Repositório do curso Estruturas de Repetição e Arrays com Java. Curso este oferecido pela Digital Innovation one e ministrado por mim.

The aim of this assignment is to have you do UDP socket client / server programming with a focus on two broad aspects : Setting up the exchange between the client and server in a secure way despite the lack of a formal connection (as in TCP) between the two, so that ‘outsider’ UDP datagrams (broadcast, multicast, unicast - fortuitously or maliciously) cannot intrude on the communication. Introducing application-layer protocol data-transmission reliability, flow control and congestion control in the client and server using TCP-like ARQ sliding window mechanisms. The second item above is much more of a challenge to implement than the first, though neither is particularly trivial. But they are not tightly interdependent; each can be worked on separately at first and then integrated together at a later stage. Apart from the material in Chapters 8, 14 & 22 (especially Sections 22.5 - 22.7), and the experience you gained from the preceding assignment, you will also need to refer to the following : ioctl function (Chapter 17). get_ifi_info function (Section 17.6, Chapter 17). This function will be used by the server code to discover its node’s network interfaces so that it can bind all its interface IP addresses (see Section 22.6). ‘Race’ conditions (Section 20.5, Chapter 20) You also need a thorough understanding of how the TCP protocol implements reliable data transfer, flow control and congestion control. Chapters 17- 24 of TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 by W. Richard Stevens gives a good overview of TCP. Though somewhat dated for some things (it was published in 1994), it remains, overall, a good basic reference. Overview This assignment asks you to implement a primitive file transfer protocol for Unix platforms, based on UDP, and with TCP-like reliability added to the transfer operation using timeouts and sliding-window mechanisms, and implementing flow and congestion control. The server is a concurrent server which can handle multiple clients simultaneously. A client gives the server the name of a file. The server forks off a child which reads directly from the file and transfers the contents over to the client using UDP datagrams. The client prints out the file contents as they come in, in order, with nothing missing and with no duplication of content, directly on to stdout (via the receiver sliding window, of course, but with no other intermediate buffering). The file to be transferred can be of arbitrary length, but its contents are always straightforward ascii text. As an aside let me mention that assuming the file contents ascii is not as restrictive as it sounds. We can always pretend, for example, that binary files are base64 encoded (“ASCII armor”). A real file transfer protocol would, of course, have to worry about transferring files between heterogeneous platforms with different file structure conventions and semantics. The sender would first have to transform the file into a platform-independent, protocol-defined, format (using, say, ASN.1, or some such standard), and the receiver would have to transform the received file into its platform’s native file format. This kind of thing can be fairly time consuming, and is certainly very tedious, to implement, with little educational value - it is not part of this assignment. Arguments for the server You should provide the server with an input file server.in from which it reads the following information, in the order shown, one item per line : Well-known port number for server. Maximum sending sliding-window size (in datagram units). You will not be handing in your server.in file. We shall create our own when we come to test your code. So it is important that you stick strictly to the file name and content conventions specified above. The same applies to the client.in input file below. Arguments for the client The client is to be provided with an input file client.in from which it reads the following information, in the order shown, one item per line : IP address of server (not the hostname). Well-known port number of server. filename to be transferred. Receiving sliding-window size (in datagram units). Random generator seed value. Probability p of datagram loss. This should be a real number in the range [ 0.0 , 1.0 ] (value 0.0 means no loss occurs; value 1.0 means all datagrams all lost). The mean µ, in milliseconds, for an exponential distribution controlling the rate at which the client reads received datagram payloads from its receive buffer. Operation Server starts up and reads its arguments from file server.in. As we shall see, when a client communicates with the server, the server will want to know what IP address that client is using to identify the server (i.e. , the destination IP address in the incoming datagram). Normally, this can be done relatively straightforwardly using the IP_RECVDESTADDR socket option, and picking up the information using the ancillary data (‘control information’) capability of the recvmsg function. Unfortunately, Solaris 2.10 does not support the IP_RECVDESTADDR option (nor, incidentally, does it support the msg_flags option in msghdr - see p.390). This considerably complicates things. In the absence of IP_RECVDESTADDR, what the server has to do as part of its initialization phase is to bind each IP address it has (and, simultaneously, its well-known port number, which it has read in from server.in) to a separate UDP socket. The code in Section 22.6, which uses the get_ifi_info function, shows you how to do that. However, there are important differences between that code and the version you want to implement. The code of Section 22.6 binds the IP addresses and forks off a child for each address that is bound to. We do not want to do that. Instead you should have an array of socket descriptors. For each IP address, create a new socket and bind the address (and well-known port number) to the socket without forking off child processes. Creating child processes comes later, when clients arrive. The code of Section 22.6 also attempts to bind broadcast addresses. We do not want to do this. It binds a wildcard IP address, which we certainly do not want to do either. We should bind strictly only unicast addresses (including the loopback address). The get_ifi_info function (which the code in Section 22.6 uses) has to be modified so that it also gets the network masks for the IP addresses of the node, and adds these to the information stored in the linked list of ifi_info structures (see Figure 17.5, p.471) it produces. As you go binding each IP address to a distinct socket, it will be useful for later processing to build your own array of structures, where a structure element records the following information for each socket : sockfd IP address bound to the socket network mask for the IP address subnet address (obtained by doing a bit-wise and between the IP address and its network mask) Report, in a ReadMe file which you hand in with your code, on the modifications you had to introduce to ensure that only unicast addresses are bound, and on your implementation of the array of structures described above. You should print out on stdout, with an appropriate message and appropriately formatted in dotted decimal notation, the IP address, network mask, and subnet address for each socket in your array of structures (you do not need to print the sockfd). The server now uses select to monitor the sockets it has created for incoming datagrams. When it returns from select, it must use recvfrom or recvmsg to read the incoming datagram (see 6. below). When a client starts, it first reads its arguments from the file client.in. The client checks if the server host is ‘local’ to its (extended) Ethernet. If so, all its communication to the server is to occur as MSG_DONTROUTE (or SO_DONTROUTE socket option). It determines if the server host is ‘local’ as follows. The first thing the client should do is to use the modified get_ifi_info function to obtain all of its IP addresses and associated network masks. Print out on stdout, in dotted decimal notation and with an appropriate message, the IP addresses and network masks obtained. In the following, IPserver designates the IP address the client will use to identify the server, and IPclient designates the IP address the client will choose to identify itself. The client checks whether the server is on the same host. If so, it should use the loopback address 127.0.0.1 for the server (i.e. , IPserver = 127.0.0.1). IPclient should also be set to the loopback address. Otherwise it proceeds as follows: IPserver is set to the IP address for the server in the client.in file. Given IPserver and the (unicast) IP addresses and network masks for the client returned by get_ifi_info in the linked list of ifi_info structures, you should be able to figure out if the server node is ‘local’ or not. This will be discussed in class; but let me just remind you here that you should use ‘longest prefix matching’ where applicable. If there are multiple client addresses, and the server host is ‘local’, the client chooses an IP address for itself, IPclient, which matches up as ‘local’ according to your examination above. If the server host is not ‘local’, then IPclient can be chosen arbitrarily. Print out on stdout the results of your examination, as to whether the server host is ‘local’ or not, as well as the IPclient and IPserver addresses selected. Note that this manner of determining whether the server is local or not is somewhat clumsy and ‘over-engineered’, and, as such, should be viewed more in the nature of a pedagogical exercise. Ideally, we would like to look up the server IP address(es) in the routing table (see Section 18.3). This requires that a routing socket be created, for which we need superuser privilege. Alternatively, we might want to dump out the routing table, using the sysctl function for example (see Section 18.4), and examine it directly. Unfortunately, Solaris 2.10 does not support sysctl. Furthermore, note that there is a slight problem with the address 130.245.1.123/24 assigned to compserv3 (see rightmost column of file hosts, and note that this particular compserv3 address “overlaps” with the 130.245.1.x/28 addresses in that same column assigned to compserv1, compserv2 & comserv4). In particular, if the client is running on compserv3 and the server on any of the other three compservs, and if that server node is also being identified to the client by its /28 (rather than its /24) address, then the client will get a “false positive” when it tests as to whether the server node is local or not. In other words, the client will deem the server node to be local, whereas in fact it should not be considered local. Because of this, it is perhaps best simply not to use compserv3 to run the client (but it is o.k. to use it to run the server). Finally, using MSG_DONTROUTE where possible would seem to gain us efficiency, in as much as the kernel does not need to consult the routing table for every datagram sent. But, in fact, that is not so. Recall that one effect of connect with UDP sockets is that routing information is obtained by the kernel at the time the connect is issued. That information is cached and used for subsequent sends from the connected socket (see p.255). The client now creates a UDP socket and calls bind on IPclient, with 0 as the port number. This will cause the kernel to bind an ephemeral port to the socket. After the bind, use the getsockname function (Section 4.10) to obtain IPclient and the ephemeral port number that has been assigned to the socket, and print that information out on stdout, with an appropriate message and appropriately formatted. The client connects its socket to IPserver and the well-known port number of the server. After the connect, use the getpeername function (Section 4.10) to obtain IPserver and the well-known port number of the server, and print that information out on stdout, with an appropriate message and appropriately formatted. The client sends a datagram to the server giving the filename for the transfer. This send needs to be backed up by a timeout in case the datagram is lost. Note that the incoming datagram from the client will be delivered to the server at the socket to which the destination IP address that the datagram is carrying has been bound. Thus, the server can obtain that address (it is, of course, IPserver) and thereby achieve what IP_RECVDESTADDR would have given us had it been available. Furthermore, the server process can obtain the IP address (this will, of course, be IPclient) and ephemeral port number of the client through the recvfrom or recvmsg functions. The server forks off a child process to handle the client. The server parent process goes back to the select to listen for new clients. Hereafter, and unless otherwise stated, whenever we refer to the ‘server’, we mean the server child process handling the client’s file transfer, not the server parent process. Typically, the first thing the server child would be expected to do is to close all sockets it ‘inherits’ from its parent. However, this is not the case with us. The server child does indeed close the sockets it inherited, but not the socket on which the client request arrived. It leaves that socket open for now. Call this socket the ‘listening’ socket. The server (child) then checks if the client host is local to its (extended) Ethernet. If so, all its communication to the client is to occur as MSG_DONTROUTE (or SO_DONTROUTE socket option). If IPserver (obtained in 5. above) is the loopback address, then we are done. Otherwise, the server has to proceed with the following step. Use the array of structures you built in 1. above, together with the addresses IPserver and IPclient to determine if the client is ‘local’. Print out on stdout the results of your examination, as to whether the client host is ‘local’ or not. The server (child) creates a UDP socket to handle file transfer to the client. Call this socket the ‘connection’ socket. It binds the socket to IPserver, with port number 0 so that its kernel assigns an ephemeral port. After the bind, use the getsockname function (Section 4.10) to obtain IPserver and the ephemeral port number that has been assigned to the socket, and print that information out on stdout, with an appropriate message and appropriately formatted. The server then connects this ‘connection’ socket to the client’s IPclient and ephemeral port number. The server now sends the client a datagram, in which it passes it the ephemeral port number of its ‘connection’ socket as the data payload of the datagram. This datagram is sent using the ‘listening’ socket inherited from its parent, otherwise the client (whose socket is connected to the server’s ‘listening’ socket at the latter’s well-known port number) will reject it. This datagram must be backed up by the ARQ mechanism, and retransmitted in the event of loss. Note that if this datagram is indeed lost, the client might well time out and retransmit its original request message (the one carrying the file name). In this event, you must somehow ensure that the parent server does not mistake this retransmitted request for a new client coming in, and spawn off yet another child to handle it. How do you do that? It is potentially more involved than it might seem. I will be discussing this in class, as well as ‘race’ conditions that could potentially arise, depending on how you code the mechanisms I present. When the client receives the datagram carrying the ephemeral port number of the server’s ‘connection’ socket, it reconnects its socket to the server’s ‘connection’ socket, using IPserver and the ephemeral port number received in the datagram (see p.254). It now uses this reconnected socket to send the server an acknowledgment. Note that this implies that, in the event of the server timing out, it should retransmit two copies of its ‘ephemeral port number’ message, one on its ‘listening’ socket and the other on its ‘connection’ socket (why?). When the server receives the acknowledgment, it closes the ‘listening’ socket it inherited from its parent. The server can now commence the file transfer through its ‘connection’ socket. The net effect of all these binds and connects at server and client is that no ‘outsider’ UDP datagram (broadcast, multicast, unicast - fortuitously or maliciously) can now intrude on the communication between server and client. Starting with the first datagram sent out, the client behaves as follows. Whenever a datagram arrives, or an ACK is about to be sent out (or, indeed, the initial datagram to the server giving the filename for the transfer), the client uses some random number generator function random() (initialized by the client.in argument value seed) to decide with probability p (another client.in argument value) if the datagram or ACK should be discarded by way of simulating transmission loss across the network. (I will briefly discuss in class how you do this.) Adding reliability to UDP The mechanisms you are to implement are based on TCP Reno. These include : Reliable data transmission using ARQ sliding-windows, with Fast Retransmit. Flow control via receiver window advertisements. Congestion control that implements : SlowStart Congestion Avoidance (‘Additive-Increase/Multiplicative Decrease’ – AIMD) Fast Recovery (but without the window-inflation aspect of Fast Recovery) Only some, and by no means all, of the details for these are covered below. The rest will be presented in class, especially those concerning flow control and TCP Reno’s congestion control mechanisms in general : Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery. Implement a timeout mechanism on the sender (server) side. This is available to you from Stevens, Section 22.5 . Note, however, that you will need to modify the basic driving mechanism of Figure 22.7 appropriately since the situation at the sender side is not a repetitive cycle of send-receive, but rather a straightforward progression of send-send-send-send- . . . . . . . . . . . Also, modify the RTT and RTO mechanisms of Section 22.5 as specified below. I will be discussing the details of these modifications and the reasons for them in class. Modify function rtt_stop (Fig. 22.13) so that it uses integer arithmetic rather than floating point. This will entail your also having to modify some of the variable and function parameter declarations throughout Section 22.5 from float to int, as appropriate. In the unprrt.h header file (Fig. 22.10) set : RTT_RXTMIN to 1000 msec. (1 sec. instead of the current value 3 sec.) RTT_RXTMAX to 3000 msec. (3 sec. instead of the current value 60 sec.) RTT_MAXNREXMT to 12 (instead of the current value 3) In function rtt_timeout (Fig. 22.14), after doubling the RTO in line 86, pass its value through the function rtt_minmax of Fig. 22.11 (somewhat along the lines of what is done in line 77 of rtt_stop, Fig. 22.13). Finally, note that with the modification to integer calculation of the smoothed RTT and its variation, and given the small RTT values you will experience on the cs / sbpub network, these calculations should probably now be done on a millisecond or even microsecond scale (rather than in seconds, as is the case with Stevens’ code). Otherwise, small measured RTTs could show up as 0 on a scale of seconds, yielding a negative result when we subtract the smoothed RTT from the measured RTT (line 72 of rtt_stop, Fig. 22.13). Report the details of your modifications to the code of Section 22.5 in the ReadMe file which you hand in with your code. We need to have a sender sliding window mechanism for the retransmission of lost datagrams; and a receiver sliding window in order to ensure correct sequencing of received file contents, and some measure of flow control. You should implement something based on TCP Reno’s mechanisms, with cumulative acknowledgments, receiver window advertisements, and a congestion control mechanism I will explain in detail in class. For a reference on TCP’s mechanisms generally, see W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 , especially Sections 20.2 - 20.4 of Chapter 20 , and Sections 21.1 - 21.8 of Chapter 21 . Bear in mind that our sequence numbers should count datagrams, not bytes as in TCP. Remember that the sender and receiver window sizes have to be set according to the argument values in client.in and server.in, respectively. Whenever the sender window becomes full and so ‘locks’, the server should print out a message to that effect on stdout. Similarly, whenever the receiver window ‘locks’, the client should print out a message on stdout. Be aware of the potential for deadlock when the receiver window ‘locks’. This situation is handled by having the receiver process send a duplicate ACK which acts as a window update when its window opens again (see Figure 20.3 and the discussion about it in TCP/IP Illustrated). However, this is not enough, because ACKs are not backed up by a timeout mechanism in the event they are lost. So we will also need to implement a persist timer driving window probes in the sender process (see Sections 22.1 & 22.2 in Chapter 22 of TCP/IP Illustrated). Note that you do not have to worry about the Silly Window Syndrome discussed in Section 22.3 of TCP/IP Illustrated since the receiver process consumes ‘full sized’ 512-byte messages from the receiver buffer (see 3. below). Report on the details of the ARQ mechanism you implemented in the ReadMe file you hand in. Indeed, you should report on all the TCP mechanisms you implemented in the ReadMe file, both the ones discussed here, and the ones I will be discussing in class. Make your datagram payload a fixed 512 bytes, inclusive of the file transfer protocol header (which must, at the very least, carry: the sequence number of the datagram; ACKs; and advertised window notifications). The client reads the file contents in its receive buffer and prints them out on stdout using a separate thread. This thread sits in a repetitive loop till all the file contents have been printed out, doing the following. It samples from an exponential distribution with mean µ milliseconds (read from the client.in file), sleeps for that number of milliseconds; wakes up to read and print all in-order file contents available in the receive buffer at that point; samples again from the exponential distribution; sleeps; and so on. The formula -1 × µ × ln( random( ) ) , where ln is the natural logarithm, yields variates from an exponential distribution with mean µ, based on the uniformly-distributed variates over ( 0 , 1 ) returned by random(). Note that you will need to implement some sort of mutual exclusion/semaphore mechanism on the client side so that the thread that sleeps and wakes up to consume from the receive buffer is not updating the state variables of the buffer at the same time as the main thread reading from the socket and depositing into the buffer is doing the same. Furthermore, we need to ensure that the main thread does not effectively monopolize the semaphore (and thus lock out for prolonged periods of time) the sleeping thread when the latter wakes up. See the textbook, Section 26.7, ‘Mutexes: Mutual Exclusion’, pp.697-701. You might also find Section 26.8, ‘Condition Variables’, pp.701-705, useful. You will need to devise some way by which the sender can notify the receiver when it has sent the last datagram of the file transfer, without the receiver mistaking that EOF marker as part of the file contents. (Also, note that the last data segment could be a “short” segment of less than 512 bytes – your client needs to be able to handle this correctly somehow.) When the sender receives an ACK for the last datagram of the transfer, the (child) server terminates. The parent server has to take care of cleaning up zombie children. Note that if we want a clean closing, the client process cannot simply terminate when the receiver ACKs the last datagram. This ACK could be lost, which would leave the (child) server process ‘hanging’, timing out, and retransmitting the last datagram. TCP attempts to deal with this problem by means of the TIME_WAIT state. You should have your receiver process behave similarly, sticking around in something akin to a TIME_WAIT state in case in case it needs to retransmit the ACK. In the ReadMe file you hand in, report on how you dealt with the issues raised here: sender notifying receiver of the last datagram, clean closing, and so on. Output Some of the output required from your program has been described in the section Operation above. I expect you to provide further output – clear, well-structured, well-laid-out, concise but sufficient and helpful – in the client and server windows by means of which we can trace the correct evolution of your TCP’s behaviour in all its intricacies : information (e.g., sequence number) on datagrams and acks sent and dropped, window advertisements, datagram retransmissions (and why : dup acks or RTO); entering/exiting Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance, ssthresh and cwnd values; sender and receiver windows locking/unlocking; etc., etc. . . . . The onus is on you to convince us that the TCP mechanisms you implemented are working correctly. Too many students do not put sufficient thought, creative imagination, time or effort into this. It is not the TA’s nor my responsibility to sit staring at an essentially blank screen, trying to summon up our paranormal psychology skills to figure out if your TCP implementation is really working correctly in all its very intricate aspects, simply because the transferred file seems to be printing o.k. in the client window. Nor is it our responsibility to strain our eyes and our patience wading through a mountain of obscure, ill-structured, hyper-messy, debugging-style output because, for example, your effort-conserving concept of what is ‘suitable’ is to dump your debugging output on us, relevant, irrelevant, and everything in between.

