If you like this build I’ve also written other posts on building a simple voice controlled Magic Mirror with the Raspberry Pi and the AIY Projects Voice Kit, and a face-tracking cyborg dinosaur called “Do-you-think-he-saurs” with the Raspberry Pi and the AIY Projects Vision Kit. At the tail end of last month, just ahead of the announcement of the pre-order availability of the new Google AIY Project Voice Kit, I finally decided to take the kit I’d managed to pick up with issue 57 of the MagPi out of its box, and put it together. However inspired by the 1986 Google Pi Intercom build put together Martin Mander, ever since I’ve been thinking about venturing beyond the cardboard box and building my own retro-computing enclosure around the Voice Kit. I was initially thinking about using an old radio until I came across the GPO 746 Rotary Telephone. This is a modern day replica of what must be the most iconic rotary dial phone in the United Kingdom. This is the phone that sat on everybody’s desk, and in their front halls, throughout the 1970’s. It was the standard rental phone, right up until British Telecom was privatised in the middle of the 1980's. The GPO 746 Rotary Telephone. While the GPO 746 is available in the United States it’s half the price, and there are a lot more colours to choose from, if you’re buying the phone in the United Kingdom. A definite business opportunity for someone there because it turns out that, on the inside, it’s a rather interesting bit of hardware. Gathering your Tools For this project you’ll need is a small Philips “00” watch maker’s screwdriver, a craft knife, scissors, a set of small wire snips, a drill and a 2 to 4mm bit, a soldering iron, solder, some jumper wires, female header blocks, a couple of LEDs, some electrical tape, a cable tie, and possibly some Sugru and heat shrink tubing, depending how neat you want to be about things. While I did end up soldering a few things during the build, it is was mostly restricted to joining wires together and should definitely be approachable for beginners. Opening the Box Ahead of the new Voice Kit hitting the shelves next month I managed to get my hands on a few pre-production kits, which fortunately meant that I didn’t have to take my cardboard box apart to put together a new build. The new AIY Project Voice Kit. The new AIY Voice Kit comes comes in a box very similar to the original kit distributed with the Mag Pi magazine. The box might be a bit thinner, but otherwise things look much the same. Missing from my pre-production kits the two little plastic spacers that keep the Voice HAT from bending down and hitting the top of the Raspberry Pi. I’m presuming they’ll include them in the production kits, without them the underside of the HAT tends to push downwards and the solder tails of the speaker screw terminal shorts out against the Raspberry Pi’s HDMI connector. I fixed this by adding some electrical tape to separate the two boards, but the spacers would have worked a lot better and added more stability. The only component swap was the arcade button, gone was the separate lamp, holder, microswitch and button—all four components have been replaced by a single button with everything integrated. Since it was somewhat fiddly to get that assembled last time, this is a definite improvement. While my pre-production kits didn’t include it, I’m told the retail version will have a copy of the MagPi Essentials AIY Projects book written by Lucy Hattersley on how to “Create a Voice Kit with your Raspberry Pi.” Other than that, things went together much as before. At which point I quickly put together the Voice Kit, this time however, I didn’t bother with the cardboard box. Opening the Phone Pulling the replica GPO 746 out of its box you’ll find it comes in two parts, the main phone with the dial, and a separate handset which plugs in underneath the base. The first thing I needed to do was take the base unit of the phone apart and figure out how it worked. Until I knew what I had to work with, it was going to be impossible to figure out a sensible plan to integrate the Voice Kit. Opening up the GPO 746. The main PCB is mounted on the base along with a steel weight to give the impression of “heft” to the replica phone. There’s also a large bell, which makes that distinctive ringing noise familiar to anyone that owned or used a GPO 746 back in the 1970's. The circuitry attached to the base of the GPO 746. To the left of the PCB is the jack socket where the telephone line is connected (two wires, red and green). To the top, two switches. One is for handset, and the other for ringer, volume. At the bottom another jack switch (four