the impact of climate change on groundwater level in Mornag plain in Tunisia. Indeed, in the last few decades, aquifers all over the world have experienced notable water level variability due to the spatiotemporal variability of rainfall and temperature. Therefore, for a reliable groundwater management under climate change context, it is mandatory to analyze and estimate its level variability. In this study, we focus on the plain of Mornag, located in the southeast of Tunisia, since it represents 33% of the national agricultural production. From this plain, we have collected historical piezometric and pluviometric data covering the period 2005-2017. Knowing the pluviometric data, our goal is to predict the piezometric one. This issue has been already studied using classical numerical groundwater modeling such as Modflow and Feflow. Despite unsatisfactory results, these techniques are data and time consuming. To overcome all these drawbacks, we propose to use two Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches: the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) approach, that has shown great performances in literature, and the well used one in our context which involves the use of Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Network. For better results, we have added supplementary features to our dataset such as the cluster zone (zones with same characteristics) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) which can identify drought at different time scales. Both approaches have been executed entirely on GPU for time acceleration. Compared with traditional existing methods, they both have shown a high level of accuracy which confirms their adequacy for groundwater level forecasting. The proposed prediction models will be used for evaluating the repercussions of climate change on groundwater levels under the different scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for the period of 2017-2090. It will be evaluated for three future periods: 2017-2040 (short term), 2041-2065 (medium term) and 2066-2090 (long term). The analysis of the future results using AI will be considered as a new Decision Support System used to optimize the management of our limited resources in order to satisfy the needs of the population in terms of drinking water and agriculture production.

Scaleable input gradient regularization

Prepare to Technical Skills Here are the essential skills that a Machine Learning Engineer needs, as mentioned Read me files. Within each group are topics that you should be familiar with. Study Tip: Copy and paste this list into a document and save to your computer for easy referral. Computer Science Fundamentals and Programming Topics Data structures: Lists, stacks, queues, strings, hash maps, vectors, matrices, classes & objects, trees, graphs, etc. Algorithms: Recursion, searching, sorting, optimization, dynamic programming, etc. Computability and complexity: P vs. NP, NP-complete problems, big-O notation, approximate algorithms, etc. Computer architecture: Memory, cache, bandwidth, threads & processes, deadlocks, etc. Probability and Statistics Topics Basic probability: Conditional probability, Bayes rule, likelihood, independence, etc. Probabilistic models: Bayes Nets, Markov Decision Processes, Hidden Markov Models, etc. Statistical measures: Mean, median, mode, variance, population parameters vs. sample statistics etc. Proximity and error metrics: Cosine similarity, mean-squared error, Manhattan and Euclidean distance, log-loss, etc. Distributions and random sampling: Uniform, normal, binomial, Poisson, etc. Analysis methods: ANOVA, hypothesis testing, factor analysis, etc. Data Modeling and Evaluation Topics Data preprocessing: Munging/wrangling, transforming, aggregating, etc. Pattern recognition: Correlations, clusters, trends, outliers & anomalies, etc. Dimensionality reduction: Eigenvectors, Principal Component Analysis, etc. Prediction: Classification, regression, sequence prediction, etc.; suitable error/accuracy metrics. Evaluation: Training-testing split, sequential vs. randomized cross-validation, etc. Applying Machine Learning Algorithms and Libraries Topics Models: Parametric vs. nonparametric, decision tree, nearest neighbor, neural net, support vector machine, ensemble of multiple models, etc. Learning procedure: Linear regression, gradient descent, genetic algorithms, bagging, boosting, and other model-specific methods; regularization, hyperparameter tuning, etc. Tradeoffs and gotchas: Relative advantages and disadvantages, bias and variance, overfitting and underfitting, vanishing/exploding gradients, missing data, data leakage, etc. Software Engineering and System Design Topics Software interface: Library calls, REST APIs, data collection endpoints, database queries, etc. User interface: Capturing user inputs & application events, displaying results & visualization, etc. Scalability: Map-reduce, distributed processing, etc. Deployment: Cloud hosting, containers & instances, microservices, etc. Move on to the final lesson of this course to find lots of sample practice questions for each topic!

“AI Based Facial Emotion Detection”, developed using many machine learning algorithms including convolution neural networks (CNN) for a facial expression recognition task. The goal is to classify each facial image into one of the seven facial emotion categories considered in this study.Trained CNN models with different depth using gray-scale images from the Kaggle website.CNN models are developed in Pytorch and exploited Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) computation in order to expedite the training process. In addition to the networks performing based on raw pixel data,Hybrid feature strategy is employed by which trained a novel CNN model with the combination of raw pixel data and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. To reduce the over fitting of the models,different techniques are utilized including dropout and batch normalization in addition to L2 regularization. Cross validation is applied to determine the optimal hyper-parameters and evaluated the performance of the developed models by looking at their training histories. Visualization of different layers of a network is presented to show what features of a face can be learned by CNN models. Based on the emotion the program recommends the music for the user to up flit the mood.

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