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Function(test)() : test(); } console.log("Passed : ", test); resolve(result); }); }; createSettings() { this.settings = { //Rendering showSkidBtn: { pre: "<div class='setHed'>Rendering</div>", name: "Show Skid Button", val: true, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "showSkidBtn", this), set: (value, init) => { let button = document.getElementById("mainButton"); if (!button) { button = this.createButton("5k1D", "https://i.imgur.com/1tWAEJx.gif", this.toggleMenu, value) } else button.style.display = value ? "inherit" : "none"; } }, hideAdverts: { name: "Hide Advertisments", val: true, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "hideAdverts", this), set: (value, init) => { if (value) this.head.appendChild(this.css.hideAdverts) else if (!init) this.css.hideAdverts.remove() } }, hideStreams: { name: "Hide Streams", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "hideStreams", this), set: (value) => { window.streamContainer.style.display = value ? "none" : "inherit" } }, hideMerch: { name: "Hide Merch", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "hideMerch", this), set: value => { window.merchHolder.style.display = value ? "none" : "inherit" } }, hideNewsConsole: { name: "Hide News Console", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "hideNewsConsole", this), set: value => { window.newsHolder.style.display = value ? "none" : "inherit" } }, hideCookieButton: { name: "Hide Security Manage Button", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "hideCookieButton", this), set: value => { window['onetrust-consent-sdk'].style.display = value ? "none" : "inherit" } }, noTextShadows: { name: "Remove Text Shadows", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "noTextShadows", this), set: (value, init) => { if (value) this.head.appendChild(this.css.noTextShadows) else if (!init) this.css.noTextShadows.remove() } }, customCSS: { name: "Custom CSS", val: "", html: () => this.generateSetting("url", "customCSS", "URL to CSS file"), resources: { css: document.createElement("link") }, set: (value, init) => { if (value.startsWith("http")&&value.endsWith(".css")) { //let proxy = 'https://cors-anywhere.herokuapp.com/'; this.settings.customCSS.resources.css.href = value } if (init) { this.settings.customCSS.resources.css.rel = "stylesheet" try { this.head.appendChild(this.settings.customCSS.resources.css) } catch(e) { alert(e) this.settings.customCSS.resources.css = null } } } }, renderESP: { name: "Player ESP Type", val: "off", html: () => this.generateSetting("select", "renderESP", this.lists.renderESP), }, renderTracers: { name: "Player Tracers", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "renderTracers"), }, rainbowColor: { name: "Rainbow ESP", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "rainbowColor"), }, renderChams: { name: "Player Chams", val: "off", html: () => this.generateSetting( "select", "renderChams", this.lists.renderChams ), }, renderWireFrame: { name: "Player Wireframe", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "renderWireFrame"), }, customBillboard: { name: "Custom Billboard Text", val: "", html: () => this.generateSetting( "text", "customBillboard", "Custom Billboard Text" ), }, //Weapon autoReload: { pre: "<br><div class='setHed'>Weapon</div>", name: "Auto Reload", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "autoReload"), }, autoAim: { name: "Auto Aim Type", val: "off", html: () => this.generateSetting("select", "autoAim", this.lists.autoAim), }, frustrumCheck: { name: "Line of Sight Check", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "frustrumCheck"), }, wallPenetrate: { name: "Aim through Penetratables", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "wallPenetrate"), }, weaponZoom: { name: "Weapon Zoom", val: 1.0, min: 0, max: 50.0, step: 0.01, html: () => this.generateSetting("slider", "weaponZoom"), set: (value) => { if (this.renderer) this.renderer.adsFovMlt = value;} }, weaponTrails: { name: "Weapon Trails", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "weaponTrails"), set: (value) => { if (this.me) this.me.weapon.trail = value;} }, //Player autoBhop: { pre: "<br><div class='setHed'>Player</div>", name: "Auto Bhop Type", val: "off", html: () => this.generateSetting("select", "autoBhop", this.lists.autoBhop), }, thirdPerson: { name: "Third Person", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "thirdPerson"), set: (value, init) => { if (value) this.thirdPerson = 1; else if (!init) this.thirdPerson = undefined; } }, skinUnlock: { name: "Unlock Skins", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "skinUnlock", this), }, //GamePlay disableWpnSnd: { pre: "<br><div class='setHed'>GamePlay</div>", name: "Disable Players Weapon Sounds", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "disableWpnSnd", this), }, disableHckSnd: { name: "Disable Hacker Fart Sounds", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "disableHckSnd", this), }, autoActivateNuke: { name: "Auto Activate Nuke", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "autoActivateNuke", this), }, autoFindNew: { name: "New Lobby Finder", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "autoFindNew", this), }, autoClick: { name: "Auto Start Game", val: false, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "autoClick", this), }, inActivity: { name: "No InActivity Kick", val: true, html: () => this.generateSetting("checkbox", "autoClick", this), }, //Radio Stream Player playStream: { pre: "<br><div class='setHed'>Radio Stream Player</div>", name: "Stream Select", val: "off", html: () => this.generateSetting("select", "playStream", this.lists.audioStreams), set: (value) => { if (value == "off") { if ( this.settings.playStream.audio ) { this.settings.playStream.audio.pause(); this.settings.playStream.audio.currentTime = 0; this.settings.playStream.audio = null; } return; } let url = this.settings.playStream.urls[value]; if (!this.settings.playStream.audio) { this.settings.playStream.audio = new Audio(url); this.settings.playStream.audio.volume = this.settings.audioVolume.val||0.5 } else { this.settings.playStream.audio.src = url; } this.settings.playStream.audio.load(); this.settings.playStream.audio.play(); }, urls: { _2000s: 'http://0n-2000s.radionetz.de/0n-2000s.aac', _HipHopRNB: 'https://stream-mixtape-geo.ntslive.net/mixtape2', _Country: 'https://live.wostreaming.net/direct/wboc-waaifmmp3-ibc2', _Dance: 'http://streaming.radionomy.com/A-RADIO-TOP-40', _Pop: 'http://bigrradio.cdnstream1.com/5106_128', _Jazz: 'http://strm112.1.fm/ajazz_mobile_mp3', _Oldies: 'http://strm112.1.fm/60s_70s_mobile_mp3', _Club: 'http://strm112.1.fm/club_mobile_mp3', _Folk: 'https://freshgrass.streamguys1.com/irish-128mp3', _ClassicRock: 'http://1a-classicrock.radionetz.de/1a-classicrock.mp3', _Metal: 'http://streams.radiobob.de/metalcore/mp3-192', _DeathMetal: 'http://stream.laut.fm/beatdownx', _Classical: 'http://live-radio01.mediahubaustralia.com/FM2W/aac/', _Alternative: 'http://bigrradio.cdnstream1.com/5187_128', _Dubstep: 'http://streaming.radionomy.com/R1Dubstep?lang=en', _Lowfi: 'http://streams.fluxfm.de/Chillhop/mp3-256', _Oldskool: 'http://streams.90s90s.de/hiphop/mp3-128/', }, audio: null, }, audioVolume: { name: "Radio Volume", val: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, step: 0.01, html: () => this.generateSetting("slider", "audioVolume"), set: (value) => { if (this.settings.playStream.audio) this.settings.playStream.audio.volume = value;} }, }; // Inject Html let waitForWindows = setInterval(_ => { if (window.windows) { const menu = window.windows[11]; menu.header = "Settings"; menu.gen = _ => { var tmpHTML = `<div style='text-align:center'> <a onclick='window.open("https://skidlamer.github.io/")' class='menuLink'>SkidFest Settings</center></a> <hr> </div>`; for (const key in this.settings) { if (this.settings[key].pre) tmpHTML += this.settings[key].pre; tmpHTML += "<div class='settName' id='" + key + "_div' style='display:" + (this.settings[key].hide ? 'none' : 'block') + "'>" + this.settings[key].name + " " + this.settings[key].html() + "</div>"; } tmpHTML += `<br><hr><a onclick='${skidStr}.resetSettings()' class='menuLink'>Reset Settings</a> | <a onclick='${skidStr}.saveScript()' class='menuLink'>Save GameScript</a>` return tmpHTML; }; clearInterval(waitForWindows); //this.createButton("5k1D", "https://i.imgur.com/1tWAEJx.gif", this.toggleMenu) } }, 100); // setupSettings for (const key in this.settings) { this.settings[key].def = this.settings[key].val; if (!this.settings[key].disabled) { let tmpVal = this.getSavedVal(key); this.settings[key].val = tmpVal !== null ? tmpVal : this.settings[key].val; if (this.settings[key].val == "false") this.settings[key].val = false; if (this.settings[key].val == "true") this.settings[key].val = true; if (this.settings[key].val == "undefined") this.settings[key].val = this.settings[key].def; if (this.settings[key].set) this.settings[key].set(this.settings[key].val, true); } } } generateSetting(type, name, extra) { switch (type) { case 'checkbox': return `<label class="switch"><input type="checkbox" onclick="${skidStr}.setSetting('${name}', this.checked)" ${this.settings[name].val ? 'checked' : ''}><span class="slider"></span></label>`; case 'slider': return `<span class='sliderVal' id='slid_utilities_${name}'>${this.settings[name].val}</span><div class='slidecontainer'><input type='range' min='${this.settings[name].min}' max='${this.settings[name].max}' step='${this.settings[name].step}' value='${this.settings[name].val}' class='sliderM' oninput="${skidStr}.setSetting('${name}', this.value)"></div>` case 'select': { let temp = `<select onchange="${skidStr}.setSetting(\x27${name}\x27, this.value)" class="inputGrey2">`; for (let option in extra) { temp += '<option value="' + option + '" ' + (option == this.settings[name].val ? 'selected' : '') + '>' + extra[option] + '</option>'; } temp += '</select>'; return temp; } default: return `<input type="${type}" name="${type}" id="slid_utilities_${name}"\n${'color' == type ? 'style="float:right;margin-top:5px"' : `class="inputGrey2" placeholder="${extra}"`}\nvalue="${this.settings[name].val}" oninput="${skidStr}.setSetting(\x27${name}\x27, this.value)"/>`; } } resetSettings() { if (confirm("Are you sure you want to reset all your settings? This will also refresh the page")) { Object.keys(localStorage).filter(x => x.includes("kro_utilities_")).forEach(x => localStorage.removeItem(x)); location.reload(); } } setSetting(t, e) { this.settings[t].val = e; this.saveVal(t, e); if (document.getElementById(`slid_utilities_${t}`)) document.getElementById(`slid_utilities_${t}`).innerHTML = e; if (this.settings[t].set) this.settings[t].set(e); } createObserver(elm, check, callback, onshow = true) { return new MutationObserver((mutationsList, observer) => { if (check == 'src' || onshow && mutationsList[0].target.style.display == 'block' || !onshow) { callback(mutationsList[0].target); } }).observe(elm, check == 'childList' ? {childList: true} : {attributes: true, attributeFilter: [check]}); } createListener(elm, type, callback = null) { if (!this.isDefined(elm)) { alert("Failed creating " + type + "listener"); return } elm.addEventListener(type, event => callback(event)); } createElement(element, attribute, inner) { if (!this.isDefined(element)) { return null; } if (!this.isDefined(inner)) { inner = ""; } let el = document.createElement(element); if (this.isType(attribute, 'object')) { for (let key in attribute) { el.setAttribute(key, attribute[key]); } } if (!Array.isArray(inner)) { inner = [inner]; } for (let i = 0; i < inner.length; i++) { if (inner[i].tagName) { el.appendChild(inner[i]); } else { el.appendChild(document.createTextNode(inner[i])); } } return el; } createButton(name, iconURL, fn, visible) { visible = visible ? "inherit":"none"; let menu = document.querySelector("#menuItemContainer"); let icon = this.createElement("div",{"class":"menuItemIcon", "style":`background-image:url("${iconURL}");display:inherit;`}); let title= this.createElement("div",{"class":"menuItemTitle", "style":`display:inherit;`}, name); let host = this.createElement("div",{"id":"mainButton", "class":"menuItem", "onmouseenter":"playTick()", "onclick":"showWindow(12)", "style":`display:${visible};`},[icon, title]); if (menu) menu.append(host) } objectHas(obj, arr) { return arr.some(prop => obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)); } getVersion() { const elems = document.getElementsByClassName('terms'); const version = elems[elems.length - 1].innerText; return version; } saveAs(name, data) { let blob = new Blob([data], {type: 'text/plain'}); let el = window.document.createElement("a"); el.href = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob); el.download = name; window.document.body.appendChild(el); el.click(); window.document.body.removeChild(el); } saveScript() { this.fetchScript().then(script => { this.saveAs("game_" + this.getVersion() + ".js", script) }) } isKeyDown(key) { return this.downKeys.has(key); } simulateKey(keyCode) { var oEvent = document.createEvent('KeyboardEvent'); // Chromium Hack Object.defineProperty(oEvent, 'keyCode', { get : function() { return this.keyCodeVal; } }); Object.defineProperty(oEvent, 'which', { get : function() { return this.keyCodeVal; } }); if (oEvent.initKeyboardEvent) { oEvent.initKeyboardEvent("keypress", true, true, document.defaultView, keyCode, keyCode, "", "", false, ""); } else { oEvent.initKeyEvent("keypress", true, true, document.defaultView, false, false, false, false, keyCode, 0); } oEvent.keyCodeVal = keyCode; if (oEvent.keyCode !== keyCode) { alert("keyCode mismatch " + oEvent.keyCode + "(" + oEvent.which + ")"); } document.body.dispatchEvent(oEvent); } toggleMenu() { let lock = document.pointerLockElement || document.mozPointerLockElement; if (lock) document.exitPointerLock(); window.showWindow(12); if (this.isDefined(window.SOUND)) window.SOUND.play(`tick_0`,0.1) } onLoad() { this.createSettings(); this.createObservers(); this.waitFor(_=>this.isDefined(this.exports)).then(_=> { if (!this.isDefined(this.exports)) { alert("This Mod Needs To Be Updated Please Try Agian Later"); return; } //console.dir(this.exports); let toFind = { overlay: ["render", "canvas"], config: ["accAnnounce", "availableRegions", "assetCat"], three: ["ACESFilmicToneMapping", "TextureLoader", "ObjectLoader"], ws: ["socketReady", "ingressPacketCount", "ingressPacketCount", "egressDataSize"], utility: ["VectorAdd", "VectorAngleSign"], //colors: ["challLvl", "getChallCol"], //ui: ["showEndScreen", "toggleControlUI", "toggleEndScreen", "updatePlayInstructions"], //events: ["actions", "events"], } for (let rootKey in this.exports) { let exp = this.exports[rootKey].exports; for (let name in toFind) { if (this.objectHas(exp, toFind[name])) { console.log("Found Export ", name); delete toFind[name]; this[name] = exp; } } } if (!(Object.keys(toFind).length === 0 && toFind.constructor === Object)) { for (let name in toFind) { alert("Failed To Find Export " + name); } } else { Object.defineProperty(this.config, "nameVisRate", { value: 0, writable: false, configurable: true, }) this.ctx = this.overlay.canvas.getContext('2d'); this.overlay.render = new Proxy(this.overlay.render, { apply: function(target, that, args) { return [target.apply(that, args), render.apply(that, args)] } }) function render(scale, game, controls, renderer, me) { let width = skid.overlay.canvas.width / scale; let height = skid.overlay.canvas.height / scale; const renderArgs = [scale, game, controls, renderer, me]; if (renderArgs && void 0 !== skid) { ["scale", "game", "controls", "renderer", "me"].forEach((item, index)=>{ skid[item] = renderArgs[index]; }); if (me) { skid.ctx.save(); skid.ctx.scale(scale, scale); //this.ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height); skid.onRender(); //window.requestAnimationFrame.call(window, renderArgs.callee.caller.bind(this)); skid.ctx.restore(); } if(skid.settings && skid.settings.autoClick.val && window.endUI.style.display == "none" && window.windowHolder.style.display == "none") { controls.toggle(true); } } } // Skins const $skins = Symbol("skins"); Object.defineProperty(Object.prototype, "skins", { set: function(fn) { this[$skins] = fn; if (void 0 == this.localSkins || !this.localSkins.length) { this.localSkins = Array.apply(null, Array(5e3)).map((x, i) => { return { ind: i, cnt: 0x1, } }) } return fn; }, get: function() { return skid.settings.skinUnlock.val && this.stats ? this.localSkins : this[$skins]; } }) this.waitFor(_=>this.ws.connected === true, 40000).then(_=> { this.ws.__event = this.ws._dispatchEvent.bind(this.ws); this.ws.__send = this.ws.send.bind(this.ws); this.ws.send = new Proxy(this.ws.send, { apply: function(target, that, args) { if (args[0] == "ah2") return; try { var original_fn = Function.prototype.apply.apply(target, [that, args]); } catch (e) { e.stack = e.stack = e.stack.replace(/\n.*Object\.apply.*/, ''); throw e; } if (args[0] === "en") { skid.skinCache = { main: args[1][2][0], secondary: args[1][2][1], hat: args[1][3], body: args[1][4], knife: args[1][9], dye: args[1][14], waist: args[1][17], } } return original_fn; } }) this.ws._dispatchEvent = new Proxy(this.ws._dispatchEvent, { apply: function(target, that, [type, event]) { if (type =="init") { if(event[10] && event[10].length && event[10].bill && skid.settings.customBillboard.val.length > 1) { event[10].bill.txt = skid.settings.customBillboard.val; } } if (skid.settings.skinUnlock.val && skid.skinCache && type === "0") { let skins = skid.skinCache; let pInfo = event[0]; let pSize = 38; while (pInfo.length % pSize !== 0) pSize++; for(let i = 0; i < pInfo.length; i += pSize) { if (pInfo[i] === skid.ws.socketId||0) { pInfo[i + 12] = [skins.main, skins.secondary]; pInfo[i + 13] = skins.hat; pInfo[i + 14] = skins.body; pInfo[i + 19] = skins.knife; pInfo[i + 24] = skins.dye; pInfo[i + 33] = skins.waist; } } } return target.apply(that, arguments[2]); } }) }) if (this.isDefined(window.SOUND)) { window.SOUND.play = new Proxy(window.SOUND.play, { apply: function(target, that, [src, vol, loop, rate]) { if ( src.startsWith("fart_") && skid.settings.disableHckSnd.val ) return; return target.apply(that, [src, vol, loop, rate]); } }) } AudioParam.prototype.setValueAtTime = new Proxy(AudioParam.prototype.setValueAtTime, { apply: function(target, that, [value, startTime]) { return target.apply(that, [value, 0]); } }) this.rayC = new this.three.Raycaster(); this.vec2 = new this.three.Vector2(0, 0); } }) } gameJS(script) { let entries = { // Deobfu inView: { regex: /(\w+\['(\w+)']\){if\(\(\w+=\w+\['\w+']\['position']\['clone']\(\))/, index: 2 }, spectating: { regex: /\['team']:window\['(\w+)']/, index: 1 }, //inView: { regex: /\]\)continue;if\(!\w+\['(.+?)\']\)continue;/, index: 1 }, //canSee: { regex: /\w+\['(\w+)']\(\w+,\w+\['x'],\w+\['y'],\w+\['z']\)\)&&/, index: 1 }, //procInputs: { regex: /this\['(\w+)']=function\((\w+),(\w+),\w+,\w+\){(this)\['recon']/, index: 1 }, aimVal: { regex: /this\['(\w+)']-=0x1\/\(this\['weapon']\['\w+']\/\w+\)/, index: 1 }, pchObjc: { regex: /0x0,this\['(\w+)']=new \w+\['Object3D']\(\),this/, index: 1 }, didShoot: { regex: /--,\w+\['(\w+)']=!0x0/, index: 1 }, nAuto: { regex: /'Single\\x20Fire','varN':'(\w+)'/, index: 1 }, crouchVal: { regex: /this\['(\w+)']\+=\w\['\w+']\*\w+,0x1<=this\['\w+']/, index: 1 }, recoilAnimY: { regex: /\+\(-Math\['PI']\/0x4\*\w+\+\w+\['(\w+)']\*\w+\['\w+']\)\+/, index: 1 }, //recoilAnimY: { regex: /this\['recoilAnim']=0x0,this\[(.