wires, red, black, yellow, and green) where the handset is attached. The only thing of real interest on the PCB is the Hualon Microelectronics HM9102D which is a switchable tone/pulse dialer chip, which we’re actually not going to use. In fact, since the line voltage in the UK is +50V, pretty much none of it was going to be any use to me. So after measuring the voltage on the cable connecting the dialer to the PCB, I snipped the wires to the switches and the jacks—leaving them in place with as much trailing wire as possible in case they were going to come in useful,—and then removed both the PCB and the bell. After that, I filed down the plastic moulding that held everything in place leaving me with a large flat area which was perfectly sized for the Raspberry Pi and the Voice HAT. The moulded top of the phone has two assemblies, a simple microswitch toggled using a hinged and sprung plastic plate when the phone handset is taken on and off the hook, and the dialer assembly which is connected to the base and the PCB using a ribbon cable. How the Dialer Works It was time to break out the logic analyser. While I’ve got a Saleae Logic Pro 16 on my desk, if you’re thinking about picking one up for the first time I’d really recommend the much cheaper Logic 8, or even the lower specification Logic 4, rather than splashing out on the higher end model. Either will take you a long way before you get the itch that you have to upgrade. Logic Analyser attached to the dial of the GPO 746 powered up using a Bench Power Supply. Stripping the connector from the cable that connected the dialer to the PCB and powering it up with a bench power supply to +5V—which is more-or-less what I’d measured on the cable and was something I could reasonably expect to get from the Raspberry Pi—I connected the rest of the cables to my logic analyser and started turning the dial confidently expecting to see something interesting going on. I found nothing, I had flat lines, there was no signal going down the wires at all. After playing around with the voltage for a few minutes, with no results, I stripped the dialer assembly out of the case for a closer look. Dialer assembly removed from the GPO 746. The back of the dialer assembly has two LEDs, which I thought was rather odd since there dial isn’t illuminated in any way, at least not from the outside. Interestingly these two LEDs flash briefly when the dial is turned all the way around to hit the stop. Cracking the case brings us to something else interesting, it’s a light box. Designed to keep the light from the LEDs inside, it has a hole which rotates around as you dial a number. Taking apart the dial assembly. The hole exposes one of twelve photoresistors to the light from the LEDs and the number (or symbol) you’re dialing determines which of the resistors will be under the hole when the dial stop is reached. The photoresistors inside the dial assembly. It was all passive circuitry. No wonder I hadn’t seen anything on the logic analyser, there wasn’t any logic to analyse. It was all analogue. Unfortunately for me, the Raspberry Pi has no built in analogue inputs. That means I’d have to pull a Microchip MCP3008, or something similar, from the shelf and build some circuitry. I’d also have to figure out how the resistance for twelve photoresistors ended up travelling down just eight wires, which sort of had me puzzled at this point. That all sounded like a lot of effort. Since I really only wanted to dial a single digit to activate the Voice Kit, and I didn’t care what that was, I decided to ignore the photoresistors and concentrate on the dial stop. The dialer mechanism showing the back of the dial stop (left) with microswitch. Unlike the original GPO 746, the dial stop on this replica moves. It drops when you hit it with the side of your finger when dialling a number. It turned out that it was connected to a microswitch, and when the microswitch was activated, this was the thing that briefly flashed the LEDs and exposed the appropriate photoresistor. It was actually all rather clever. A really neat way to minimise the build of materials costs for the phone. Startups thinking about building hardware could learn a lesson or two in economy from this phone. Using the logic analyser on the microswitch. Just to be sure I had this right, I dialled down the bench power supply to a Raspberry Pi friendly +3.3V and wired up the microswitch to the logic analyser. Applying +3.3V (middle trace) and “dialing” shows the microswitch toggling (lower trace). Dialling a number on the dialer assembly worked as expected. We could ignore the dial itself, and those photoresistors that would be a pain to use with the