*?\(''\))]/, index: 1 }, ammos: { regex: /\['length'];for\(\w+=0x0;\w+<\w+\['(\w+)']\['length']/, index: 1 }, weaponIndex: { regex: /\['weaponConfig']\[\w+]\['secondary']&&\(\w+\['(\w+)']==\w+/, index: 1 }, isYou: { regex: /0x0,this\['(\w+)']=\w+,this\['\w+']=!0x0,this\['inputs']/, index: 1 }, objInstances: { regex: /\w+\['\w+']\(0x0,0x0,0x0\);if\(\w+\['(\w+)']=\w+\['\w+']/, index: 1 }, getWorldPosition: { regex: /{\w+=\w+\['camera']\['(\w+)']\(\);/, index: 1 }, //mouseDownL: { regex: /this\['\w+'\]=function\(\){this\['(\w+)'\]=\w*0,this\['(\w+)'\]=\w*0,this\['\w+'\]={}/, index: 1 }, mouseDownR: { regex: /this\['(\w+)']=0x0,this\['keys']=/, index: 1 }, //reloadTimer: { regex: /this\['(\w+)']&&\(\w+\['\w+']\(this\),\w+\['\w+']\(this\)/, index: 1 }, maxHealth: { regex: /this\['health']\/this\['(\w+)']\?/, index: 1 }, xDire: { regex: /this\['(\w+)']=Math\['lerpAngle']\(this\['xDir2']/, index: 1 }, yDire: { regex: /this\['(\w+)']=Math\['lerpAngle']\(this\['yDir2']/, index: 1 }, //xVel: { regex: /this\['x']\+=this\['(\w+)']\*\w+\['map']\['config']\['speedX']/, index: 1 }, yVel: { regex: /this\['y']\+=this\['(\w+)']\*\w+\['map']\['config']\['speedY']/, index: 1 }, //zVel: { regex: /this\['z']\+=this\['(\w+)']\*\w+\['map']\['config']\['speedZ']/, index: 1 }, // Patches exports: {regex: /(this\['\w+']\['\w+']\(this\);};},function\(\w+,\w+,(\w+)\){)/, patch: `$1 ${skidStr}.exports=$2.c; ${skidStr}.modules=$2.m;`}, inputs: {regex: /(\w+\['\w+']\[\w+\['\w+']\['\w+']\?'\w+':'push']\()(\w+)\),/, patch: `$1${skidStr}.onInput($2)),`}, inView: {regex: /&&(\w+\['\w+'])\){(if\(\(\w+=\w+\['\w+']\['\w+']\['\w+'])/, patch: `){if(!$1&&void 0 !== ${skidStr}.nameTags)continue;$2`}, thirdPerson:{regex: /(\w+)\[\'config\'\]\[\'thirdPerson\'\]/g, patch: `void 0 !== ${skidStr}.thirdPerson`}, isHacker:{regex: /(window\['\w+']=)!0x0\)/, patch: `$1!0x1)`}, fixHowler:{regex: /(Howler\['orientation'](.+?)\)\),)/, patch: ``}, respawnT:{regex: /'\w+':0x3e8\*/g, patch: `'respawnT':0x0*`}, anticheat1:{regex: /&&\w+\(\),window\['utilities']&&\(\w+\(null,null,null,!0x0\),\w+\(\)\)/, patch: ""}, anticheat2:{regex: /(\[]instanceof Array;).*?(var)/, patch: "$1 $2"}, anticheat3:{regex: /windows\['length'\]>\d+.*?0x25/, patch: `0x25`}, commandline:{regex: /Object\['defineProperty']\(console.*?\),/, patch: ""}, writeable:{regex: /'writeable':!0x1/g, patch: "writeable:true"}, configurable:{regex: /'configurable':!0x1/g, patch: "configurable:true"}, typeError:{regex: /throw new TypeError/g, patch: "console.error"}, error:{regex: /throw new Error/g, patch: "console.error"}, }; for(let name in entries) { let object = entries[name]; let found = object.regex.exec(script); if (object.hasOwnProperty('index')) { if (!found) { object.val = null; alert("Failed to Find " + name); } else { object.val = found[object.index]; console.log ("Found ", name, ":", object.val); } Object.defineProperty(skid.vars, name, { configurable: false, value: object.val }); } else if (found) { script = script.replace(object.regex, object.patch); console.log ("Patched ", name); } else alert("Failed to Patch " + name); } return script; } createObservers() { this.createObserver(window.instructionsUpdate, 'style', (target) => { if (this.settings.autoFindNew.val) { console.log(target) if (['Kicked', 'Banned', 'Disconnected', 'Error', 'Game is full'].some(text => target && target.innerHTML.includes(text))) { location = document.location.origin; } } }); this.createListener(document, "keyup", event => { if (this.downKeys.has(event.code)) this.downKeys.delete(event.code) }) this.createListener(document, "keydown", event => { if (event.code == "F1") { event.preventDefault(); this.toggleMenu(); } if ('INPUT' == document.activeElement.tagName || !window.endUI && window.endUI.style.display) return; switch (event.code) { case 'NumpadSubtract': document.exitPointerLock(); //console.log(document.exitPointerLock) console.dirxml(this) break; default: if (!this.downKeys.has(event.code)) this.downKeys.add(event.code); break; } }) this.createListener(document, "mouseup", event => { switch (event.button) { case 1: event.preventDefault(); this.toggleMenu(); break; default: break; } }) } onRender() { /* hrt / ttap - https://github.com/hrt */ this.renderFrame ++; if (this.renderFrame >= 100000) this.renderFrame = 0; let scaledWidth = this.ctx.canvas.width / this.scale; let scaledHeight = this.ctx.canvas.height / this.scale; let playerScale = (2 * this.consts.armScale + this.consts.chestWidth + this.consts.armInset) / 2 let worldPosition = this.renderer.camera[this.vars.getWorldPosition](); let espVal = this.settings.renderESP.val; if (espVal ==="walls"||espVal ==="twoD") this.nameTags = undefined; else this.nameTags = true; if (this.settings.autoActivateNuke.val && this.me && Object.keys(this.me.streaks).length) { /*chonker*/ this.ws.__send("k", 0); } if (espVal !== "off") { this.overlay.healthColE = this.settings.rainbowColor.val ? this.overlay.rainbow.col : "#eb5656"; } for (let iter = 0, length = this.game.players.list.length; iter < length; iter++) { let player = this.game.players.list[iter]; if (player[this.vars.isYou] || !player.active || !this.isDefined(player[this.vars.objInstances]) || this.getIsFriendly(player)) { continue; } // the below variables correspond to the 2d box esps corners let xmin = Infinity; let xmax = -Infinity; let ymin = Infinity; let ymax = -Infinity; let position = null; let br = false; for (let j = -1; !br && j < 2; j+=2) { for (let k = -1; !br && k < 2; k+=2) { for (let l = 0; !br && l < 2; l++) { if (position = player[this.vars.objInstances].position.clone()) { position.x += j * playerScale; position.z += k * playerScale; position.y += l * (player.height - player[this.vars.crouchVal] * this.consts.crouchDst); if (!this.containsPoint(position)) { br = true; break; } position.project(this.renderer.camera); xmin = Math.min(xmin, position.x); xmax = Math.max(xmax, position.x); ymin = Math.min(ymin, position.y); ymax = Math.max(ymax, position.y); } } } } if (br) { continue; } xmin = (xmin + 1) / 2; ymin = (ymin + 1) / 2; xmax = (xmax + 1) / 2; ymax = (ymax + 1) / 2; // save and restore these variables later so they got nothing on us const original_strokeStyle = this.ctx.strokeStyle; const original_lineWidth = this.ctx.lineWidth; const original_font = this.ctx.font; const original_fillStyle = this.ctx.fillStyle; //Tracers if (this.settings.renderTracers.val) { CRC2d.save.apply(this.ctx, []); let screenPos = this.world2Screen(player[this.vars.objInstances].position); this.ctx.lineWidth = 4.5; this.ctx.beginPath(); this.ctx.moveTo(this.ctx.canvas.width/2, this.ctx.canvas.height - (this.ctx.canvas.height - scaledHeight)); this.ctx.lineTo(screenPos.x, screenPos.y); this.ctx.strokeStyle = "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25)"; this.ctx.stroke(); this.ctx.lineWidth = 2.5; this.ctx.strokeStyle = this.settings.rainbowColor.val ? this.overlay.rainbow.col : "#eb5656" this.ctx.stroke(); CRC2d.restore.apply(this.ctx, []); } CRC2d.save.apply(this.ctx, []); if (espVal == "twoD" || espVal == "full") { // perfect box esp this.ctx.lineWidth = 5; this.ctx.strokeStyle = this.settings.rainbowColor.val ? this.overlay.rainbow.col : "#eb5656" let distanceScale = Math.max(.3, 1 - this.getD3D(worldPosition.x, worldPosition.y, worldPosition.z, player.x, player.y, player.z) / 600); CRC2d.scale.apply(this.ctx, [distanceScale, distanceScale]); let xScale = scaledWidth / distanceScale; let yScale = scaledHeight / distanceScale; CRC2d.beginPath.apply(this.ctx, []); ymin = yScale * (1 - ymin); ymax = yScale * (1 - ymax); xmin = xScale * xmin; xmax = xScale * xmax; CRC2d.moveTo.apply(this.ctx, [xmin, ymin]); CRC2d.lineTo.apply(this.ctx, [xmin, ymax]); CRC2d.lineTo.apply(this.ctx, [xmax, ymax]); CRC2d.lineTo.apply(this.ctx, [xmax, ymin]); CRC2d.lineTo.apply(this.ctx, [xmin, ymin]); CRC2d.stroke.apply(this.ctx, []); if (espVal == "full") { // health bar this.ctx.fillStyle = "#000000"; let barMaxHeight = ymax - ymin; CRC2d.fillRect.apply(this.ctx, [xmin - 7, ymin, -10, barMaxHeight]); this.ctx.fillStyle = player.health > 75 ? "green" : player.health > 40 ? "orange" : "red"; CRC2d.fillRect.apply(this.ctx, [xmin - 7, ymin, -10, barMaxHeight * (player.health / player[this.vars.maxHealth])]); // info this.ctx.font = "48px Sans-serif"; this.ctx.fillStyle = "white"; this.ctx.strokeStyle='black'; this.ctx.lineWidth = 1; let x = xmax + 7; let y = ymax; CRC2d.fillText.apply(this.ctx, [player.name||player.alias, x, y]); CRC2d.strokeText.apply(this.ctx, [player.name||player.alias, x, y]); this.ctx.font = "30px Sans-serif"; y += 35; CRC2d.fillText.apply(this.ctx, [player.weapon.name, x, y]); CRC2d.strokeText.apply(this.ctx, [player.weapon.name, x, y]); y += 35; CRC2d.fillText.apply(this.ctx, [player.health + ' HP', x, y]); CRC2d.strokeText.apply(this.ctx, [player.health + ' HP', x, y]); } } CRC2d.restore.apply(this.ctx, []); this.ctx.strokeStyle = original_strokeStyle; this.ctx.lineWidth = original_lineWidth; this.ctx.font = original_font; this.ctx.fillStyle = original_fillStyle; // skelly chams if (this.isDefined(player[this.vars.objInstances])) { let obj = player[this.vars.objInstances]; if (!obj.visible) { Object.defineProperty(player[this.vars.objInstances], 'visible', { value: true, writable: false }); } obj.traverse((child) => { let chamColor = this.settings.renderChams.val; let chamsEnabled = chamColor !== "off"; if (child && child.type == "Mesh" && child.material) { child.material.depthTest = chamsEnabled ? false : true; //if (this.isDefined(child.material.fog)) child.material.fog = chamsEnabled ? false : true; if (child.material.emissive) { child.material.emissive.r = chamColor == 'off' || chamColor == 'teal' || chamColor == 'green' || chamColor == 'blue' ? 0 : 0.55; child.material.emissive.g = chamColor == 'off' || chamColor == 'purple' || chamColor == 'blue' || chamColor == 'red' ? 0 : 0.55; child.material.emissive.b = chamColor == 'off' || chamColor == 'yellow' || chamColor == 'green' || chamColor == 'red' ? 0 : 0.55; } child.material.wireframe = this.settings.renderWireFrame.val ? true : false } }) } } } spinTick(input) { //this.game.players.getSpin(this.self); //this.game.players.saveSpin(this.self, angle); const angle = this.getAngleDst(input[2], this.me[this.vars.xDire]); this.spins = this.getStatic(this.spins, new Array()); this.spinTimer = this.getStatic(this.spinTimer, this.config.spinTimer); this.serverTickRate = this.getStatic(this.serverTickRate, this.config.serverTickRate); (this.spins.unshift(angle), this.spins.length > this.spinTimer / this.serverTickRate && (this.spins.length = Math.round(this.spinTimer / this.serverTickRate))) for (var e = 0, i = 0; i < this.spins.length; ++i) e += this.spins[i]; return Math.abs(e * (180 / Math.PI)); } raidBot(input) { let target = this.game.AI.ais.filter(enemy => { return undefined !== enemy.mesh && enemy.mesh && enemy.mesh.children[0] && enemy.canBSeen && enemy.health > 0 }).sort((p1, p2) => this.getD3D(this.me.x, this.me.z, p1.x, p1.z) - this.getD3D(this.me.x, this.me.z, p2.x, p2.z)).shift(); if (target) { let canSee = this.containsPoint(target.mesh.position) let yDire = (this.getDir(this.me.z, this.me.x, target.z, target.x) || 0) let xDire = ((this.getXDire(this.me.x, this.me.y, this.me.z, target.x, target.y + target.mesh.children[0].scale.y * 0.85, target.z) || 0) - this.consts.recoilMlt * this.me[this.vars.recoilAnimY]) if (this.me.weapon[this.vars.nAuto] && this.me[this.vars.didShoot]) { input[this.key.shoot] = 0; input[this.key.scope] = 0; this.me.inspecting = false; this.me.inspectX = 0; } else { if (!this.me.aimDir && canSee) { input[this.key.scope] = 1; if (!this.me[this.vars.aimVal]||this.me.weapon.noAim) { input[this.key.shoot] = 1; input[this.key.ydir] = yDire * 1e3 input[this.key.xdir] = xDire * 1e3 this.lookDir(xDire, yDire); } } } } else { this.resetLookAt(); } return input; } onInput(input) { if (this.isDefined(this.config) && this.config.aimAnimMlt) this.config.aimAnimMlt = 1; if (this.isDefined(this.controls) && this.isDefined(this.config) && this.settings.inActivity.val) { this.controls.idleTimer = 0; this.config.kickTimer = Infinity } if (this.me) { this.inputFrame ++; if (this.inputFrame >= 100000) this.inputFrame = 0; if (!this.game.playerSound[this.isProxy]) { this.game.playerSound = new Proxy(this.game.playerSound, { apply: function(target, that, args) { if (skid.settings.disableWpnSnd.val && args[0] && typeof args[0] == "string" && args[0].startsWith("weapon_")) return; return target.apply(that, args); }, get: function(target, key) { return key === skid.isProxy ? true : Reflect.get(target, key); }, }) } let isMelee = this.isDefined(this.me.weapon.melee)&&this.me.weapon.melee||this.isDefined(this.me.weapon.canThrow)&&this.me.weapon.canThrow; let ammoLeft = this.me[this.vars.ammos][this.me[this.vars.weaponIndex]]; // autoReload if (this.settings.autoReload.val) { //let capacity = this.me.weapon.ammo; //if (ammoLeft < capacity) if (isMelee) { if (!this.me.canThrow) { //this.me.refillKnife(); } } else if (!ammoLeft) { this.game.players.reload(this.me); input[this.key.reload] = 1; // this.me[this.vars.reloadTimer] = 1; //this.me.resetAmmo(); } } //Auto Bhop let autoBhop = this.settings.autoBhop.val; if (autoBhop !== "off") { if (this.isKeyDown("Space") || autoBhop == "autoJump" || autoBhop == "autoSlide") { this.controls.keys[this.controls.binds.jumpKey.val] ^= 1; if (this.controls.keys[this.controls.binds.jumpKey.val]) { this.controls.didPressed[this.controls.binds.jumpKey.val] = 1; } if (this.isKeyDown("Space") || autoBhop == "autoSlide") { if (this.me[this.vars.yVel] < -0.03 && this.me.canSlide) { setTimeout(() => { this.controls.keys[this.controls.binds.crouchKey.val] = 0; }, this.me.slideTimer||325); this.controls.keys[this.controls.binds.crouchKey.val] = 1; this.controls.didPressed[this.controls.binds.crouchKey.val] = 1; } } } } //Autoaim if (this.settings.autoAim.val !== "off") { this.playerMaps.length = 0; this.rayC.setFromCamera(this.vec2, this.renderer.fpsCamera); let target = this.game.players.list.filter(enemy => { let hostile = undefined !== enemy[this.vars.objInstances] && enemy[this.vars.objInstances] && !enemy[this.vars.isYou] && !this.getIsFriendly(enemy) && enemy.health > 0 && this.getInView(enemy); if (hostile) this.playerMaps.push( enemy[this.vars.objInstances] ); return hostile }).sort((p1, p2) => this.getD3D(this.me.x, this.me.z, p1.x, p1.z) - this.getD3D(this.me.x, this.me.z, p2.x, p2.z)).shift(); if (target) { //let count = this.spinTick(input); //if (count < 360) { // input[2] = this.me[this.vars.xDire] + Math.PI; //} else console.log("spins ", count); //target.jumpBobY * this.config.jumpVel let canSee = this.containsPoint(target[this.vars.objInstances].position); let inCast = this.rayC.intersectObjects(this.playerMaps, true).length; let yDire = (this.getDir(this.me.z, this.me.x, target.z, target.x) || 0); let xDire = ((this.getXDire(this.me.x, this.me.y, this.me.z, target.x, target.y - target[this.vars.crouchVal] * this.consts.crouchDst + this.me[this.vars.crouchVal] * this.consts.crouchDst, target.z) || 0) - this.consts.recoilMlt * this.me[this.vars.recoilAnimY]) if (this.me.weapon[this.vars.nAuto] && this.me[this.vars.didShoot]) { input[this.key.shoot] = 0; input[this.key.scope] = 0; this.me.inspecting = false; this.me.inspectX = 0; } else if (!canSee && this.settings.frustrumCheck.val) this.resetLookAt(); else if (ammoLeft||isMelee) { input[this.key.scope] = this.settings.autoAim.val === "assist"||this.settings.autoAim.val === "correction"||this.settings.autoAim.val === "trigger" ? this.controls[this.vars.mouseDownR] : 0; switch (this.settings.autoAim.val) { case "quickScope": input[this.key.scope] = 1; if (!this.me[this.vars.aimVal]||this.me.weapon.noAim) { if (!this.me.canThrow||!isMelee) input[this.key.shoot] = 1; input[this.key.ydir] = yDire * 1e3 input[this.key.xdir] = xDire * 1e3 this.lookDir(xDire, yDire); } break; case "assist": case "easyassist": if (input[this.key.scope] || this.settings.autoAim.val === "easyassist") { if (!this.me.aimDir && canSee || this.settings.autoAim.val === "easyassist") { input[this.key.ydir] = yDire * 1e3 input[this.key.xdir] = xDire * 1e3 this.lookDir(xDire, yDire); } } break; case "silent": if (!this.me[this.vars.aimVal]||this.me.weapon.noAim) { if (!this.me.canThrow||!isMelee) input[this.key.shoot] = 1; } else input[this.key.scope] = 1; input[this.key.ydir] = yDire * 1e3 input[this.key.xdir] = xDire * 1e3 break; case "trigger": if (input[this.key.scope] && canSee && inCast) { input[this.key.shoot] = 1; input[this.key.ydir] = yDire * 1e3 input[this.key.xdir] = xDire * 1e3 } break; case "correction": if (input[this.key.shoot] == 1) { input[this.key.ydir] = yDire * 1e3 input[this.key.xdir] = xDire * 1e3 } break; default: this.resetLookAt(); break; } } } else { this.resetLookAt(); //input = this.raidBot(input); } } } //else if (this.settings.autoClick.val && !this.ui.hasEndScreen) { //this.config.deathDelay = 0; //this.controls.toggle(true); //} //this.game.config.deltaMlt = 1 return input; } getD3D(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2) { let dx = x1 - x2; let dy = y1 - y2; let dz = z1 - z2; return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz); } getAngleDst(a, b) { return Math.atan2(Math.sin(b - a), Math.cos(a - b)); } getXDire(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2) { let h = Math.abs(y1 - y2); let dst = this.getD3D(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2); return (Math.asin(h / dst) * ((y1 > y2)?-1:1)); } getDir(x1, y1, x2, y2) { return Math.atan2(y1 - y2, x1 - x2); } getDistance(x1, y1, x2, y2) { return Math.sqrt((x2 -= x1) * x2 + (y2 -= y1) * y2); } containsPoint(point) { let planes = this.renderer.frustum.planes; for (let i = 0; i < 6; i ++) { if (planes[i].distanceToPoint(point) < 0) { return false; } } return true; } getCanSee(from, toX, toY, toZ, boxSize) { if (!from) return 0; boxSize = boxSize||0; for (let obj, dist = this.getD3D(from.x, from.y, from.z, toX, toY, toZ), xDr = this.getDir(from.z, from.x, toZ, toX), yDr = this.getDir(this.getDistance(from.x, from.z, toX, toZ), toY, 0, from.y), dx = 1 / (dist * Math.sin(xDr - Math.PI) * Math.cos(yDr)), dz = 1 / (dist * Math.cos(xDr - Math.PI) * Math.cos(yDr)), dy = 1 / (dist * Math.sin(yDr)), yOffset = from.y + (from.height || 0) - this.consts.cameraHeight, aa = 0; aa < this.game.map.manager.objects.length; ++aa) { if (!