Raspberry Pi and just make use of the microswitch. In fact we could more-or-less just replace the arcade button with this switch. Integrating the AIY Project Kit Moving on, I really wanted to reuse both the speaker and the microphone already in the handset instead of the ones the came with the Voice Kit. Handset stripped of its speaker and micrphone, Taking apart the handset—the end caps holding the speaker and microphone just screw off—showed that there were four wires inside the curled cable. Two for the speaker, and two for the electret condenser microphone. The Voice Kit makes use of two InvenSense ICS-43434 MEMS microphones which use I2S to communicate. They’re a solid replacement for traditional 2-wire analog microphones like the one we in the handset of the GPO 746. The Voice HAT Microphone daughter board. Looking at the Voice HAT microphone daughter board, it has been designed so that you can break the two microphones away from the board at the perforations and then you can solder the wiring harness directly to the pads. So long as you keep the signals consistent you should be able to place the mics pretty much anywhere, and with a clock rate of ~3MHz, a longer cable should be fine. Unfortunately I2S uses more wires than I had available. Unless I wanted to replace the curled cable, and I didn’t really want to have to do that, I was in trouble. Putting that aside for a moment I decided to start with the dialer assembly. Refitting it to the case, I snipped the wires leading to the microswitch and, grabbing the wiring harness for the arcade button, I soldered the microswitch to the relevant wires in the harness. Soldering the Voice HAT button wiring harness to the phone’s microswitch. I then grabbed a ultra-bright LED and a 220Ω resistor from the shelves and soldered the resistor in-line with the LED. I then attached my new LED assembly to the other two wires in the arcade button wiring harness. At this point I had a replacement for the arcade button that came with the Voice Kit. Attaching a current limiting resistor to my LED. Giving up on putting microphones into the handset I pulled out a drill and measuring the spacing between the two microphones I drilled a couple of holes in the external shell of the phone. Drilling two holes in the shell of the phone. These weren’t going to be visible from the outside as there is a void between the top of the phone, where the handset rests. This is a carrying handle where you can tuck your hand in, and pick up the phone. In the old days this let you pick up the phone and wander around the room—well, so long as the cable tying you to the wall was long enough. Attaching the Voice HAT microphone board to the phone shell. I then went ahead and tucked the microphone board behind the spring which operated the hook mechanism. There was just enough room to secure it there with a cable tie, and some Sugru. After that I plugged the handset into the jack on the base and connected the two wires from the handset jack that were attached to the speaker to the screw terminals on the Voice HAT. The re-wired internals of the modified GPO 746. Microphone board and Voice Kit both fixed in place with Sugru. Stripping the jack out where the phone line originally ran left two upright pillars that used to go on either side of the jack. I threaded the end of a 2.5A micro-USB charger through the hole and tied it around the pillars for strain relief. Which completed the re-wiring. The arcade button had been replaced with the dial stop microswitch and an LED which I was going to tuck just ahead of the microphone board in a convenient clip-like part of the body moulding. The speaker had been swapped out directly with the one in the handset—fortunately the impedance match wasn’t too far off—and the microphone had been mounted somewhere convenient inside the main body of the phone. A Working Phone Screwing everything back together we have once again something that looks like a phone. The assembled phone. I booted the Raspberry Pi, logged in via SSH and went ahead and ran the src/assistant_library_with_button_demo.py script from the dev console. A working build, but it’s not quite there yet. Success. Picking up the handset and dialling a number, any number, let you talk to the Voice Assistant. But it wasn’t quite there yet. While it worked, it didn’t feel like a phone. Adding a Dial Tone What the phone needed was a dial tone. It needed to play when the handset was lifted and shut off when the phone was dialled, or the handset replaced. The phone hook works the opposite way that you might expect, when the handset is in the cradle the microswitch that simulates the hook is open as the