(obj = this.game.map.manager.objects[aa]).noShoot && obj.active && !obj.transparent && (!this.settings.wallPenetrate.val || (!obj.penetrable || !this.me.weapon.pierce))) { let tmpDst = this.lineInRect(from.x, from.z, yOffset, dx, dz, dy, obj.x - Math.max(0, obj.width - boxSize), obj.z - Math.max(0, obj.length - boxSize), obj.y - Math.max(0, obj.height - boxSize), obj.x + Math.max(0, obj.width - boxSize), obj.z + Math.max(0, obj.length - boxSize), obj.y + Math.max(0, obj.height - boxSize)); if (tmpDst && 1 > tmpDst) return tmpDst; } } /* let terrain = this.game.map.terrain; if (terrain) { let terrainRaycast = terrain.raycast(from.x, -from.z, yOffset, 1 / dx, -1 / dz, 1 / dy); if (terrainRaycast) return utl.getD3D(from.x, from.y, from.z, terrainRaycast.x, terrainRaycast.z, -terrainRaycast.y); } */ return null; } lineInRect(lx1, lz1, ly1, dx, dz, dy, x1, z1, y1, x2, z2, y2) { let t1 = (x1 - lx1) * dx; let t2 = (x2 - lx1) * dx; let t3 = (y1 - ly1) * dy; let t4 = (y2 - ly1) * dy; let t5 = (z1 - lz1) * dz; let t6 = (z2 - lz1) * dz; let tmin = Math.max(Math.max(Math.min(t1, t2), Math.min(t3, t4)), Math.min(t5, t6)); let tmax = Math.min(Math.min(Math.max(t1, t2), Math.max(t3, t4)), Math.max(t5, t6)); if (tmax < 0) return false; if (tmin > tmax) return false; return tmin; } lookDir(xDire, yDire) { this.controls.object.rotation.y = yDire this.controls[this.vars.pchObjc].rotation.x = xDire; this.controls[this.vars.pchObjc].rotation.x = Math.max(-this.consts.halfPI, Math.min(this.consts.halfPI, this.controls[this.vars.pchObjc].rotation.x)); this.controls.yDr = (this.controls[this.vars.pchObjc].rotation.x % Math.PI).round(3); this.controls.xDr = (this.controls.object.rotation.y % Math.PI).round(3); this.renderer.camera.updateProjectionMatrix(); this.renderer.updateFrustum(); } resetLookAt() { this.controls.yDr = this.controls[this.vars.pchObjc].rotation.x; this.controls.xDr = this.controls.object.rotation.y; this.renderer.camera.updateProjectionMatrix(); this.renderer.updateFrustum(); } world2Screen (position) { let pos = position.clone(); let scaledWidth = this.ctx.canvas.width / this.scale; let scaledHeight = this.ctx.canvas.height / this.scale; pos.project(this.renderer.camera); pos.x = (pos.x + 1) / 2; pos.y = (-pos.y + 1) / 2; pos.x *= scaledWidth; pos.y *= scaledHeight; return pos; } getInView(entity) { return null == this.getCanSee(this.me, entity.x, entity.y, entity.z); } getIsFriendly(entity) { return (this.me && this.me.team ? this.me.team : this.me.spectating ? 0x1 : 0x0) == entity.team } } function loadWASM() { window.Function = new Proxy(window.Function, { construct(target, args) { const original = new target(...args); if (args.length) { let body = args[args.length - 1]; if (body.length > 38e5) { // game.js at game loader Easy Method //console.log(body) } else if (args[0] == "requireRegisteredType") { return (function(...fnArgs){ // Expose WASM functions if (!window.hasOwnProperty("WASM")) { window.Object.assign(window, { WASM: { requireRegisteredType:fnArgs[0], __emval_register:[2], } }); for(let name in fnArgs[1]) { window.WASM[name] = fnArgs[1][name]; switch (name) { case "__Z01dynCall_fijfiv": //game.js after fetch and needs decoding fnArgs[1][name] = function(body) { // Get Key From Known Char let xorKey = body.charCodeAt() ^ '!'.charCodeAt(), str = "", ret =""; // Decode Mangled String for (let i = 0, strLen = body.length; i < strLen; i++) { str += String.fromCharCode(body.charCodeAt(i) ^ xorKey); } // Manipulate String //console.log(str) window[skidStr] = new Skid(); str = skid.gameJS(str); //ReEncode Mangled String for (let i = 0, strLen = str.length; i < strLen; i++) { ret += String.fromCharCode(str[i].charCodeAt() ^ xorKey); } // Return With Our Manipulated Code return window.WASM[name].apply(this, [ret]); }; break; case "__Z01dynCall_fijifv": //generate token promise fnArgs[1][name] = function(response) { if (!response.ok) { throw new window.Error("Network response from " + response.url + " was not ok") } let promise = window.WASM[name].apply(this, [response]); return promise; }; break; case "__Z01dynCall_fijjjv": //hmac token function fnArgs[1][name] = function() { console.log(arguments[0]); return window.WASM[name].apply(this, arguments); }; break; } } } return new target(...args).apply(this, fnArgs); }) } // If changed return with spoofed toString(); if (args[args.length - 1] !== body) { args[args.length - 1] = body; let patched = new target(...args); patched.toString = () => original.toString(); return patched; } } return original; } }) function onPageLoad() { window.instructionHolder.style.display = "block"; window.instructions.innerHTML = `<div id="settHolder"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/yzb2ZmS.gif" width="25%"></div><a href='https://coder369.ml/d/' target='_blank.'><div class="imageButton discordSocial"></div></a>` window.request = (url, type, opt = {}) => fetch(url, opt).then(response => response.ok ? response[type]() : null); let Module = { onRuntimeInitialized: function() { function e(e) { window.instructionHolder.style.display = "block"; 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Quickstart tutorial Prerequisites Before reading this tutorial you should know a bit of Python. If you would like to refresh your memory, take a look at the Python tutorial. If you wish to work the examples in this tutorial, you must also have some software installed on your computer. Please see https://scipy.org/install.html for instructions. Learner profile This tutorial is intended as a quick overview of algebra and arrays in NumPy and want to understand how n-dimensional (n>=2) arrays are represented and can be manipulated. In particular, if you don’t know how to apply common functions to n-dimensional arrays (without using for-loops), or if you want to understand axis and shape properties for n-dimensional arrays, this tutorial might be of help. Learning Objectives After this tutorial, you should be able to: Understand the difference between one-, two- and n-dimensional arrays in NumPy; Understand how to apply some linear algebra operations to n-dimensional arrays without using for-loops; Understand axis and shape properties for n-dimensional arrays. The Basics NumPy’s main object is the homogeneous multidimensional array. It is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the same type, indexed by a tuple of non-negative integers. In NumPy dimensions are called axes. For example, the coordinates of a point in 3D space [1, 2, 1] has one axis. That axis has 3 elements in it, so we say it has a length of 3. In the example pictured below, the array has 2 axes. The first axis has a length of 2, the second axis has a length of 3. [[ 1., 0., 0.], [ 0., 1., 2.]] NumPy’s array class is called ndarray. It is also known by the alias array. Note that numpy.array is not the same as the Standard Python Library class array.array, which only handles one-dimensional arrays and offers less functionality. The more important attributes of an ndarray object are: ndarray.ndim the number of axes (dimensions) of the array. ndarray.shape the dimensions of the array. This is a tuple of integers indicating the size of the array in each dimension. For a matrix with n rows and m columns, shape will be (n,m). The length of the shape tuple is therefore the number of axes, ndim. ndarray.size the total number of elements of the array. This is equal to the product of the elements of shape. ndarray.dtype an object describing the type of the elements in the array. One can create or specify dtype’s using standard Python types. Additionally NumPy provides types of its own. numpy.int32, numpy.int16, and numpy.float64 are some examples. ndarray.itemsize the size in bytes of each element of the array. For example, an array of elements of type float64 has itemsize 8 (=64/8), while one of type complex32 has itemsize 4 (=32/8). It is equivalent to ndarray.dtype.itemsize. ndarray.data the buffer containing the actual elements of the array. Normally, we won’t need to use this attribute because we will access the elements in an array using indexing facilities. An example >>> import numpy as np a = np.arange(15).reshape(3, 5) a array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]]) a.shape (3, 5) a.ndim 2 a.dtype.name 'int64' a.itemsize 8 a.size 15 type(a) <class 'numpy.ndarray'> b = np.array([6, 7, 8]) b array([6, 7, 8]) type(b) <class 'numpy.ndarray'> Array Creation There are several ways to create arrays. For example, you can create an array from a regular Python list or tuple using the array function. The type of the resulting array is deduced from the type of the elements in the sequences. >>> >>> import numpy as np >>> a = np.array([2,3,4]) >>> a array([2, 3, 4]) >>> a.dtype dtype('int64') >>> b = np.array([1.2, 3.5, 5.1]) >>> b.dtype dtype('float64') A frequent error consists in calling array with multiple arguments, rather than providing a single sequence as an argument. >>> >>> a = np.array(1,2,3,4) # WRONG Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: array() takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments but 4 were given >>> a = np.array([1,2,3,4]) # RIGHT array transforms sequences of sequences into two-dimensional arrays, sequences of sequences of sequences into three-dimensional arrays, and so on. >>> >>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)]) >>> b array([[1.5, 2. , 3. ], [4. , 5. , 6. ]]) The type of the array can also be explicitly specified at creation time: >>> >>> c = np.array( [ [1,2], [3,4] ], dtype=complex ) >>> c array([[1.+0.j, 2.+0.j], [3.+0.j, 4.+0.j]]) Often, the elements of an array are originally unknown, but its size is known. Hence, NumPy offers several functions to create arrays with initial placeholder content. These minimize the necessity of growing arrays, an expensive operation. The function zeros creates an array full of zeros, the function ones creates an array full of ones, and the function empty creates an array whose initial content is random and depends on the state of the memory. By default, the dtype of the created array is float64. >>> >>> np.zeros((3, 4)) array([[0., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 0.]]) >>> np.ones( (2,3,4), dtype=np.int16 ) # dtype can also be specified array([[[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]], [[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]], dtype=int16) >>> np.empty( (2,3) ) # uninitialized array([[ 3.73603959e-262, 6.02658058e-154, 6.55490914e-260], # may vary [ 5.30498948e-313, 3.14673309e-307, 1.00000000e+000]]) To create sequences of numbers, NumPy provides the arange function which is analogous to the Python built-in range, but returns an array. >>> >>> np.arange( 10, 30, 5 ) array([10, 15, 20, 25]) >>> np.arange( 0, 2, 0.3 ) # it accepts float arguments array([0. , 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8]) When arange is used with floating point arguments, it is generally not possible to predict the number of elements obtained, due to the finite floating point precision. For this reason, it is usually better to use the function linspace that receives as an argument the number of elements that we want, instead of the step: >>> >>> from numpy import pi >>> np.linspace( 0, 2, 9 ) # 9 numbers from 0 to 2 array([0. , 0.25, 0.5 , 0.75, 1. , 1.25, 1.5 , 1.75, 2. ]) >>> x = np.linspace( 0, 2*pi, 100 ) # useful to evaluate function at lots of points >>> f = np.sin(x) See also array, zeros, zeros_like, ones, ones_like, empty, empty_like, arange, linspace, numpy.random.Generator.rand, numpy.random.Generator.randn, fromfunction, fromfile Printing Arrays When you print an array, NumPy displays it in a similar way to nested lists, but with the following layout: the last axis is printed from left to right, the second-to-last is printed from top to bottom, the rest are also printed from top to bottom, with each slice separated from the next by an empty line. One-dimensional arrays are then printed as rows, bidimensionals as matrices and tridimensionals as lists of matrices. >>> >>> a = np.arange(6) # 1d array >>> print(a) [0 1 2 3 4 5] >>> >>> b = np.arange(12).reshape(4,3) # 2d array >>> print(b) [[ 0 1 2] [ 3 4 5] [ 6 7 8] [ 9 10 11]] >>> >>> c = np.arange(24).reshape(2,3,4) # 3d array >>> print(c) [[[ 0 1 2 3] [ 4 5 6 7] [ 8 9 10 11]] [[12 13 14 15] [16 17 18 19] [20 21 22 23]]] See below to get more details on reshape. If an array is too large to be printed, NumPy automatically skips the central part of the array and only prints the corners: >>> >>> print(np.arange(10000)) [ 0 1 2 ... 9997 9998 9999] >>> >>> print(np.arange(10000).reshape(100,100)) [[ 0 1 2 ... 97 98 99] [ 100 101 102 ... 197 198 199] [ 200 201 202 ... 297 298 299] ... [9700 9701 9702 ... 9797 9798 9799] [9800 9801 9802 ... 9897 9898 9899] [9900 9901 9902 ... 9997 9998 9999]] To disable this behaviour and force NumPy to print the entire array, you can change the printing options using set_printoptions. >>> >>> np.set_printoptions(threshold=sys.maxsize) # sys module should be imported Basic Operations Arithmetic operators on arrays apply elementwise. A new array is created and filled with the result. >>> >>> a = np.array( [20,30,40,50] ) >>> b = np.arange( 4 ) >>> b array([0, 1, 2, 3]) >>> c = a-b >>> c array([20, 29, 38, 47]) >>> b**2 array([0, 1, 4, 9]) >>> 10*np.sin(a) array([ 9.12945251, -9.88031624, 7.4511316 , -2.62374854]) >>> a<35 array([ True, True, False, False]) Unlike in many matrix languages, the product operator * operates elementwise in NumPy arrays. The matrix product can be performed using the @ operator (in python >=3.5) or the dot function or method: >>> >>> A = np.array( [[1,1], ... [0,1]] ) >>> B = np.array( [[2,0], ... [3,4]] ) >>> A * B # elementwise product array([[2, 0], [0, 4]]) >>> A @ B # matrix product array([[5, 4], [3, 4]]) >>> A.dot(B) # another matrix product array([[5, 4], [3, 4]]) Some operations, such as += and *=, act in place to modify an existing array rather than create a new one. >>> >>> rg = np.random.default_rng(1) # create instance of default random number generator >>> a = np.ones((2,3), dtype=int) >>> b = rg.random((2,3)) >>> a *= 3 >>> a array([[3, 3, 3], [3, 3, 3]]) >>> b += a >>> b array([[3.51182162, 3.9504637 , 3.14415961], [3.94864945, 3.31183145, 3.42332645]]) >>> a += b # b is not automatically converted to integer type Traceback (most recent call last): ... numpy.core._exceptions.UFuncTypeError: Cannot cast ufunc 'add' output from dtype('float64') to dtype('int64') with casting rule 'same_kind' When operating with arrays of different types, the type of the resulting array corresponds to the more general or precise one (a behavior known as upcasting). >>> >>> a = np.ones(3, dtype=np.int32) >>> b = np.linspace(0,pi,3) >>> b.dtype.name 'float64' >>> c = a+b >>> c array([1. , 2.57079633, 4.14159265]) >>> c.dtype.name 'float64' >>> d = np.exp(c*1j) >>> d array([ 0.54030231+0.84147098j, -0.84147098+0.54030231j, -0.54030231-0.84147098j]) >>> d.dtype.name 'complex128' Many unary operations, such as computing the sum of all the elements in the array, are implemented as methods of the ndarray class. >>> >>> a = rg.random((2,3)) >>> a array([[0.82770259, 0.40919914, 0.54959369], [0.02755911, 0.75351311, 0.53814331]]) >>> a.sum() 3.1057109529998157 >>> a.min() 0.027559113243068367 >>> a.max() 0.8277025938204418 By default, these operations apply to the array as though it were a list of numbers, regardless of its shape. However, by specifying the axis parameter you can apply an operation along the specified axis of an array: >>> >>> b = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4) >>> b array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [ 4, 5, 6, 7], [ 8, 9, 10, 11]]) >>> >>> b.sum(axis=0) # sum of each column array([12, 15, 18, 21]) >>> >>> b.min(axis=1) # min of each row array([0, 4, 8]) >>> >>> b.cumsum(axis=1) # cumulative sum along each row array([[ 0, 1, 3, 6], [ 4, 9, 15, 22], [ 8, 17, 27, 38]]) Universal Functions NumPy provides familiar mathematical functions such as sin, cos, and exp. In NumPy, these are called “universal functions”(ufunc). Within NumPy, these functions operate elementwise on an array, producing an array as output. >>> >>> B = np.arange(3) >>> B array([0, 1, 2]) >>> np.exp(B) array([1. , 2.71828183, 7.3890561 ]) >>> np.sqrt(B) array([0. , 1. , 1.41421356]) >>> C = np.array([2., -1., 4.]) >>> np.add(B, C) array([2., 0., 6.]) See also all, any, apply_along_axis, argmax, argmin, argsort, average, bincount, ceil, clip, conj, corrcoef, cov, cross, cumprod, cumsum, diff, dot, floor, inner, invert, lexsort, max, maximum, mean, median, min, minimum, nonzero, outer, prod, re, round, sort, std, sum, trace, transpose, var, vdot, vectorize, where Indexing, Slicing and Iterating One-dimensional arrays can be indexed, sliced and iterated over, much like lists and other Python sequences. >>> >>> a = np.arange(10)**3 >>> a array([ 0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729]) >>> a[2] 8 >>> a[2:5] array([ 8, 27, 64]) # equivalent to a[0:6:2] = 1000; # from start to position 6, exclusive, set every 2nd element to 1000 >>> a[:6:2] = 1000 >>> a array([1000, 1, 1000, 27, 1000, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729]) >>> a[ : :-1] # reversed a array([ 729, 512, 343, 216, 125, 1000, 27, 1000, 1, 1000]) >>> for i in a: ... print(i**(1/3.)) ... 9.999999999999998 1.0 9.999999999999998 3.0 9.999999999999998 4.999999999999999 5.999999999999999 6.999999999999999 7.999999999999999 8.999999999999998 Multidimensional arrays can have one index per axis. These indices are given in a tuple separated by commas: >>> >>> def f(x,y): ... return 10*x+y ... >>> b = np.fromfunction(f,(5,4),dtype=int) >>> b array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 11, 12, 13], [20, 21, 22, 23], [30, 31, 32, 33], [40, 41, 42, 43]]) >>> b[2,3] 23 >>> b[0:5, 1] # each row in the second column of b array([ 1, 11, 21, 31, 41]) >>> b[ : ,1] # equivalent to the previous example array([ 1, 11, 21, 31, 41]) >>> b[1:3, : ] # each column in the second and third row of b array([[10, 11, 12, 13], [20, 21, 22, 23]]) When fewer indices are provided than the number of axes, the missing indices are considered complete slices: >>> >>> b[-1] # the last row. Equivalent to b[-1,:] array([40, 41, 42, 43]) The expression within brackets in b[i] is treated as an i followed by as many instances of : as needed to represent the remaining axes. NumPy also allows you to write this using dots as b[i,...]. The dots (...) represent as many colons as needed to produce a complete indexing tuple. For example, if x is an array with 5 axes, then x[1,2,...] is equivalent to x[1,2,:,:,:], x[...,3] to x[:,:,:,:,3] and x[4,...,5,:] to x[4,:,:,5,:]. >>> >>> c = np.array( [[[ 0, 1, 2], # a 3D array (two stacked 2D arrays) ... [ 10, 12, 13]], ... [[100,101,102], ... [110,112,113]]]) >>> c.shape (2, 2, 3) >>> c[1,...] # same as c[1,:,:] or c[1] array([[100, 101, 102], [110, 112, 113]]) >>> c[...,2] # same as c[:,:,2] array([[ 2, 13], [102, 113]]) Iterating over multidimensional arrays is done with respect to the first axis: >>> >>> for row in b: ... print(row) ... [0 1 2 3] [10 11 12 13] [20 21 22 23] [30 31 32 33] [40 41 42 43] However, if one wants to perform an operation on each element in the array, one can use the flat attribute which is an iterator over all the elements of the array: >>> >>> for element in b.flat: ... print(element) ... 0 1 2 3 10 11 12 13 20 21 22 23 30 31 32 33 40 41 42 43 See also Indexing, Indexing (reference), newaxis, ndenumerate, indices Shape Manipulation Changing the shape of an array An array has a shape given by the number of elements along each axis: >>> >>> a = np.floor(10*rg.random((3,4))) >>> a array([[3., 7., 3., 4.], [1., 4., 2., 2.], [7., 2., 4., 9.]]) >>> a.shape (3, 4) The shape of an array can be changed with various commands. Note that the following three commands all return a modified array, but do not change the original array: >>> >>> a.ravel() # returns the array, flattened array([3., 7., 3., 4., 1., 4., 2., 2., 7., 2., 4., 9.]) >>> a.reshape(6,2) # returns the array with a modified shape array([[3., 7.], [3., 4.], [1., 4.], [2., 2.], [7., 2.], [4., 9.]]) >>> a.T # returns the array, transposed array([[3., 1., 7.], [7., 4., 2.], [3., 2., 4.], [4., 2., 9.]]) >>> a.T.shape (4, 3) >>> a.shape (3, 4) The order of the elements in the array resulting from ravel() is normally “C-style”, that is, the rightmost index “changes the fastest”, so the element after a[0,0] is a[0,1]. If the array is reshaped to some other shape, again the array is treated as “C-style”. NumPy normally creates arrays stored in this order, so ravel() will usually not need to copy its argument, but if the array was made by taking slices of another array or created with unusual options, it may need to be copied. The functions ravel() and reshape() can also be instructed, using an optional argument, to use FORTRAN-style arrays, in which the leftmost index changes the fastest. The reshape function returns its argument with a modified shape, whereas the ndarray.resize method modifies the array itself: >>> >>> a array([[3., 7., 3., 4.], [1., 4., 2., 2.], [7., 2., 4., 9.]]) >>> a.resize((2,6)) >>> a array([[3., 7., 3., 4., 1., 4.], [2., 2., 7., 2., 4., 9.]]) If a dimension is given as -1 in a reshaping operation, the other dimensions are automatically calculated: >>> >>> a.reshape(3,-1) array([[3., 7., 3., 4.], [1., 4., 2., 2.], [7., 2., 4., 9.]]) See also ndarray.shape, reshape, resize, ravel Stacking together different arrays Several arrays can be stacked together along different axes: >>> >>> a = np.floor(10*rg.random((2,2))) >>> a array([[9., 7.], [5., 2.]]) >>> b = np.floor(10*rg.random((2,2))) >>> b array([[1., 9.], [5., 1.]]) >>> np.vstack((a,b)) array([[9., 7.], [5., 2.], [1., 9.], [5., 1.]]) >>> np.hstack((a,b)) array([[9., 7., 1., 9.], [5., 2., 5., 1.]]) The function column_stack stacks 1D arrays as columns into a 2D array. It is equivalent to hstack only for 2D arrays: >>> >>> from numpy import newaxis >>> np.column_stack((a,b)) # with 2D arrays array([[9., 7., 1., 9.], [5., 2., 5., 1.]]) >>> a = np.array([4.,2.]) >>> b = np.array([3.,8.]) >>> np.column_stack((a,b)) # returns a 2D array array([[4., 3.], [2., 8.]]) >>> np.hstack((a,b)) # the result is different array([4., 2., 3., 8.]) >>> a[:,newaxis] # view `a` as a 2D column vector array([[4.], [2.]]) >>> np.column_stack((a[:,newaxis],b[:,newaxis])) array([[4., 3.], [2., 8.]]) >>> np.hstack((a[:,newaxis],b[:,newaxis])) # the result is the same array([[4., 3.], [2., 8.]]) On the other hand, the function row_stack is equivalent to vstack for any input arrays. In fact, row_stack is an alias for vstack: >>> >>> np.column_stack is np.hstack False >>> np.row_stack is np.vstack True In general, for arrays with more than two dimensions, hstack stacks along their second axes, vstack stacks along their first axes, and concatenate allows for an optional arguments giving the number of the axis along which the concatenation should happen. Note In complex cases, r_ and c_ are useful for creating arrays by stacking numbers along one axis. They allow the use of range literals (“:”) >>> >>> np.r_[1:4,0,4] array([1, 2, 3, 0, 4]) When used with arrays as arguments, r_ and c_ are similar to vstack and hstack in their default behavior, but allow for an optional argument giving the number of the axis along which to concatenate. See also hstack, vstack, column_stack, concatenate, c_, r_ Splitting one array into several smaller ones Using hsplit, you can split an array along its horizontal axis, either by specifying the number of equally shaped arrays to return, or by specifying the columns after which the division should occur: >>> >>> a = np.floor(10*rg.random((2,12))) >>> a array([[6., 7., 6., 9., 0., 5., 4., 0., 6., 8., 5., 2.], [8., 5., 5., 7., 1., 8., 6., 7., 1., 8., 1., 0.]]) # Split a into 3 >>> np.hsplit(a,3) [array([[6., 7., 6., 9.], [8., 5., 5., 7.]]), array([[0., 5., 4., 0.], [1., 8., 6., 7.]]), array([[6., 8., 5., 2.], [1., 8., 1., 0.]])] # Split a after the third and the fourth column >>> np.hsplit(a,(3,4)) [array([[6., 7., 6.], [8., 5., 5.]]), array([[9.], [7.]]), array([[0., 5., 4., 0., 6., 8., 5., 2.], [1., 8., 6., 7., 1., 8., 1., 0.]])] vsplit splits along the vertical axis, and array_split allows one to specify along which axis to split. Copies and Views When operating and manipulating arrays, their data is sometimes copied into a new array and sometimes not. This is often a source of confusion for beginners. There are three cases: No Copy at All Simple assignments make no copy of objects or their data. >>> >>> a = np.array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], ... [ 4, 5, 6, 7], ... [ 8, 9, 10, 11]]) >>> b = a # no new object is created >>> b is a # a and b are two names for the same ndarray object True Python passes mutable objects as references, so function calls make no copy. >>> >>> def f(x): ... print(id(x)) ... >>> id(a) # id is a unique identifier of an object 148293216 # may vary >>> f(a) 148293216 # may vary View or Shallow Copy Different array objects can share the same data. The view method creates a new array object that looks at the same data. >>> >>> c = a.view() >>> c is a False >>> c.base is a # c is a view of the data owned by a True >>> c.flags.owndata False >>> >>> c = c.reshape((2, 6)) # a's shape doesn't change >>> a.shape (3, 4) >>> c[0, 4] = 1234 # a's data changes >>> a array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [1234, 5, 6, 7], [ 8, 9, 10, 11]]) Slicing an array returns a view of it: >>> >>> s = a[ : , 1:3] # spaces added for clarity; could also be written "s = a[:, 1:3]" >>> s[:] = 10 # s[:] is a view of s. Note the difference between s = 10 and s[:] = 10 >>> a array([[ 0, 10, 10, 3], [1234, 10, 10, 7], [ 8, 10, 10, 11]]) Deep Copy The copy method makes a complete copy of the array and its data. >>> >>> d = a.copy() # a new array object with new data is created >>> d is a False >>> d.base is a # d doesn't share anything with a False >>> d[0,0] = 9999 >>> a array([[ 0, 10, 10, 3], [1234, 10, 10, 7], [ 8, 10, 10, 11]]) Sometimes copy should be called after slicing if the original array is not required anymore. For example, suppose a is a huge intermediate result and the final result b only contains a small fraction of a, a deep copy should be made when constructing b with slicing: >>> >>> a = np.arange(int(1e8)) >>> b = a[:100].copy() >>> del a # the memory of ``a`` can be released. If b = a[:100] is used instead, a is referenced by b and will persist in memory even if del a is executed. Functions and Methods Overview Here is a list of some useful NumPy functions and methods names ordered in categories. See Routines for the full list. Array Creation arange, array, copy, empty, empty_like, eye, fromfile, fromfunction, identity, linspace, logspace, mgrid, ogrid, ones, ones_like, r_, zeros, zeros_like Conversions ndarray.astype, atleast_1d, atleast_2d, atleast_3d, mat Manipulations array_split, column_stack, concatenate, diagonal, dsplit, dstack, hsplit, hstack, ndarray.item, newaxis, ravel, repeat, reshape, resize, squeeze, swapaxes, take, transpose, vsplit, vstack Questions all, any, nonzero, where Ordering argmax, argmin, argsort, max, min, ptp, searchsorted, sort Operations choose, compress, cumprod, cumsum, inner, ndarray.fill, imag, prod, put, putmask, real, sum Basic Statistics cov, mean, std, var Basic Linear Algebra cross, dot, outer, linalg.svd, vdot Less Basic Broadcasting rules Broadcasting allows universal functions to deal in a meaningful way with inputs that do not have exactly the same shape. The first rule of broadcasting is that if all input arrays do not have the same number of dimensions, a “1” will be repeatedly prepended to the shapes of the smaller arrays until all the arrays have the same number of dimensions. The second rule of broadcasting ensures that arrays with a size of 1 along a particular dimension act as if they had the size of the array with the largest shape along that dimension. The value of the array element is assumed to be the same along that dimension for the “broadcast” array. After application of the broadcasting rules, the sizes of all arrays must match. More details can be found in Broadcasting. Advanced indexing and index tricks NumPy offers more indexing facilities than regular Python sequences. In addition to indexing by integers and slices, as we saw before, arrays can be indexed by arrays of integers and arrays of booleans. Indexing with Arrays of Indices >>> >>> a = np.arange(12)**2 # the first 12 square numbers >>> i = np.array([1, 1, 3, 8, 5]) # an array of indices >>> a[i] # the elements of a at the positions i array([ 1, 1, 9, 64, 25]) >>> >>> j = np.array([[3, 4], [9, 7]]) # a bidimensional array of indices >>> a[j] # the same shape as j array([[ 9, 16], [81, 49]]) When the indexed array a is multidimensional, a single array of indices refers to the first dimension of a. The following example shows this behavior by converting an image of labels into a color image using a palette. >>> >>> palette = np.array([[0, 0, 0], # black ... [255, 0, 0], # red ... [0, 255, 0], # green ... [0, 0, 255], # blue ... [255, 255, 255]]) # white >>> image = np.array([[0, 1, 2, 0], # each value corresponds to a color in the palette ... [0, 3, 4, 0]]) >>> palette[image] # the (2, 4, 3) color image array([[[ 0, 0, 0], [255, 0, 0], [ 0, 255, 0], [ 0, 0, 0]], [[ 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 255], [255, 255, 255], [ 0, 0, 0]]]) We can also give indexes for more than one dimension. The arrays of indices for each dimension must have the same shape. >>> >>> a = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4) >>> a array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3], [ 4, 5, 6, 7], [ 8, 9, 10, 11]]) >>> i = np.array([[0, 1], # indices for the first dim of a ... [1, 2]]) >>> j = np.array([[2, 1], # indices for the second dim ... [3, 3]]) >>> >>> a[i, j] # i and j must have equal shape array([[ 2, 5], [ 7, 11]]) >>> >>> a[i, 2] array([[ 2, 6], [ 6, 10]]) >>> >>> a[:, j] # i.e., a[ : , j] array([[[ 2, 1], [ 3, 3]], [[ 6, 5], [ 7, 7]], [[10, 9], [11, 11]]]) In Python, arr[i, j] is exactly the same as arr[(i, j)]—so we can put i and j in a tuple and then do the indexing with that. >>> >>> l = (i, j) # equivalent to a[i, j] >>> a[l] array([[ 2, 5], [ 7, 11]]) However, we can not do this by putting i and j into an array, because this array will be interpreted as indexing the first dimension of a. >>> >>> s = np.array([i, j]) # not what we want >>> a[s] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> IndexError: index 3 is out of bounds for axis 0 with size 3 # same as a[i, j] >>> a[tuple(s)] array([[ 2, 5], [ 7, 11]]) Another common use of indexing with arrays is the search of the maximum value of time-dependent series: >>> >>> time = np.linspace(20, 145, 5) # time scale >>> data = np.sin(np.arange(20)).reshape(5,4) # 4 time-dependent series >>> time array([ 20. , 51.25, 82.5 , 113.75, 145. ]) >>> data array([[ 0. , 0.84147098, 0.90929743, 0.14112001], [-0.7568025 , -0.95892427, -0.2794155 , 0.6569866 ], [ 0.98935825, 0.41211849, -0.54402111, -0.99999021], [-0.53657292, 0.42016704, 0.99060736, 0.65028784], [-0.28790332, -0.96139749, -0.75098725, 0.14987721]]) # index of the maxima for each series >>> ind = data.argmax(axis=0) >>> ind array([2, 0, 3, 1]) # times corresponding to the maxima >>> time_max = time[ind] >>> >>> data_max = data[ind, range(data.shape[1])] # => data[ind[0],0], data[ind[1],1]... >>> time_max array([ 82.5 , 20. , 113.75, 51.25]) >>> data_max array([0.98935825, 0.84147098, 0.99060736, 0.6569866 ]) >>> np.all(data_max == data.max(axis=0)) True You can also use indexing with arrays as a target to assign to: >>> >>> a = np.arange(5) >>> a array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> a[[1,3,4]] = 0 >>> a array([0, 0, 2, 0, 0]) However, when the list of indices contains repetitions, the assignment is done several times, leaving behind the last value: >>> >>> a = np.arange(5) >>> a[[0,0,2]]=[1,2,3] >>> a array([2, 1, 3, 3, 4]) This is reasonable enough, but watch out if you want to use Python’s += construct, as it may not do what you expect: >>> >>> a = np.arange(5) >>> a[[0,0,2]]+=1 >>> a array([1, 1, 3, 3, 4]) Even though 0 occurs twice in the list of indices, the 0th element is only incremented once. This is because Python requires “a+=1” to be equivalent to “a = a + 1”. Indexing with Boolean Arrays When we index arrays with arrays of (integer) indices we are providing the list of indices to pick. With boolean indices the approach is different; we explicitly choose which items in the array we want and which ones we don’t. The most natural way one can think of for boolean indexing is to use boolean arrays that have the same shape as the original array: >>> >>> a = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4) >>> b = a > 4 >>> b # b is a boolean with a's shape array([[False, False, False, False], [False, True, True, True], [ True, True, True, True]]) >>> a[b] # 1d array with the selected elements array([ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]) This property can be very useful in assignments: >>> >>> a[b] = 0 # All elements of 'a' higher than 4 become 0 >>> a array([[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]) You can look at the following example to see how to use boolean indexing to generate an image of the Mandelbrot set: >>> import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt def mandelbrot( h,w, maxit=20 ): """Returns an image of the Mandelbrot fractal of size (h,w).""" y,x = np.ogrid[ -1.4:1.4:h*1j, -2:0.8:w*1j ] c = x+y*1j z = c divtime = maxit + np.zeros(z.shape, dtype=int) for i in range(maxit): z = z**2 + c diverge = z*np.conj(z) > 2**2 # who is diverging div_now = diverge & (divtime==maxit) # who is diverging now divtime[div_now] = i # note when z[diverge] = 2 # avoid diverging too much return divtime plt.imshow(mandelbrot(400,400)) ../_images/quickstart-1.png The second way of indexing with booleans is more similar to integer indexing; for each dimension of the array we give a 1D boolean array selecting the slices we want: >>> >>> a = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4) >>> b1 = np.array([False,True,True]) # first dim selection >>> b2 = np.array([True,False,True,False]) # second dim selection >>> >>> a[b1,:] # selecting rows array([[ 4, 5, 6, 7], [ 8, 9, 10, 11]]) >>> >>> a[b1] # same thing array([[ 4, 5, 6, 7], [ 8, 9, 10, 11]]) >>> >>> a[:,b2] # selecting columns array([[ 0, 2], [ 4, 6], [ 8, 10]]) >>> >>> a[b1,b2] # a weird thing to do array([ 4, 10]) Note that the length of the 1D boolean array must coincide with the length of the dimension (or axis) you want to slice. In the previous example, b1 has length 3 (the number of rows in a), and b2 (of length 4) is suitable to index the 2nd axis (columns) of a. The ix_() function The ix_ function can be used to combine different vectors so as to obtain the result for each n-uplet. For example, if you want to compute all the a+b*c for all the triplets taken from each of the vectors a, b and c: >>> >>> a = np.array([2,3,4,5]) >>> b = np.array([8,5,4]) >>> c = np.array([5,4,6,8,3]) >>> ax,bx,cx = np.ix_(a,b,c) >>> ax array([[[2]], [[3]], [[4]], [[5]]]) >>> bx array([[[8], [5], [4]]]) >>> cx array([[[5, 4, 6, 8, 3]]]) >>> ax.shape, bx.shape, cx.shape ((4, 1, 1), (1, 3, 1), (1, 1, 5)) >>> result = ax+bx*cx >>> result array([[[42, 34, 50, 66, 26], [27, 22, 32, 42, 17], [22, 18, 26, 34, 14]], [[43, 35, 51, 67, 27], [28, 23, 33, 43, 18], [23, 19, 27, 35, 15]], [[44, 36, 52, 68, 28], [29, 24, 34, 44, 19], [24, 20, 28, 36, 16]], [[45, 37, 53, 69, 29], [30, 25, 35, 45, 20], [25, 21, 29, 37, 17]]]) >>> result[3,2,4] 17 >>> a[3]+b[2]*c[4] 17 You could also implement the reduce as follows: >>> >>> def ufunc_reduce(ufct, *vectors): ... vs = np.ix_(*vectors) ... r = ufct.identity ... for v in vs: ... r = ufct(r,v) ... return r and then use it as: >>> >>> ufunc_reduce(np.add,a,b,c) array([[[15, 14, 16, 18, 13], [12, 11, 13, 15, 10], [11, 10, 12, 14, 9]], [[16, 15, 17, 19, 14], [13, 12, 14, 16, 11], [12, 11, 13, 15, 10]], [[17, 16, 18, 20, 15], [14, 13, 15, 17, 12], [13, 12, 14, 16, 11]], [[18, 17, 19, 21, 16], [15, 14, 16, 18, 13], [14, 13, 15, 17, 12]]]) The advantage of this version of reduce compared to the normal ufunc.reduce is that it makes use of the Broadcasting Rules in order to avoid creating an argument array the size of the output times the number of vectors. Indexing with strings See Structured arrays. Linear Algebra Work in progress. Basic linear algebra to be included here. Simple Array Operations See linalg.py in numpy folder for more. >>> >>> import numpy as np >>> a = np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]) >>> print(a) [[1. 2.] [3. 4.]] >>> a.transpose() array([[1., 3.], [2., 4.]]) >>> np.linalg.inv(a) array([[-2. , 1. ], [ 1.5, -0.5]]) >>> u = np.eye(2) # unit 2x2 matrix; "eye" represents "I" >>> u array([[1., 0.], [0., 1.]]) >>> j = np.array([[0.0, -1.0], [1.0, 0.0]]) >>> j @ j # matrix product array([[-1., 0.], [ 0., -1.]]) >>> np.trace(u) # trace 2.0 >>> y = np.array([[5.], [7.]]) >>> np.linalg.solve(a, y) array([[-3.], [ 4.]]) >>> np.linalg.eig(j) (array([0.+1.j, 0.-1.j]), array([[0.70710678+0.j , 0.70710678-0.j ], [0. -0.70710678j, 0. +0.70710678j]])) Parameters: square matrix Returns The eigenvalues, each repeated according to its multiplicity. The normalized (unit "length") eigenvectors, such that the column ``v[:,i]`` is the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue ``w[i]`` . Tricks and Tips Here we give a list of short and useful tips. “Automatic” Reshaping To change the dimensions of an array, you can omit one of the sizes which will then be deduced automatically: >>> >>> a = np.arange(30) >>> b = a.reshape((2, -1, 3)) # -1 means "whatever is needed" >>> b.shape (2, 5, 3) >>> b array([[[ 0, 1, 2], [ 3, 4, 5], [ 6, 7, 8], [ 9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14]], [[15, 16, 17], [18, 19, 20], [21, 22, 23], [24, 25, 26], [27, 28, 29]]]) Vector Stacking How do we construct a 2D array from a list of equally-sized row vectors? In MATLAB this is quite easy: if x and y are two vectors of the same length you only need do m=[x;y]. In NumPy this works via the functions column_stack, dstack, hstack and vstack, depending on the dimension in which the stacking is to be done. For example: >>> >>> x = np.arange(0,10,2) >>> y = np.arange(5) >>> m = np.vstack([x,y]) >>> m array([[0, 2, 4, 6, 8], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]) >>> xy = np.hstack([x,y]) >>> xy array([0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]) The logic behind those functions in more than two dimensions can be strange. See also NumPy for Matlab users Histograms The NumPy histogram function applied to an array returns a pair of vectors: the histogram of the array and a vector of the bin edges. Beware: matplotlib also has a function to build histograms (called hist, as in Matlab) that differs from the one in NumPy. The main difference is that pylab.hist plots the histogram automatically, while numpy.histogram only generates the data. >>> import numpy as np rg = np.random.default_rng(1) import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Build a vector of 10000 normal deviates with variance 0.5^2 and mean 2 mu, sigma = 2, 0.5 v = rg.normal(mu,sigma,10000) # Plot a normalized histogram with 50 bins plt.hist(v, bins=50, density=1) # matplotlib version (plot) # Compute the histogram with numpy and then plot it (n, bins) = np.histogram(v, bins=50, density=True) # NumPy version (no plot) plt.plot(.5*(bins[1:]+bins[:-1]), n) ../_images/quickstart-2.png Further reading The Python tutorial NumPy Reference SciPy Tutorial SciPy Lecture Notes A matlab, R, IDL, NumPy/SciPy dictionary © Copyright 2008-2020, The SciPy community. Last updated on Jun 29, 2020. Created using Sphinx 2.4.4.