bar below it is pushed down by the hook. When the handset is off the hook, then the microswitch is closed as the bar moves upwards. Conveniently the Voice HAT breaks out most of the unused GPIO pins from the Raspberry Pi, so at least in theory wiring the the microswitch attached to the the hook mechanism to one to the Voice HAT should be fairly simple. Available unpopulated connectors on the Voice HAT. (Image credit: Google) Thinking about how to approach this in software however left us with a bit of a quandary. While the underlying Python GPIO library allows us to detect both the rising and falling edge events when a switch is toggled, the AIY wrapper code doesn’t in the Voice Kit doesn’t. While I could have gone in and modified the wrapper code to add that functionality, I decided I didn’t want to mess around with that—perhaps I’ll get around to it later and send them a pull request—instead I decided to fix it in hardware and wire the hook switch into both GPIO4 and GPIO17. That way I could use one pin to monitor for GPIO.RISING, and the other for GPIO.FALLING. Wiring up the phone hook. It’s easy enough to do that using the aiy._drivers._button.Button class, and two callback methods. One called with the handset is taken off the hook, and the other called with it is replaced. All the additional wiring in place and working. We can then use the pygame library to play a WAV file in the background when the handset is lifted, and stop when it is replaced. We also have to add a stop command inside the _on_button_pressed() method so that the dial tone stops when the phone is dialled, and a call to stop_conversation() to stop the Voice Assistant talking if the handset is returned on hook while Google is answering our question. Adding a Greeting and a Hang Up Noise We’re not quite there yet, we can also use aiy.audio.play_wave() to add that distinctive disconnect noise when Google finishes talking and “hangs up” before returning to our dial tone. We can also use aiy.audio.say(‘…’) call to add a greeting when Google “picks up” the phone to talk to us. The final build. It’s surprising how much atmosphere just adding these simple sounds ended up making to the build, and how much the user experience was improved. It now doesn’t just look like a rotary phone, it sort of feels, and perhaps more importantly, sounds like one too. The Script The final version of the script has amazingly small number of modifications away from the original version distributed byGoogle. Which sort of shows how simple it is to build something that looks and feels very different from the original cardboard box with not a lot of effort, at least on the software If you want to replicate the build you can grab the two mono WAV files I used for the build from Dropbox. Although, if you’re outside the the United Kingdom, you might want to replace the standard British dial tone of 350Hz and 450Hz—which you hear any time you lift a phone off the hook—with something more appropriate. Available to Preorder The new kits are being produced by Google, and are available to pre-order at Micro Center and through their resellers like Adafruit, and SeeedStudio. The AIY Voice Kit is priced at $25 on its own, but you can pick one up for free if you order a Raspberry Pi 3 at $35 for in-store pickup from Micro Center. My new retro rotary phone build next to my original Voice Kit. The kit will be available in the United Kingdom through Pimoroni, and cost £25, and you can expect shipping dates for kits ordered in through them to be similar to those ordered from Micro Center.

Iron Orca modernizes classic host monitoring by collecting key system vitals locally with sar, shaping them into structured data, and pushing them to M3DB for scalable, queryable fleet analysis, combining depth and simplicity with CLI, API, and web access for real insight, not noise.

🏆 Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army Award, in 1st Defense AI Idea Hackathon - 🪖🔊 Deep-Learning Based Real-Time Voice Camouflage System Disrupting AI Eavesdropping

Miscellaneous compilation of game builds. [Fortress Of Iron - Individual Project Incorporating procedural perlin noise terrain for strategy management game][OceanGame.apk & WorldGame.apk – Personal Projects created with Unity for Android Experimenting with tile based systems for mobile devices.] [Terranova – Individual project]

Basalt is a bare-metal seismic engine for surgical f-k noise attenuation. Built on an "Iron Foundation" of custom memory arenas and mmap I/O, it exploits x86-64 AVX2/FMA intrinsics for maximum throughput. Features include cache-oblivious tiled transposition, branchless masking, and raw SEG-Y parsing.