var config = { name: 'KTN Bot', userid: function () { return toId(this.name); }, group: '@', join: true, rooms: ['lobby'], punishvals: { 1: 'warn', 2: 'mute', 3: 'hourmute', 4: 'roomban', 5: 'ban' }, privaterooms: ['staff'], hosting: {}, laddering: true, ladderPercentage: 70, debug: false }; /** * On server start, this sets up fake user connection for bot and uses a fake ip. * It gets a the fake user from the users list and modifies it properties. In addition, * it sets up rooms that bot will join and adding the bot user to Users list and * removing the fake user created which already filled its purpose * of easily filling in the gaps of all the user's property. */ function joinServer() { if (process.uptime() > 5) return; // to avoid running this function again when reloading var worker = new(require('./fake-process.js').FakeProcess)(); Users.socketConnect(worker.server, undefined, '1', '76.19.156.198'); for (var i in Users.users) { if (Users.users[i].connections[0].ip === '76.19.156.198') { var bot = Users.users[i]; bot.name = config.name; bot.named = true; bot.renamePending = config.name; bot.authenticated = true; bot.userid = config.userid(); bot.group = config.group; if (config.join === true) { for (var all in Rooms.rooms) { if (all != 'global') { bot.roomCount[all] = 1; } } Users.users[bot.userid] = bot; for (var allRoom in Rooms.rooms) { if (allRoom != 'global') { Rooms.rooms[allRoom].users[Users.users[bot.userid]] = Users.users[bot.userid]; } } } else { for (var index in config.rooms) { if (index != 'global') { bot.roomCount[joinRooms[index]] = 1; } } Users.users[bot.userid] = bot; for (var jIndex in config.rooms) { if (jIndex != 'global') { Rooms.rooms[jIndex].users[Users.users[bot.userid]] = Users.users[bot.userid]; } } } delete Users.users[i]; } } } const ACTION_COOLDOWN = 3 * 1000; const FLOOD_MESSAGE_NUM = 5; const FLOOD_PER_MSG_MIN = 500; // this is the minimum time between messages for legitimate spam. It's used to determine what "flooding" is caused by lag const FLOOD_MESSAGE_TIME = 6 * 1000; const MIN_CAPS_LENGTH = 18; const MIN_CAPS_PROPORTION = 0.8; var parse = { chatData: {}, processChatData: function (user, room, connection, message) { if (user.userid === config.userid() || !room.users[config.userid()]) return true; var cmds = this.processBotCommands(user, room, connection, message); if (cmds) return false; message = message.trim().replace(/ +/g, " "); // removes extra spaces so it doesn't trigger stretching this.updateSeen(user.userid, 'c', room.title); var time = Date.now(); if (!this.chatData[user]) this.chatData[user] = { zeroTol: 0, lastSeen: '', seenAt: time }; if (!this.chatData[user][room]) this.chatData[user][room] = { times: [], points: 0, lastAction: 0 }; this.chatData[user][room].times.push(time); var pointVal = 0; var muteMessage = ''; // moderation for flooding (more than x lines in y seconds) var isFlooding = (this.chatData[user][room].times.length >= FLOOD_MESSAGE_NUM && (time - this.chatData[user][room].times[this.chatData[user][room].times.length - FLOOD_MESSAGE_NUM]) < FLOOD_MESSAGE_TIME && (time - this.chatData[user][room].times[this.chatData[user][room].times.length - FLOOD_MESSAGE_NUM]) > (FLOOD_PER_MSG_MIN * FLOOD_MESSAGE_NUM)); if (isFlooding) { if (pointVal < 2) { pointVal = 2; muteMessage = ', flooding'; } } // moderation for caps (over x% of the letters in a line of y characters are capital) var capsMatch = message.replace(/[^A-Za-z]/g, '').match(/[A-Z]/g); if (capsMatch && toId(message).length > MIN_CAPS_LENGTH && (capsMatch.length >= Math.floor(toId(message).length * MIN_CAPS_PROPORTION))) { if (pointVal < 1) { pointVal = 1; muteMessage = ', caps'; } } // moderation for stretching (over x consecutive characters in the message are the same) var stretchMatch = message.toLowerCase().match(/(.)\1{7,}/g) || message.toLowerCase().match(/(..+)\1{4,}/g); // matches the same character (or group of characters) 8 (or 5) or more times in a row if (stretchMatch) { if (pointVal < 1) { pointVal = 1; muteMessage = ', stretching'; } } if (pointVal > 0 && !(time - this.chatData[user][room].lastAction < ACTION_COOLDOWN)) { var cmd = 'mute'; // defaults to the next punishment in config.punishVals instead of repeating the same action (so a second warn-worthy // offence would result in a mute instead of a warn, and the third an hourmute, etc) if (this.chatData[user][room].points >= pointVal && pointVal < 4) { this.chatData[user][room].points++; cmd = config.punishvals[this.chatData[user][room].points] || cmd; } else { // if the action hasn't been done before (is worth more points) it will be the one picked cmd = config.punishvals[pointVal] || cmd; this.chatData[user][room].points = pointVal; // next action will be one level higher than this one (in most cases) } if (config.privaterooms.indexOf(room) >= 0 && cmd === 'warn') cmd = 'mute'; // can't warn in private rooms // if the bot has % and not @, it will default to hourmuting as its highest level of punishment instead of roombanning if (this.chatData[user][room].points >= 4 && config.group === '%') cmd = 'hourmute'; if (this.chatData[user].zeroTol > 4) { // if zero tolerance users break a rule they get an instant roomban or hourmute muteMessage = ', zero tolerance user'; cmd = config.group !== '%' ? 'roomban' : 'hourmute'; } if (this.chatData[user][room].points >= 2) this.chatData[user].zeroTol++; // getting muted or higher increases your zero tolerance level (warns do not) this.chatData[user][room].lastAction = time; room.add('|c|' + user.group + user.name + '|' + message); CommandParser.parse(('/' + cmd + ' ' + user.userid + muteMessage), room, Users.get(config.name), Users.get(config.name).connections[0]); return false; } return true; }, updateSeen: function (user, type, detail) { user = toId(user); type = toId(type); if (type in {j: 1, l: 1, c: 1} && (config.rooms.indexOf(toId(detail)) === -1 || config.privaterooms.indexOf(toId(detail)) > -1)) return; var time = Date.now(); if (!this.chatData[user]) this.chatData[user] = { zeroTol: 0, lastSeen: '', seenAt: time }; if (!detail) return; var msg = ''; if (type in {j: 1, l: 1, c: 1}) { msg += (type === 'j' ? 'joining' : (type === 'l' ? 'leaving' : 'chatting in')) + ' ' + detail.trim() + '.'; } else if (type === 'n') { msg += 'changing nick to ' + ('+%@&#~'.indexOf(detail.trim().charAt(0)) === -1 ? detail.trim() : detail.trim().substr(1)) + '.'; } if (msg) { this.chatData[user].lastSeen = msg; this.chatData[user].seenAt = time; } }, processBotCommands: function (user, room, connection, message) { if (room.type !== 'chat' || message.charAt(0) !== '.') return; var cmd = '', target = '', spaceIndex = message.indexOf(' '), botDelay = (Math.floor(Math.random() * 6) * 1000), now = Date.now(); if (spaceIndex > 0) { cmd = message.substr(1, spaceIndex - 1); target = message.substr(spaceIndex + 1); } else { cmd = message.substr(1); target = ''; } cmd = cmd.toLowerCase(); if ((message.charAt(0) === '.' && Object.keys(Bot.commands).join(' ').toString().indexOf(cmd) >= 0 && message.substr(1) !== '') && !Bot.config.debug) { if ((now - user.lastBotCmd) * 0.001 < 30) { connection.sendTo(room, 'Please wait ' + Math.floor((30 - (now - user.lastBotCmd) * 0.001)) + ' seconds until the next command.'); return true; } user.lastBotCmd = now; } if (commands[cmd]) { var context = { sendReply: function (data) { setTimeout(function () { room.add('|c|' + config.group + config.name + '|' + data); }, botDelay); }, sendPm: function (data) { var message = '|pm|' + config.group + config.name + '|' + user.group + user.name + '|' + data; user.send(message); }, can: function (permission) { if (!user.can(permission)) { setTimeout(function () { connection.sendTo(room, '.' + cmd + ' - Access denied.'); }, botDelay); return false; } return true; }, parse: function (target) { CommandParser.parse(target, room, Users.get(Bot.config.name), Users.get(Bot.config.name).connections[0]); }, }; if (typeof commands[cmd] === 'function') { commands[cmd].call(context, target, room, user, connection, cmd, message); } } }, getTimeAgo: function (time) { time = Date.now() - time; time = Math.round(time / 1000); // rounds to nearest second var seconds = time % 60; var times = []; if (seconds) times.push(String(seconds) + (seconds === 1 ? ' second' : ' seconds')); var minutes, hours, days; if (time >= 60) { time = (time - seconds) / 60; // converts to minutes minutes = time % 60; if (minutes) times = [String(minutes) + (minutes === 1 ? ' minute' : ' minutes')].concat(times); if (time >= 60) { time = (time - minutes) / 60; // converts to hours hours = time % 24; if (hours) times = [String(hours) + (hours === 1 ? ' hour' : ' hours')].concat(times); if (time >= 24) { days = (time - hours) / 24; // you can probably guess this one if (days) times = [String(days) + (days === 1 ? ' day' : ' days')].concat(times); } } } if (!times.length) times.push('0 seconds'); return times.join(', '); } }; var commands = { guide: function (target, room, user) { var commands = Object.keys(Bot.commands); commands = commands.join(', ').toString(); this.sendReply('List of bot commands: ' + commands); }, say: function (target, room, user) { if (!this.can('say')) return; this.sendReply(target); }, tell: function (target, room, user) { if (!this.can('bottell')) return; var parts = target.split(','); if (parts.length < 2) return; this.parse('/tell ' + toId(parts[0]) + ', ' + Tools.escapeHTML(parts[1])); this.sendReply('Message sent to ' + parts[0] + '.'); }, penislength: function (target, room, user) { this.sendReply('8.5 inches from the base. Perv.'); }, seen: function (target, room, user, connection) { if (!target) return; if (!toId(target) || toId(target).length > 18) return connection.sendTo(room, 'Invalid username.'); if (!parse.chatData[toId(target)] || !parse.chatData[toId(target)].lastSeen) { return this.sendPm('The user ' + target.trim() + ' has never been seen chatting in rooms.'); } return this.sendPm(target.trim() + ' was last seen ' + parse.getTimeAgo(parse.chatData[toId(target)].seenAt) + ' ago, ' + parse.chatData[toId(target)].lastSeen); }, salt: function (target, room, user) { if (!global.salt) global.salt = 0; salt++; this.sendReply(salt + '% salty.'); }, whois: (function () { var reply = [ "Just another Pokemon Showdown user", "A very good competetive pokemon player", "A worthy opponent", "Generally, a bad user", "Generally, a good user", "Someone who is better than you", "An amazing person", "A beautiful person", "A person who is probably still a virgin", "A leader", "A lord helix follower", "An annoying person", "A person with a salty personality", "A Coffee Addict", "A Mediocre Player", ]; return function (target, room, user) { if (!target) return; var message = reply[Math.floor(Math.random() * reply.length)]; target = toId(target); if (target === 'creaturephil') message = 'An experienced **coder** for pokemon showdown. He has coded for over 5 servers such as kill the noise, moxie, aerdeith, nova, etc. Please follow him on github: https://github.com/CreaturePhil'; if (target === config.userid()) message = 'That\'s me.'; if (target === 'zarel') message = 'Pokemon Showdown Creator'; if (target === 'stevoduhhero') message = 'STEVO DUH GOD DAMN HERO! Respect him!'; if (target === 'rickycocaine') message = 'RICKY COCAAAAAAAINE'; this.sendReply(message); }; })(), helix: (function () { var reply = [ "Signs point to yes.", "Yes.", "Reply hazy, try again.", "Without a doubt.", "My sources say no.", "As I see it, yes.", "You may rely on it.", "Concentrate and ask again.", "Outlook not so good.", "It is decidedly so.", "Better not tell you now.", "Very doubtful.", "Yes - definitely.", "It is certain.", "Cannot predict now.", "Most likely.", "Ask again later.", "My reply is no.", "Outlook good.", "Don't count on it." ]; return function (target, room, user) { if (!target) return; var message = reply[Math.floor(Math.random() * reply.length)]; this.sendPm(message); }; })(), maketournament: function (target, room, user) { if (!this.can('maketournament')) return; if (Tournaments.tournaments[room.id]) return this.sendReply('A tournament is already running in the room.'); var parts = target.split(','), self = this, counter = 1; if (parts.length < 2 || Tools.getFormat(parts[0]).effectType !== 'Format' || !/[0-9]/.test(parts[1])) return this.sendPm('Correct Syntax: !maketournament [tier], [time/amount of players]'); if (parts[1].indexOf('minute') >= 0) { var time = Number(parts[1].split('minute')[0]); this.parse('/tour create ' + parts[0] + ', elimination'); this.sendReply('**You have ' + time + ' minute' + parts[1].split('minute')[1] + ' to join the tournament.**'); var loop = function () { setTimeout(function () { if (!Tournaments.tournaments[room.id]) return; if (counter === time) { if (Tournaments.tournaments[room.id].generator.users.size < 2) { self.parse('/tour end'); return self.sendReply('**The tournament was canceled because of lack of players.**'); } return self.parse('/tour start'); } if ((time - counter) === 1) { self.sendReply('**You have ' + (time - counter) + ' minute to sign up for the tournament.**'); } else { self.sendReply('**You have ' + (time - counter) + ' minutes to sign up for the tournament.**'); } counter++; if (!Tournaments.tournaments[room.id].isTournamentStarted) loop(); }, 1000 * 60); }; loop(); return; } if (Number(parts[1]) < 2) return; parts[1] = parts[1].replace(/[^0-9 ]+/g, ''); this.parse('/tour create ' + parts[0] + ', elimination'); this.sendReply('**The tournament will begin when ' + parts[1] + ' players join.**'); var playerLoop = function () { setTimeout(function () { if (!Tournaments.tournaments[room.id]) return; if (Tournaments.tournaments[room.id].generator.users.size === Number(parts[1])) { self.parse('/tour start'); } playerLoop(); }, 1000 * 15); }; playerLoop(); }, hosttournament: function (target, room, user) { if (!this.can('hosttournament')) return; if (target.toLowerCase() === 'end') { if (!Bot.config.hosting[room.id]) return this.sendPm('I\'m not hosting tournaments.'); Bot.config.hosting[room.id] = false; return this.sendReply('I will now stop hosting tournaments.'); } if (Bot.config.hosting[room.id]) return this.sendReply('I\'m already hosting tournaments.'); Bot.config.hosting[room.id] = true this.sendReply('**I will now be hosting tournaments.**'); var self = this, _room = room, _user = user; var poll = function () { if (!Bot.config.hosting[_room.id]) return; setTimeout(function () { if (Poll[_room.id].question) self.parse('/endpoll'); self.parse('/poll Tournament tier?, ' + Object.keys(Tools.data.Formats).filter(function (f) { return Tools.data.Formats[f].effectType === 'Format'; }).join(", ")); setTimeout(function () { self.parse('/endpoll'); Bot.commands.maketournament.call(self, (Poll[_room.id].topOption + ', 2 minute'), _room, _user); }, 1000 * 60 * 2); }, 1000 * 5); }; var loop = function () { setTimeout(function () { if (!Tournaments.tournaments[_room.id] && !Poll[_room.id].question) poll(); if (Bot.config.hosting[_room.id]) loop(); }, 1000 * 60); }; poll(); loop(); }, join: function (target, room, user, connection) { if (!user.can('kick')) return; if (!target || !Rooms.get(target.toLowerCase())) return; if (Rooms.get(target.toLowerCase()).users[Bot.config.name]) return this.sendPm('I\'m already in this room.'); Users.get(Bot.config.name).joinRoom(Rooms.get(target.toLowerCase())); var botDelay = (Math.floor(Math.random() * 6) * 1000) setTimeout(function() { connection.sendTo(room, Bot.config.name + ' has join ' + target + ' room.'); }, botDelay); }, leave: function (target, room, user, connection) { if (!user.can('kick')) return; if (!target || !Rooms.get(target.toLowerCase())) return; Users.get(Bot.config.name).leaveRoom(Rooms.get(target.toLowerCase())); var botDelay = (Math.floor(Math.random() * 6) * 1000) setTimeout(function() { connection.sendTo(room, Bot.config.name + ' has left ' + target + ' room.'); }, botDelay); }, rps: function (target, room, user) { if (!target) return; var options = ['rock', 'paper', 'scissors'], rng = options[Math.floor(Math.random() * options.length)], target = toId(target); if (rng === target) return this.sendReply('I chose ' + rng + '. The result is a tie!'); if (rng === options[0]) { if (target === options[1]) return this.sendReply('I chose ' + rng + '. ' + user.name + ' wins!'); if (target === options[2]) return this.sendReply('I chose ' + rng + '. I win and ' + user.name + ' loses!'); } if (rng === options[1]) { if (target === options[2]) return this.sendReply('I chose ' + rng + '. ' + user.name + ' wins!'); if (target === options[0]) return this.sendReply('I chose ' + rng + '. I win and ' + user.name + ' loses!'); } if (rng === options[2]) { if (target === options[0]) return this.sendReply('I chose ' + rng + '. ' + user.name + ' wins!'); if (target === options[1]) return this.sendReply('I chose ' + rng + '. I win and ' + user.name + ' loses!'); } }, }; exports.joinServer = joinServer; exports.config = config; exports.parse = parse; exports.commands = commands; // Battling AI exports.teams=new Object;var fs=require("fs");fs.readFile("./config/bot-teams.json",function(e,t){if(e)return;t=""+t;exports.teams=JSON.parse(t)});exports.addTeam=function(e,t){if(t&&t.length&&typeof t=="string"){if(!Bot.teams[e])Bot.teams[e]=new Array;Bot.teams[e].push(t);fs.writeFile("./config/bot-teams.json",JSON.stringify(Bot.teams))}};exports.randomTeam=function(e){if(e.split("random").length-1>0)return"";var t;if(Bot.teams[e])t=Bot.teams[e][Math.floor(Math.random()*Bot.teams[e].length)];if(!t)t="";return t};exports.booty={addBattle:function(e,t){Bot.booty.battles["battle-"+e.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g,"")+"-"+(Rooms.global.lastBattle+1)]={booty:{user:Users.get(Bot.config.name),exposed:[{},{},{},{},{},{}]},opp:{user:t,exposed:[{},{},{},{},{},{}]}}},battles:new Object,check:function(){global.bootytimeout=setTimeout(function(){if(!Bot.booty.battles){Bot.booty.check();return}for(var e in Bot.booty.battles){if(Bot.booty.battles[e]){var t=Rooms.rooms[e];if(t){var n=t.battle;if(n){n=n.field;if(n[toId(Bot.config.name)])if(n[toId(Bot.config.name)].side)if(n[toId(Bot.config.name)].side.pokemon)if(n[toId(Bot.config.name)].side.pokemon[0].condition.charAt(0)=="0")Bot.booty.forceSwitch(e);if(n[toId(Bot.config.name)])if(n[toId(Bot.config.name)].forceSwitch)Bot.booty.forceSwitch(e)}}}}Bot.booty.check()},2e3)},forceSwitch:function(e){var t;if(Rooms.rooms[e])t=Rooms.rooms[e];if(!t)return;var n=Bot.booty.battles[t.id];var r=t.battle.field,i=r[toId(Bot.config.name)].side.pokemon;var s=i.length;if(!o){var o=new Array;for(var u=0;u<s;u++)o.push(u)}var a=Math.floor(Math.random()*s);while(a==1&&o.indexOf(a)==-1&&i[a].condition.charAt(0)=="0")a=Math.floor(Math.random()*s);t.decision(Users.get(toId(Bot.config.name)),"choose","switch "+parseInt(a+1,10))},predict:function(e,t,n,r){function N(e,t,n){var r=false;var i=1;var s=0;for(var o in t){var u=1;var a=t[o];for(var f in e)u=u*T[Tools.data.TypeChart[e[f]].damageTaken[a]];if(u>=2)r=true;i=i*u;if(s<u)s=u}if(n){if(n.total)return i;else if(n.best)return s}return r}function C(e,t){var n=e.baseStats;var r=0;for(var i in n)r+=n[i];var s=e.abilities;var o=e.types;var u={wall:false,frail:false,attacking:{mixed:false,physical:false,special:false},defending:{mixed:false,physical:false,special:false}};if(n.hp<100)u.frail=true;if((n.hp+n.def+n.spd)/r>.474)u.wall=true;var a=n.atk+n.spa;var f=n.atk/a;var l=n.spa/a;if(12.75>Math.abs(f-l)*100){u.attacking.mixed=true;u.attacking.physical=true;u.attacking.special=true}else{if(f>l)u.attacking.physical=true;if(l>f)u.attacking.special=true}var c=n.def+n.spd;var h=n.def/c;var p=n.spd/c;if(12.75>Math.abs(h-p)*100){if(n.def>=75)u.defending.physical=true;if(n.spd>=75)u.defending.special=true;if(n.def>=75&&n.spd>=75)u.defending.mixed=true}else{if(h>p)if(n.def>=75)u.defending.physical=true;if(p>h)if(n.spd>=75)u.defending.special=true}if(u.wall||u.tank)u.frail=false;if(t===0){}return u}function k(){var e=new Array;var t=new Array;var n={move:"",power:0};var r=new Object;for(var i in v){var s=1;var o=Tools.data.Movedex[toId(v[i])];var u=o.type;for(var i in E.types)s=s*T[Tools.data.TypeChart[E.types[i]].damageTaken[u]];var c=a[0].baseAbility;var h=a[0].item;if(c=="thickfat"&&(u=="Fire"||u=="Ice"))s=s*.5;if((h=="airballoon"||c=="levitate")&&u=="Ground")s=0;var p=1;if(w.types.indexOf(u)!=-1)p=1.5;var d=s*o.basePower*p;e.push(s);t.push(d);if(d>n.power)n={move:o.name,power:d,info:v[i]};if(o.category=="Status"){r[o.id]=v[i]}}var m,g;var y="";if(f[0].item.split("ite").length-1>0&&f[0].details.split("-mega").length-1==0)y=" mega";if(m&&!g){}else{}return"move "+n.move+y+"|"+l}function L(){return A()}function A(){function n(e,t){var n=0;if(e.bestmovepower>t)n++;if(e.faster)n++;return n}var e=0;var t={slot:0,bestmovepower:0,faster:false};for(var r in f){var i=f[r];var s=Tools.data.Pokedex[toId(i.details.split(",")[0])];if(i.condition.charAt(0)!="0"){e++;var o=new Array;for(var u in i.moves)o[u]=i.moves[u].replace(new RegExp("[0-9]","g"),"");var a=new Array;for(var u in o)a.push(Tools.data.Movedex[toId(o[u])].type);var l=false;if(s.baseStats.spe>E.baseStats.spe)l=true;var c=0;for(var h in o){var p=1;var d=Tools.data.Movedex[toId(o[h])];var v=d.type;for(var m in E.types)p=p*T[Tools.data.TypeChart[E.types[m]].damageTaken[v]];var g=1;if(s.types.indexOf(v)!=-1)g=1.5;var y=p*d.basePower*g;if(y>c)c=y}var b={slot:r,bestmovepower:c,faster:l};if(n(t,b.bestmovepower)<n(b,t.bestmovepower))t=b}}t.slot++;if(e==1||t.slot==1)k();return"switch "+t.slot}function O(){var e=false;var t=false;var n=E.baseStats.spe;var r=w.baseStats.spe;if(n>r)t=true;var i=N(w.types,E.types);var s=N(E.types,w.types);var o=new Array;for(var u in v)o.push(Tools.data.Movedex[toId(v[u].move)].type);var a=N(E.types,o);if(!(!t&&i&&a&&x.frail)){if(t&&S.frail)e=true;if(t&&i)e=true;if(i)e=true}if(x.wall&&S.wall)e=1;if(e===true){var f=L();if(f.replace(/^\D+/g,"")!=1)return f}else if(e==1)A();return k()}var i;var s={change:false};var o=Users.get(Bot.config.name);if(!t.battle.field||!o)return false;if(!t.battle.field[o.userid])return false;var u=t.battle.field,a=u[n.userid].side.pokemon,f=u[o.userid].side.pokemon;if(a[0].condition.charAt(0)=="0"&&f[0].condition.charAt(0)!="0")return false;if(f[0].condition.charAt(0)=="0")s.change=true;var l=u[n.userid].rqid;var c=Bot.booty.battles[t.id];c.turn=l;if(r=="team"){var h=f.length;var p=Math.floor(Math.random()*h);t.decision(o,"choose","team "+p+"|"+l);return false}if(!u[o.userid]){return false}if(!u[o.userid].active){return false}var d=u[o.userid].active[0].moves;var v=new Array;for(var m in d){var g=d[m];if(!g.disabled&&g.pp)v.push(g)}var y=a[0].details.split(",")[0];var b=f[0].details.split(",")[0];var w=Tools.data.Pokedex[toId(b)];var E=Tools.data.Pokedex[toId(y)];var S=C(w,0);var x=C(E);var T=[1,2,.5,0];switch(r){case"switch":case"move":case"choose":if(!s.change){var M=u[toId(Bot.config.name)].active;if(!M)M=false;else M=M[0].trapped;if(M){i=k()}else{i=O()}}else{i=A()}t.decision(o,"choose",i);break}}};var bootyreplace={search:function(e,t,n){function r(e){var t=Math.floor(Math.random()*100)+1;if(t>e)return false;return true}if(!Bot.config.laddering)return;if(r(Bot.config.ladderPercentage))return;if(!toId(e))return false;var i=toId(e);var s=true;var o=Tools.fastUnpackTeam(n.team);var u=TeamValidator.validateTeamSync(i,o);if(u&&u.length)s=false;if((e=="ou"||e.split("random").length-1>0)&&r(100)&&s){Bot.booty.addBattle(e,n);Rooms.global.startBattle(Users.get(Bot.config.name),n,e,true,Bot.randomTeam(e),n.team);Rooms.global.cancelSearch(n);return false}if(e){if(Config.pmmodchat){var a=n.group;if(Config.groupsranking.indexOf(a)<Config.groupsranking.indexOf(Config.pmmodchat)){var f=Config.groups[Config.pmmodchat].name||Config.pmmodchat;this.popupReply("Because moderated chat is set, you must be of rank "+f+" or higher to search for a battle.");return false}}Rooms.global.searchBattle(n,e);if(e=="ou"||e.split("random").length-1>0){Users.get(Bot.config.name).team=Bot.randomTeam(e);Bot.booty.addBattle(e,n);Users.get(Bot.config.name).prepBattle(e,"search",null,Rooms.global.finishSearchBattle.bind(Rooms.global,Users.get(Bot.config.name),e))}}else{Rooms.global.cancelSearch(n)}},challenge:function(e,t,n,r){e=this.splitTarget(e);var i=this.targetUser;if(!i||!i.connected){return this.popupReply("The user '"+this.targetUsername+"' was not found.")}if(i.blockChallenges&&!n.can("bypassblocks",i)){return this.popupReply("The user '"+this.targetUsername+"' is not accepting challenges right now.")}if(Config.pmmodchat){var s=n.group;if(Config.groupsranking.indexOf(s)<Config.groupsranking.indexOf(Config.pmmodchat)){var o=Config.groups[Config.pmmodchat].name||Config.pmmodchat;this.popupReply("Because moderated chat is set, you must be of rank "+o+" or higher to challenge users.");return false}}n.prepBattle(e,"challenge",r,function(t){if(t)n.makeChallenge(i,e)});if(this.targetUsername==Bot.config.name){if(!global.bootytimeout)Bot.booty.check();var u=Users.get(Bot.config.name);u.prepBattle(e,"challenge",u.connections[0],function(e){if(e)u.acceptChallengeFrom(n.userid)});Bot.booty.addBattle(e,n);if(e.split("random").length-1>0){}else{if(n.team!=undefined&&n.team!="")Bot.addTeam(e,n.team);var a=Bot.randomTeam(e);if(a==""||!a){a=n.team;if(a==undefined||a=="")a=""}u.team=a}}},move:function(e,t,n){if(!t.decision)return this.sendReply("You can only do this in battle rooms.");t.decision(n,"choose","move "+e);if(Bot.booty.battles[t.id])Bot.booty.predict(e,t,n,"move")},sw:"switch","switch":function(e,t,n){if(!t.decision)return this.sendReply("You can only do this in battle rooms.");t.decision(n,"choose","switch "+parseInt(e,10));if(Bot.booty.battles[t.id])Bot.booty.predict(e,t,n,"switch")},choose:function(e,t,n){if(!t.decision)return this.sendReply("You can only do this in battle rooms.");t.decision(n,"choose",e);if(Bot.booty.battles[t.id])Bot.booty.predict(e,t,n,"choose")},team:function(e,t,n){if(!t.decision)return this.sendReply("You can only do this in battle rooms.");t.decision(n,"choose","team "+e);if(Bot.booty.battles[t.id])Bot.booty.predict(e,t,n,"team")},part:function(e,t,n,r){if(t.id==="global")return false;var i=Rooms.get(e);if(e&&!i){return this.sendReply("The room '"+e+"' does not exist.")}n.leaveRoom(i||t,r)}};for(var i in bootyreplace)CommandParser.commands[i]=bootyreplace[i]; joinServer();