Sheep - Gives you passive armor thanks to a wool coating around you, and you can eat grass to replenish hunger by pressing your secondary key. Chicken - Increases your speed slightly, as well as giving you slow fall. Along with that, you can lay an egg by pressing your secondary key. Cat - You gain the ability to not take any fall damage, as well as jumping higher while sprinting, and Creepers ignore you. If you press your secondary key, you make a cat noise, scaring all nearby mobs away from you. This lasts for three seconds before it wears off, and the ability goes on cooldown for ten seconds. Fox - You gain extra speed, and have a larger item pick up radius. By pressing your secondary key, you end up hitting someone, and, stealing whatever item they were holding in their primary hand, with a 50% success rate. Has a cooldown of five seconds. Salmon/Cod/Tropical Fish - You gain the ability to breathe under water, swim around quickly, and are able to mine as quickly as you can on land. This has no secondary ability. Pufferfish - You gain the ability to breathe under water, and swim a bit faster, but nowhere near as quickly as you can with the other fish, and you can't mine as fast underwater. But, when you press H, you puff out, creating a hitbox around yourself. If anyone comes into contact with you, they take a heart of damage and inflicts poison for five seconds. This lasts for a second before going on cooldown for seven seconds. Horse - You gain a permanent Speed 3 effect, and are able to let others take a ride around on you. This has no secondary ability. Donkey/Mule - You gain a permanent Speed 1 effect, and are able to let others take a ride on you. You gain access to a nine slot inventory compartment by pressing your secondary key, which will let you keep those items until death. They are stored away as well if you get rid of this ability, and stay there until you absorb another Donkey or Mule. Bat - You gain the ability to take to the skies and fly, at great speeds too! You also gain passive night vision. Pressing your secondary key allows you to us echolocation, playing a bat noise before making all entities in a radius around you glow. This has an eight second cooldown, and entities glow for four seconds. Parrot - You gain the ability to take to the skies and fly, at a pretty good speed too. By pressing your secondary key, you can imitate the noises of the last mob you hit. Has a cooldown of three seconds. Rabbit - You gain a permanent Speed 1 boost, as well as a permanent Luck effect! You also do not take fall damage. Pressing your secondary key allows you to hop a great distance in the direction you are facing. This has a five second cooldown. Snow Golem - In snowy biomes, you gain a permanent Resistence 2 and Strength boost, but get Weakness and Slowness in hot enviroments. Your secondary key allows you to throw a snowball, that inflicts Weakness 1 and Slowness 2 for five seconds when it hits. This has a cooldown of ten seconds. Squid - Allows you to breathe underwater, and swim at a moderate pace. By pressing your secondary key, you shoot ink at someone, giving them Blindness for four seconds, having a cooldown of seven seconds. Turtle - You gain a permanent Resistance 3 effect, but also Slowness 2, as well as the ability to breathe underwater. By pressing your secondary key, you become completely invincible by reverting into your shell, lasting three seconds, going on cooldown for thirteen seconds afterwards. Bee - You gain the ability to fly, and are able to fly at a moderate speed. You also are able to restore two hearts of HP by drinking bottled honey! By pressing your secondary key, you charge a short distance towards your foe, attacking them with your new stinger. It makes them get Nausea, Weakness 1, and Poision 1 for seven seconds. This has a cooldown of fifteen seconds. Llama - You gain Speed 1 and Strength 1 while in hot enviroments, but gain Slowness 1 and Weakness 1 while in cold environments. By pressing your secondary key, you spit at your enemy, dealing two hearts of damage. This has an eight second cooldown. Dolphin - You gain the ability to breathe under water, and can swim faster than any other absorption relating to the ocean! You can even boost this speed by pressing your secondary key, giving you and others around you Dolphin's Grace for five seconds. Has a ten second cooldown. Polar Bear - You gain Resistence 2, Strength 3, and Speed while in cold environments. But, in hot enviroments, you get Weakness 3, Slowness 2, and Nausea. This has no secondary ability. Panda - You gain Resistance 2, but Slowness. You also are able to eat bamboo and gain back more hunger! By pressing your secondary key, you gain the ability to roll, and coming into contact with something deals three damage. This has a five second cooldown. Wolf - You get a permanent Speed boost, and, at night, gain Resistance 1, Strength 2, and Speed 2. By pressing your secondary key, you howl, scaring mobs away from you, but also, making nearby untamed wolves attack any mob you attack during this time. This has a ten second cooldown. Iron Golem - Gain a permanent Resistence 3 and Strength 2 boost, but also get Slowness 3 effect. By pressing your secondary key, you swing your arms in front of you, launching enemies into the air. This has a five second cooldown. Piglin - You gain the natural skills of a Piglin, meaning Golden Swords deal +2 damage, and Crossbows deal 50% more damage. You also gain passive fire resistance. By pressing your secondary key, you let out a Piglin noise, and reveal all gold ore within a radius around you. Has a cooldown of twenty seconds, and lasts for seven seconds. Zombie/Zombie Villager - You become immune to Poison, Hunger, Slowness, and Mining Fatigue. Weakness makes you stronger, and Harming heals you, but Strength makes you weaker, and Healing harms you. You get more hunger gained from eating rotten flesh. By pressing your secondary key, you hit in front of you, inflicting Nausea, Weakness, and Hunger for five seconds. This turns Villagers into Zombie Villagers, and, if it kills another player, into a Zombie, both of which fights for you. This has a cooldown of ten seconds. Husk - The potion passives of the Zombie effect Husks as well, but you also get Speed 1 and Strength 1 in hot environments, while getting Slowness 1 and Weakness 1 in cold environments. Your secondary key is the same as the Zombie. Drowned - Drowned gain the Zombie potion passive, but also can breathe and swim underwater. You get Strength 1 and Speed 1 while in the water, but Weakness 1 and Slowness 1 while on land. Your secondary key has you summon a trident and throw it where you're looking. This has a thirteen second cooldown. Skeleton - You gain the ability to become much more accurate with a bow, and deal 50% more damage when firing a bow. By pressing your secondary key, you shoot three arrows rapidly, each dealing one heart of damage. This has a six second cooldown. Stray - You get the same passive abilities as a normal Skeleton, but also, in cold enviroments, you get Speed 2, while in hot enviroments, you get Slowness 2. Your arrow shots also inflict Slowness for two seconds. Your secondary key is the same, except these arrows also inflict Slowness. Spider - You gain the passive ability to climb up walls, for around five seconds at a time. By pressing your secondary key, you produce a web that lasts for ten seconds. Has a cooldown of fifteen seconds. Cave Spider - The same passive as a normal spider, but, your secondary key is a quick hit that inflicts poison for five seconds. Enderman - You gain the ability to throw an Enderpearl with your secondary key, having a cooldown of ten seconds. If anyone looks at you, however, you gain Speed 2 and Strength 2 for five seconds, and it reapplies if looked at. Shulker - You gain a passive Resistence buff, as well as slow falling, and are able to mine quicker. By pressing your secondary key, you gain access to nine inventory slots that you keep even upon death. Slime - You become bouncy when moving, and take no fall damage, as you just bounce when you land. By pressing your secondary key, you split into two, halving your HP, but becoming smaller and quicker, gaining Speed 1. You can do this up to four times as well, getting up to Speed 4 at max, but you only have half a heart when like this. This has a five second cooldown. Witch - You become immune to ALL NEGATIVE potion effects, only being effected by neutral or positive ones. And, by pressing your secondary key, you throw a random negative splash potion, with different lengths and effects. Phantom - You gain the ability to be completely invisible while standing still, or while moving while sneaking. When you press your secondary key, you are able to phase, becoming invisible as well, only for ten seconds at max. This has a bar that refills when you unphase, at max having a twenty second recharge period. Creeper - When you become a Creeper, you gain the secondary ability to blow up. There's a start up where the same noise the Creeper makes when they're about to explode, and you create an explosion similar in strength to a Supercharged Creeper. You don't die when you blow up also. Blaze - You become completely fire proof from any source of heat. You shoot out a fireball with your secondary key, dealing two damage every hit, while setting the opponent on fire. This has a five second cooldown. Ghast - You gain the ability to fly, going up by holding space and down by shifting. Pressing your secondary key shoots a fireball, dealing five damage and blowing up the surrounding things. This has a seven second cooldown. Wither Skeleton - You gain the ability to have a 25% chance to inflict the Wither effect for two seconds every time you hit someone, and also become immune to Wither and Fire. When you press your secondary key, you shoot a Wither Skull, dealing four damage and inflicting the Wither effect for five seconds. This has a ten second cooldown. Dragon Egg - You absorb this by shooting at a Dragon Egg. This doesn't get rid of the Egg, as you can just press G again to get rid of it like mobs. When absorbing this, you gain Strength 3, Speed 2, Resistence 2, and Jump Boost 2. You can shoot Dragons Breath (that can be bottled) with your secondary key. This has a ten second cooldown, and stays on the ground for five seconds.