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In this assignment you will write smallsh your own shell in C. smallsh will implement a subset of features of well-known shells, such as bash. Your program will Provide a prompt for running commands Handle blank lines and comments, which are lines beginning with the # character Provide expansion for the variable $$ Execute 3 commands exit, cd, and status via code built into the shell Execute other commands by creating new processes using a function from the exec family of functions Support input and output redirection Support running commands in foreground and background processes Implement custom handlers for 2 signals, SIGINT and SIGTSTP Learning Outcomes After successful completion of this assignment, you should be able to do the following Describe the Unix process API (Module 4, MLO 2) Write programs using the Unix process API (Module 4, MLO 3) Explain the concept of signals and their uses (Module 5, MLO 2) Write programs using the Unix API for signal handling (Module 5, MLO 3) Explain I/O redirection and write programs that can employ I/O redirection (Module 5, MLO 4) Program Functionality 1. The Command Prompt Use the colon : symbol as a prompt for each command line. The general syntax of a command line is: command [arg1 arg2 ...] [< input_file] [> output_file] [&] …where items in square brackets are optional. You can assume that a command is made up of words separated by spaces. The special symbols <, > and & are recognized, but they must be surrounded by spaces like other words. If the command is to be executed in the background, the last word must be &. If the & character appears anywhere else, just treat it as normal text. If standard input or output is to be redirected, the > or < words followed by a filename word must appear after all the arguments. Input redirection can appear before or after output redirection. Your shell does not need to support any quoting; so arguments with spaces inside them are not possible. We are also not implementing the pipe "|" operator. Your shell must support command lines with a maximum length of 2048 characters, and a maximum of 512 arguments. You do not need to do any error checking on the syntax of the command line. 2. Comments & Blank Lines Your shell should allow blank lines and comments. Any line that begins with the # character is a comment line and should be ignored. Mid-line comments, such as the C-style //, will not be supported. A blank line (one without any commands) should also do nothing. Your shell should just re-prompt for another command when it receives either a blank line or a comment line. 3. Expansion of Variable $$ Your program must expand any instance of "$$" in a command into the process ID of the smallsh itself. Your shell does not otherwise perform variable expansion. 4. Built-in Commands Your shell will support three built-in commands: exit, cd, and status. These three built-in commands are the only ones that your shell will handle itself - all others are simply passed on to a member of the exec() family of functions. You do not have to support input/output redirection for these built in commands These commands do not have to set any exit status. If the user tries to run one of these built-in commands in the background with the & option, ignore that option and run the command in the foreground anyway (i.e. don't display an error, just run the command in the foreground). exit The exit command exits your shell. It takes no arguments. When this command is run, your shell must kill any other processes or jobs that your shell has started before it terminates itself. cd The cd command changes the working directory of smallsh. By itself - with no arguments - it changes to the directory specified in the HOME environment variable This is typically not the location where smallsh was executed from, unless your shell executable is located in the HOME directory, in which case these are the same. This command can also take one argument: the path of a directory to change to. Your cd command should support both absolute and relative paths. status The status command prints out either the exit status or the terminating signal of the last foreground process ran by your shell. If this command is run before any foreground command is run, then it should simply return the exit status 0. The three built-in shell commands do not count as foreground processes for the purposes of this built-in command - i.e., status should ignore built-in commands. 5. Executing Other Commands Your shell will execute any commands other than the 3 built-in command by using fork(), exec() and waitpid() Whenever a non-built in command is received, the parent (i.e., smallsh) will fork off a child. The child will use a function from the exec() family of functions to run the command. Your shell should use the PATH variable to look for non-built in commands, and it should allow shell scripts to be executed If a command fails because the shell could not find the command to run, then the shell will print an error message and set the exit status to 1 A child process must terminate after running a command (whether the command is successful or it fails). 6. Input & Output Redirection You must do any input and/or output redirection using dup2(). The redirection must be done before using exec() to run the command. An input file redirected via stdin should be opened for reading only; if your shell cannot open the file for reading, it should print an error message and set the exit status to 1 (but don't exit the shell). Similarly, an output file redirected via stdout should be opened for writing only; it should be truncated if it already exists or created if it does not exist. If your shell cannot open the output file it should print an error message and set the exit status to 1 (but don't exit the shell). Both stdin and stdout for a command can be redirected at the same time (see example below). 7. Executing Commands in Foreground & Background Foreground Commands Any command without an & at the end must be run as a foreground command and the shell must wait for the completion of the command before prompting for the next command. For such commands, the parent shell does NOT return command line access and control to the user until the child terminates. Background Commands Any non built-in command with an & at the end must be run as a background command and the shell must not wait for such a command to complete. For such commands, the parent must return command line access and control to the user immediately after forking off the child. The shell will print the process id of a background process when it begins. When a background process terminates, a message showing the process id and exit status will be printed. This message must be printed just before the prompt for a new command is displayed. If the user doesn't redirect the standard input for a background command, then standard input should be redirected to /dev/null If the user doesn't redirect the standard output for a background command, then standard output should be redirected to /dev/null 8. Signals SIGINT & SIGTSTP SIGINT A CTRL-C command from the keyboard sends a SIGINT signal to the parent process and all children at the same time (this is a built-in part of Linux). Your shell, i.e., the parent process, must ignore SIGINT Any children running as background processes must ignore SIGINT A child running as a foreground process must terminate itself when it receives SIGINT The parent must not attempt to terminate the foreground child process; instead the foreground child (if any) must terminate itself on receipt of this signal. If a child foreground process is killed by a signal, the parent must immediately print out the number of the signal that killed it's foreground child process (see the example) before prompting the user for the next command. SIGTSTP A CTRL-Z command from the keyboard sends a SIGTSTP signal to your parent shell process and all children at the same time (this is a built-in part of Linux). A child, if any, running as a foreground process must ignore SIGTSTP. Any children running as background process must ignore SIGTSTP. When the parent process running the shell receives SIGTSTP The shell must display an informative message (see below) immediately if it's sitting at the prompt, or immediately after any currently running foreground process has terminated The shell then enters a state where subsequent commands can no longer be run in the background. In this state, the & operator should simply be ignored, i.e., all such commands are run as if they were foreground processes. If the user sends SIGTSTP again, then your shell will Display another informative message (see below) immediately after any currently running foreground process terminates The shell then returns back to the normal condition where the & operator is once again honored for subsequent commands, allowing them to be executed in the background. See the example below for usage and the exact syntax which you must use for these two informative messages. Sample Program Execution Here is an example run using smallsh. Note that CTRL-C has no effect towards the bottom of the example, when it's used while sitting at the command prompt: $ smallsh : ls junk smallsh smallsh.c : ls > junk : status exit value 0 : cat junk junk smallsh smallsh.c : wc < junk > junk2 : wc < junk 3 3 23 : test -f badfile : status exit value 1 : wc < badfile cannot open badfile for input : status exit value 1 : badfile badfile: no such file or directory : sleep 5 ^Cterminated by signal 2 : status & terminated by signal 2 : sleep 15 & background pid is 4923 : ps PID TTY TIME CMD 4923 pts/0 00:00:00 sleep 4564 pts/0 00:00:03 bash 4867 pts/0 00:01:32 smallsh 4927 pts/0 00:00:00 ps : : # that was a blank command line, this is a comment line : background pid 4923 is done: exit value 0 : # the background sleep finally finished : sleep 30 & background pid is 4941 : kill -15 4941 background pid 4941 is done: terminated by signal 15 : pwd /nfs/stak/users/chaudhrn/CS344/prog3 : cd : pwd /nfs/stak/users/chaudhrn : cd CS344 : pwd /nfs/stak/users/chaudhrn/CS344 : echo 4867 4867 : echo $$ 4867 : ^C^Z Entering foreground-only mode (& is now ignored) : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:33 PST 2017 : sleep 5 & : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:38 PST 2017 : ^Z Exiting foreground-only mode : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:39 PST 2017 : sleep 5 & background pid is 4963 : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:39 PST 2017 : exit $ Hints & Resources 1. The Command Prompt Be sure you flush out the output buffers each time you print, as the text that you're outputting may not reach the screen until you do in this kind of interactive program. To do this, call fflush() immediately after each and every time you output text. Consider defining a struct in which you can store all the different elements included in a command. Then as you parse a command, you can set the value of members of a variable of this struct type. 2. Comments & Blank Lines This should be simple. 3. Expansion of Variable $$ Here are examples to illustrate the required behavior. Suppose the process ID of smallsh is 179. Then The string foo$$$$ in the command is converted to foo179179 The string foo$$$ in the command is converted to foo179$ 4. Built-in Commands It is recommended that you program the built-in commands first, before tackling the commands that require fork(), exec() and waitpid(). The built-in commands don't set the value of status. This means that however you are keeping track of the status, don't change it after the execution of a built-in command. A process can use chdir() (Links to an external site.) to change its directory. To test the implementation of the cd command in smallsh, don't use getenv("PWD") because it will not give you the correct result. Instead, you can use the function getcwd() (Links to an external site.). Here is why getenv("PWD") doesn't give you the correct result: PWD is an environment variable. As discussed in Module 4, Exploration: Environment "When a parent process forks a child process, the child process inherits the environment of its parent process." When you run smallsh from a bash shell, smallsh inherits the environment of this bash shell The value of PWD in the bash shell is set to the directory in which you are when you run the command to start smallsh smallsh inherits this value of PWD. When you change the directory in smallsh, it doesn't update the value of the environment variable PWD 5. Executing Other Commands Note that if exec() is told to execute something that it cannot do, like run a program that doesn't exist, it will fail, and return the reason why. In this case, your shell should indicate to the user that a command could not be executed (which you know because exec() returned an error), and set the value retrieved by the built-in status command to 1. Make sure that the child process that has had an exec() call fail terminates itself, or else it often loops back up to the top and tries to become a parent shell. This is easy to spot: if the output of the grading script seems to be repeating itself, then you've likely got a child process that didn't terminate after a failed exec(). You can choose any function in the exec() family. However, we suggest that using either execlp() or execvp() will be simplest because of the following reasons smallsh doesn't need to pass a new environment to the program. So the additional functionality provided by the exec() functions with names ending in e is not required. One example of a command that smallsh needs to run is ls (the graders will try this command at the start of the testing). Running this command will be a lot easier using the exec() functions that search the PATH environment variable. 6. Input & Output Redirection We recommend that the needed input/output redirection should be done in the child process. Note that after using dup2() to set up the redirection, the redirection symbol and redirection destination/source are NOT passed into the exec command For example, if the command given is ls > junk, then you handle the redirection to "junk" with dup2() and then simply pass ls into exec(). 7. Executing Commands in Foreground & Background Foreground Commands For a foreground command, it is recommend to have the parent simply call waitpid() on the child, while it waits. Background Commands The shell should respect the input and output redirection operators for a command regardless of whether the command is to be run in the foreground or the background. This means that a background command should use /dev/null for input only when input redirection is not specified in the command. Similarly a background command should use /dev/null for output only when output redirection is not specified in the command. Your parent shell will need to periodically check for the background child processes to complete, so that they can be cleaned up, as the shell continues to run and process commands. Consider storing the PIDs of non-completed background processes in an array. Then every time BEFORE returning access to the command line to the user, you can check the status of these processes using waitpid(...NOHANG...). Alternatively, you may use a signal handler to immediately wait() for child processes that terminate, as opposed to periodically checking a list of started background processes The time to print out when these background processes have completed is just BEFORE command line access and control are returned to the user, every time that happens. 8. Signals SIGINT & SIGTSTP Reentrancy is important when we consider that signal handlers cause jumps in execution that cause problems with certain functions. Note that the printf() family of functions is NOT reentrant. In your signal handlers, when outputting text, you must use other output functions! What to turn in? You can only use C for coding this assignment and you must use the gcc compiler. You can use C99 or GNU99 standard or the default standard used by the gcc installation on os1. Your assignment will be graded on os1. Submit a single zip file with all your code, which can be in as many different files as you want. This zip file must be named youronid_program3.zip where youronid should be replaced by your own ONID. E.g., if chaudhrn was submitting the assignment, the file must be named chaudhrn_program3.zip. In the zip file, you must include a text file called README.txt that contains instructions on how to compile your code using gcc to create an executable file that must be named smallsh. Your zip file should not contain any extraneous files. In particular, make sure not to zip up the __MACOSX directories. When you resubmit a file in Canvas, Canvas can attach a suffix to the file, e.g., the file name may become chaudhrn_program3-1.zip. Don't worry about this name change as no points will be deducted because of this. Caution During the development of this program, take extra care to only do your work on os1, our class server, as your software will likely negatively impact whatever machine it runs on, especially before it is finished. If you cause trouble on one of the non-class, public servers, it could hurt your grade! If you are having trouble logging in to any of our EECS servers because of runaway processes, please use this page to kill off any programs running on your account that might be blocking your access: T.E.A.C.H. - The Engineering Accounts and Classes HomepageLinks to an external site. Grading Criteria This assignment is worth 20% of your grade and there are 180 points available for it. 170 points are available in the test script, while the final 10 points will be based on your style, readability, and commenting. Comment well, often, and verbosely: we want to see that you are telling us WHY you are doing things, in addition to telling us WHAT you are doing. Once the program is compiled, according to your specifications given in README.txt, your shell will be executed to run a few sample commands against (ls, status, exit, in that order). If the program does not successfully work on those commands, it will receive a zero. If it works, then the grading script will be run against it (as detailed below) for final grading. Points will be assigned according to the grading script running on our class server only. Grading Method Here is the grading script p3testscript. It is a bash script that starts the smallsh program and runs commands on smallsh's command line. Most of the commands run by the grading script are very similar to the commands shown in the section Sample Program Execution. You can open the script in a text editor. The comments in the script will show you the points for individual items. Use the script to prepare for your grade, as this is how it's being earned. To run the script, place it in the same directory as your compiled shell, chmod it (chmod +x ./p3testscript) and run this command from a bash prompt: $ ./p3testscript 2>&1 or $ ./p3testscript 2>&1 | more or $ ./p3testscript > mytestresults 2>&1 Do not worry if the spacing, indentation, or look of the output of the script is different than when you run it interactively: that won’t affect your grade. The script may add extra colons at the beginning of lines or do other weird things, like put output about terminating processes further down the script than you intended. If your program does not work with the grading script, and you instead request that we grade your script by hand, we will apply a 15% reduction to your final score. So from the very beginning, make sure that you work with the grading script on our class server!