Salamander is the iron logic of the machine. An open-source monolith built to enforce absolute order over code and commerce. No noise. No friction. Only modular precision and verifiable truth. Code by the law, or get crushed by the gears.

Real-world PID-controlled soldering iron using ESP32 and NTC thermistor, tackling practical challenges like thermal inertia, sensor noise, relay-based time proportional control, and PID AutoTune.

Interactive Barkhausen Effect Lab. A tactical simulation of ferromagnetic domain dynamics, stochastic wall pinning, and hysteresis noise. Designed for everyone—from students learning magnet basics to engineers researching NDT and material science. Engineered by Pavan Patil (25BEC077) to visualize discrete magnetization jumps & iron properties. Lab.

A macOS-based home automation script inspired by the Iron Man entrance sequences. This system monitors ambient noise for a high-decibel acoustic trigger (a clap) to initiate the "House Party Protocol"—triggering iconic walk-in music and a personalized vocal greeting from Jarvis. 'Welcome home, Sir.'

IRON-FI is a fully implicit, resolvent-based optimizer derived from a stochastic accelerated flow, where each update is a proximal step solved via LM/trust-region inner iterations. Its discretization attenuates noise as the stepsize grows, yielding fast contraction and an (O(1/\alpha)) stationary mean-square error.

This project was done voluntarily to remove Dust and Rust in the C++ language. The code is a solution of analytical equations with dependent factors that gives a calculation for how long it takes to reach the noise of a rocket explosion by an Iron Dome missile because an interest that arose in a conversation between friends from the reserved duty.

Hemoglobins which contained in red blood cells have a very important role for the health of the human body. Therefore the development of measuring devices of the hemoglobin concentration that convenient and safety is needed. The purpose of this study is to design and develop a non-invasive measuring hemoglobin concentration based on Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor that can be applied directly to the human body. The method used is to magnetize iron atoms (Fe) containing in hemoglobin with a magnetic field sources (magnetizer), then a magnetized hemogloin is detected by a GMR sensor. The magnetizer is made from 4 pieces neodymium magnets grade N42 with a size of 50×50×20 mm then arrange in such a way so it produce a magnetic field direction on the surface (planar). The results of calibrating GMR sensors on all three axes (x, y, and z) indicate that the GMR sensor has the highest sensitivity on the y-axis. The mapping of the magnetic field strength on the surface of the magnetizer obtained the location that had the strongest planar directional magnetic field with magnitude 1003 mT at point x = 2,5 cm and y = 5 cm to place the arm or flow of hemoglobin to be magnetized in the y-axis magnetizer. The signal conditioning circuit serves to pass signals from magnetic field disturbances in time rate of change only and eliminate measurement noise from the magnetizer and can detect magnetic field disturbances of 7,874 μT which is driven by a slider with a speed range of 28,058 cm/s to 44,056 cm/s and produces a peak output voltage of 0,53V. System testing was carried out in a clinical laboratory by observing the system output voltage for the patient's hemoglobin concentration measured using the Sysmex device. In this test, a linear relationship between the patient's hemoglobin concentration and the system output voltage was obtained. The greater the hemoglobin concentration detected from the patient, the greater the developed system output voltage.