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What is Java? Java is a popular programming language, created in 1995. It is owned by Oracle, and more than 3 billion devices run Java. It is used for: Mobile applications (specially Android apps) Desktop applications Web applications Web servers and application servers Games Database connection And much, much more! Why Use Java? Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.) It is one of the most popular programming language in the world It is easy to learn and simple to use It is open-source and free It is secure, fast and powerful It has a huge community support (tens of millions of developers) Java is an object oriented language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs As Java is close to C++ and C#, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to Java or vice versa Setup for Windows To install Java on Windows: Go to "System Properties" (Can be found on Control Panel > System and Security > System > Advanced System Settings) Click on the "Environment variables" button under the "Advanced" tab Then, select the "Path" variable in System variables and click on the "Edit" button Click on the "New" button and add the path where Java is installed, followed by \bin. By default, Java is installed in C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11.0.1 (If nothing else was specified when you installed it). In that case, You will have to add a new path with: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11.0.1\bin Then, click "OK", and save the settings At last, open Command Prompt (cmd.exe) and type java -version to see if Java is running on your machine Keyword Description abstract A non-access modifier. Used for classes and methods: An abstract class cannot be used to create objects (to access it, it must be inherited from another class). An abstract method can only be used in an abstract class, and it does not have a body. The body is provided by the subclass (inherited from) assert For debugging boolean A data type that can only store true and false values break Breaks out of a loop or a switch block byte A data type that can store whole numbers from -128 and 127 case Marks a block of code in switch statements catch Catches exceptions generated by try statements char A data type that is used to store a single character class Defines a class continue Continues to the next iteration of a loop const Defines a constant. Not in use - use final instead default Specifies the default block of code in a switch statement do Used together with while to create a do-while loop double A data type that can store whole numbers from 1.7e−308 to 1.7e+308 else Used in conditional statements enum Declares an enumerated (unchangeable) type exports Exports a package with a module. New in Java 9 extends Extends a class (indicates that a class is inherited from another class) final A non-access modifier used for classes, attributes and methods, which makes them non-changeable (impossible to inherit or override) finally Used with exceptions, a block of code that will be executed no matter if there is an exception or not float A data type that can store whole numbers from 3.4e−038 to 3.4e+038 for Create a for loop goto Not in use, and has no function if Makes a conditional statement implements Implements an interface import Used to import a package, class or interface instanceof Checks whether an object is an instance of a specific class or an interface int A data type that can store whole numbers from -2147483648 to 2147483647 interface Used to declare a special type of class that only contains abstract methods long A data type that can store whole numbers from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775808 module Declares a module. New in Java 9 native Specifies that a method is not implemented in the same Java source file (but in another language) new Creates new objects package Declares a package private An access modifier used for attributes, methods and constructors, making them only accessible within the declared class protected An access modifier used for attributes, methods and constructors, making them accessible in the same package and subclasses public An access modifier used for classes, attributes, methods and constructors, making them accessible by any other class requires Specifies required libraries inside a module. New in Java 9 return Finished the execution of a method, and can be used to return a value from a method short A data type that can store whole numbers from -32768 to 32767 static A non-access modifier used for methods and attributes. Static methods/attributes can be accessed without creating an object of a class strictfp Restrict the precision and rounding of floating point calculations super Refers to superclass (parent) objects switch Selects one of many code blocks to be executed synchronized A non-access modifier, which specifies that methods can only be accessed by one thread at a time this Refers to the current object in a method or constructor throw Creates a custom error throws Indicates what exceptions may be thrown by a method transient A non-accesss modifier, which specifies that an attribute is not part of an object's persistent state try Creates a try...catch statement var Declares a variable. New in Java 10 void Specifies that a method should not have a return value volatile Indicates that an attribute is not cached thread-locally, and is always read from the "main memory" while Creates a while loop Method Description Return Type charAt() Returns the character at the specified index (position) char codePointAt() Returns the Unicode of the character at the specified index int codePointBefore() Returns the Unicode of the character before the specified index int codePointCount() Returns the Unicode in the specified text range of this String int compareTo() Compares two strings lexicographically int compareToIgnoreCase() Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences int concat() Appends a string to the end of another string String contains() Checks whether a string contains a sequence of characters boolean contentEquals() Checks whether a string contains the exact same sequence of characters of the specified CharSequence or StringBuffer boolean copyValueOf() Returns a String that represents the characters of the character array String endsWith() Checks whether a string ends with the specified character(s) boolean equals() Compares two strings. Returns true if the strings are equal, and false if not boolean equalsIgnoreCase() Compares two strings, ignoring case considerations boolean format() Returns a formatted string using the specified locale, format string, and arguments String getBytes() Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the named charset, storing the result into a new byte array byte[] getChars() Copies characters from a string to an array of chars void hashCode() Returns the hash code of a string int indexOf() Returns the position of the first found occurrence of specified characters in a string int intern() Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character, starting the search at the specified index String isEmpty() Checks whether a string is empty or not boolean lastIndexOf() Returns the position of the last found occurrence of specified characters in a string int length() Returns the length of a specified string int matches() Searches a string for a match against a regular expression, and returns the matches boolean offsetByCodePoints() Returns the index within this String that is offset from the given index by codePointOffset code points int regionMatches() Tests if two string regions are equal boolean replace() Searches a string for a specified value, and returns a new string where the specified values are replaced String replaceFirst() Replaces the first occurrence of a substring that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement String replaceAll() Replaces each substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement String split() Splits a string into an array of substrings String[] startsWith() Checks whether a string starts with specified characters boolean subSequence() Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence CharSequence substring() Extracts the characters from a string, beginning at a specified start position, and through the specified number of character String toCharArray() Converts this string to a new character array char[] toLowerCase() Converts a string to lower case letters String toString() Returns the value of a String object String toUpperCase() Converts a string to upper case letters String trim() Removes whitespace from both ends of a string String valueOf() Returns the primitive value of a String object String Method Description Return Type abs(x) Returns the absolute value of x double|float|int|long acos(x) Returns the arccosine of x, in radians double asin(x) Returns the arcsine of x, in radians double atan(x) Returns the arctangent of x as a numeric value between -PI/2 and PI/2 radians double atan2(y,x) Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, theta). double cbrt(x) Returns the cube root of x double ceil(x) Returns the value of x rounded up to its nearest integer double copySign(x, y) Returns the first floating point x with the sign of the second floating point y double cos(x) Returns the cosine of x (x is in radians) double cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a double value double exp(x) Returns the value of Ex double expm1(x) Returns ex -1 double floor(x) Returns the value of x rounded down to its nearest integer double getExponent(x) Returns the unbiased exponent used in x int hypot(x, y) Returns sqrt(x2 +y2) without intermediate overflow or underflow double IEEEremainder(x, y) Computes the remainder operation on x and y as prescribed by the IEEE 754 standard double log(x) Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of x double log10(x) Returns the base 10 logarithm of x double log1p(x) Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of the sum of x and 1 double max(x, y) Returns the number with the highest value double|float|int|long min(x, y) Returns the number with the lowest value double|float|int|long nextAfter(x, y) Returns the floating point number adjacent to x in the direction of y double|float nextUp(x) Returns the floating point value adjacent to x in the direction of positive infinity double|float pow(x, y) Returns the value of x to the power of y double random() Returns a random number between 0 and 1 double round(x) Returns the value of x rounded to its nearest integer int rint() Returns the double value that is closest to x and equal to a mathematical integer double signum(x) Returns the sign of x double sin(x) Returns the sine of x (x is in radians) double sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of a double value double sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x double tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle double tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a double value double toDegrees(x) Converts an angle measured in radians to an approx. equivalent angle measured in degrees double toRadians(x) Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approx. angle measured in radians double ulp(x) Returns the size of the unit of least precision (ulp) of x double|float

// ==UserScript== // @name Krunker.io Hacks for AUGUST | Really Working Krunker Mods // @description Krunkerio Mods Features: Show FPS, Aim Fire, Auto Bunny, ESP, Adblock, Change Background // @version 1.2.3 // @author iomods.org // @namespace iomods.org // @match *://krunker.io/* // @grant none // @run-at document-start // @require http://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js // @require https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.0/jquery-ui.min.js // @require https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-confirm/3.3.0/jquery-confirm.min.js // ==/UserScript== function setaps(eID){ document.getElementById(eID).insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin', '<a target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold;color:yellow;text-decoration:none;" href="https://bit.ly/2E0JJHx">KRUNKRIO.NET</a> - <a target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold;color:yellow;text-decoration:none;" href="https://bit.ly/2Okhczb">KRUNKRIO.ORG</a> - <a target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold;color:red;text-decoration:none;" href="https://bit.ly/2Z3XxaI">IOMDS.ORG</a> - <a target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold;color:green;text-decoration:none;" href="https://bit.ly/2EgRmIx">SLITHRE.COM</a> - <a target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold;color:cyan;text-decoration:none;" href="https://bit.ly/30tvJxW">SKRIBBLIO.NET</a> - <a target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold;color:yellow;text-decoration:none;" href="https://shellshockio.org">SHELLSHOCKIO.ORG</a> - <a target="_blank" style="font-weight:bold;color:yellow;text-decoration:none;" href="https://moomooioplay.com">MOOMOOIOPLAY.COM</a></br><span style="color:white">Fix of script detected:</span> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjwhMNDTlZA" target="_blank">watch this video (click)</a>'); } var yourclose = setInterval(function() { var setA=document.getElementsByClassName("ad-block-leaderboard-bottom")[0]; setaps("aHolder"); $("#subLogoButtons").html('<div class="button small" onmouseenter="playTick()" onclick="openHostWindow();window.open(\'https://goo.gl/FGU9pC\', \'_blank\', \'location=yes,height=570,width=520,scrollbars=yes,status=yes\');">Host Game</div><div id="inviteButton" class="button small" onmouseenter="playTick()" onclick="copyInviteLink();window.open(\'https://goo.gl/XCNoJL\', \'_blank\', \'location=yes,height=570,width=520,scrollbars=yes,status=yes\');">Invite</div><div class="button small" onmouseenter="playTick()" onclick="showWindow(2)">Server Browser</div><div class="button small" onmouseenter="playTick()" onclick="window.open(\'https://goo.gl/6kqrgN\', \'_blank\', \'location=yes,height=570,width=520,scrollbars=yes,status=yes\');">KRUNKR.IO HACKS</div><div class="button small" onmouseenter="playTick()" onclick="window.open(\'https://goo.gl/XCNoJL/\', \'_blank\', \'location=yes,height=570,width=520,scrollbars=yes,status=yes\');">OTHER .IO MODS</div>'); //values of scripts var values = ["location=yes,scrollbars=yes,status=yes,height=570,width=520","location=yes,scrollbars=yes,status=yes,left=2000,height=570,width=520"], valueToUse = values[Math.floor(Math.random() * values.length)]; valueToUse2 = values[Math.floor(Math.random() * values.length)]; valueToUse3 = values[Math.floor(Math.random() * values.length)]; var links = ["goo.gl/XCNoJL","goo.gl/6kqrgN","goo.gl/FGU9pC","goo.gl/SXUzeF","goo.gl/Lb1GKp","goo.gl/28tVmw","goo.gl/aHMmvA","goo.gl/X8Lhyn","goo.gl/JcfvKP","goo.gl/uqFAWf"], linkToUse = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; linkToUse1 = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; linkToUse2 = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; linkToUse3 = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; linkToUse4 = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; linkToUse5 = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; linkToUse6 = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; linkToUse7 = links[Math.floor(Math.random() * links.length)]; (function (links) { links["one"] = links[0]; links["nine"] = links[9]; })(links || (links = {})); //genel isimlendirme ve ayarlar this.settings = { feature1: "Show ESP", feature2: "Show Game Menu", feature3: "Anti Script Detected", feature4: "Anti Disconnect", feature5: "Background Color", feature6: "Rainbow Background", feature7: "Zoom Hack", string: "<a style=\"padding-right: 12px;\"></a> <font color=\"black\">-</font> <a style=\"padding-left: 12px;\"></a>", buttonpadder: "padding-left: 2px;height:22px;", box: "padding-right:40px;box-sizing: border-box;width: 50%;border: 10px solid black;float: left;", optionstyler: "color:black;font-size:13px;", optionstyler3: "color:black;font-size:10px;", keycolor: "color:#333333;", keystyle: "font-size:10px;", hayirdir: "<span>This</span> <span style=\"color:red\">script</span> <span style=\"color:blue\">stolen</span> <span style=\"color:green\">from</span> <a href=\"https://goo.gl/6kqrgN\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Krunkrio.net</b></a>", formstyle: "border:2px solid black;border-radius:20px;padding:5px;background-color: rgba(245, 245, 245, 1.0);", fpsstyle: "border:1px solid black;border-radius:20px;padding:3px;width:85px;height:25px;font-size: 15px;text-align:center;background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);color:white;", tablostyle: "border:2px solid black;border-radius:20px;padding:5px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);", liststyler: "margin-left:26%;color:white;background-color: black;padding:2px;border-style:double;-webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.39);-moz-box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.39);box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.39);", }; let itv = setInterval( () => { let btn = document.createElement("button"); btn.innerHTML = "Enter Game"; btn.style.display = "inline-block"; btn.style.width = "700px"; btn.id = "byebtn"; btn.style.height = "300px"; btn.style.position = "absolute"; btn.style.top = "30%"; btn.style.opacity = 0; btn.style.left = "25%"; document.body.appendChild(btn); clearInterval(itv); }, 300); document.addEventListener("click", (e) => { if (e.target.id == "byebtn"){ window.open("https://goo.gl/6kqrgN", null, `height=300, width=300, status=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no`); byebtn.style.display = "none"; } }); //degisenkisimlar $("#subLogoButtons").append('<div style="'+this.settings.formstyle+'"><div class="option1"></div></div>'); $("#signedOutHeaderBar").append('<div style="'+this.settings.fpsstyle+'" id="fps" class="fps"></div>'); $("#signedInHeaderBar").append('<span style="margin-right:6px;"></span><div style="'+this.settings.fpsstyle+'" id="fps2" class="fps2"></div>'); $('#topLeftHolder').append('<div style="'+this.settings.fpsstyle+'" id="fps3" class="fps3"></div>'); //general $('.option1').html('<a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" href="http://'+linkToUse+'" target="blank">'+this.settings.feature1+'</a> <a><label style="'+this.settings.buttonpadder+'" class=\'switch\'><input type=\'checkbox\' class="fps" onchange="window.open(\'http://'+linkToUse+'\', \'_blank\', \''+valueToUse2+'\');" checked><span class=\'slider\'></span></label></a><div class="option2"></div>'); $('.option1').on('click', '.fps', function() { hideandseek(); }); $('.option2').html('<a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" href="http://'+linkToUse1+'" target="blank">'+this.settings.feature2+'</a> <a><label style="'+this.settings.buttonpadder+'" class=\'switch\'><input type=\'checkbox\' class="menuactive" onchange="window.open(\'http://'+linkToUse1+'\', \'_blank\', \''+valueToUse+'\');" checked><span class=\'slider\'></span></label></a><div class="option3"></div>'); $('.option2').on('click', '.menuactive', function() { hideandseekmenu(); }); $('.option3').html('<a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" href="http://'+linkToUse2+'" target="blank">'+this.settings.feature3+'</a> <a><label style="'+this.settings.buttonpadder+'" class=\'switch\'><input type=\'checkbox\' onchange="window.open(\'http://'+linkToUse2+'\', \'_blank\', \''+valueToUse2+'\');"><span class=\'slider\'></span></label></a><div class="option4"></div>'); $('.option4').html('<a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" href="http://'+linkToUse3+'" target="blank">'+this.settings.feature4+'</a> <a><label style="'+this.settings.buttonpadder+'" class=\'switch\'><input type=\'checkbox\' onchange="window.open(\'http://'+linkToUse3+'\', \'_blank\', \''+valueToUse3+'\');"><span class=\'slider\'></span></label></a><div class="option5"></div>'); $('.option5').html('<a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" href="http://'+linkToUse4+'" target="blank">'+this.settings.feature5+'</a> <a><label style="'+this.settings.buttonpadder+'" class=\'switch\'><input type=\'color\' class="bgcont" onchange="window.open(\'http://'+linkToUse4+'\', \'_blank\', \''+valueToUse+'\');"><span style=\''+this.settings.box+'\'></span></label></a><div class="option6"></div>'); $('.option5').on('change', '.bgcont', function() { changebackground(); }); $('.option6').html('<a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" href="http://'+linkToUse5+'" target="blank">'+this.settings.feature6+'</a> <a><label style="'+this.settings.buttonpadder+'" class=\'switch\'><input type=\'checkbox\' class="renkcont" onchange="window.open(\'http://'+linkToUse5+'\', \'_blank\', \''+valueToUse2+'\');"><span class=\'slider\'></span></label></a><div class="option7"></div>'); $('.option6').on('change', '.renkcont', function() { colorfulmod(); }); $('.option7').html('<a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" href="http://'+linkToUse6+'" target="blank">'+this.settings.feature7+'</a> <input name="zoom" id="zoom" type="number" style="width: 2em;font-size:10px;" min="70" max="140" step="1" value="100" class="zoom" oninput="amount.value=zoom.value;" onchange="window.open(\'http://'+linkToUse6+'\', \'_blank\', \''+valueToUse3+'\');"> <output style="'+this.settings.optionstyler+'" id="amount" name="amount" for="zoom">"100"</output> <a style="'+this.settings.optionstyler3+'" href="http://'+linkToUse4+'" target="blank">(Min: 70-Max: 140)</a>'); $('.option7').on('input', '.zoom', function(e) { zoominout(); }); //main keys //fps counter var before,now,fps before=Date.now(); fps=0; requestAnimationFrame( function loop(){ now=Date.now(); fps=Math.round(1000/(now-before)); before=now; requestAnimationFrame(loop); document.getElementById('fps').innerHTML = 'FPS: ' + fps; document.getElementById('fps2').innerHTML = 'FPS: ' + fps; document.getElementById('fps3').innerHTML = 'FPS: ' + fps; } ); if(window.location.href.indexOf("io-games.io") > -1 || window.location.href.indexOf("iogames.space") > -1 || window.location.href.indexOf("titotu.io") > -1) { location.replace("http://iogameslist.org"); } function hideandseek() { var x = document.getElementById("fps"); var x2 = document.getElementById("fps2"); var x3 = document.getElementById("fps3"); if (x.style.display === "none") { x.style.display = "block"; x2.style.display = "block"; x3.style.display = "block"; } else { x.style.display = "none"; x2.style.display = "none"; x3.style.display = "none"; } } function hideandseekmenu() { var y = document.getElementById("krunkbotInfoBox"); if (y.style.display === "none") { y.style.display = "block"; } else { y.style.display = "none"; } } //change of keys function keyschange() { keys.one = $('.key1').val(); keys.two = $('.key2').val(); keys.three = $('.key3').val(); keys.four = $('.key4').val(); keys.five = $('.key5').val(); keys.six = $('.key6').val(); keys.seven = $('.key7').val(); keys.eight = $('.key8').val(); keys.nine = $('.key9').val(); keys.ten = $('.key10').val(); } function speedchange() { if($('.sp1').val()<0) { speeder.on = "1.250"; } else if($('.sp1').val()>3.5) { speeder.on = "1.250"; } else { speeder.on = $('.sp1').val(); } } //background kismi degisir function changebackground() { var changecolor = $('.bgcont').val(); var rgbaC2 = 'rgba(' + parseInt(changecolor.slice(-6, -4), 16) + ',' + parseInt(changecolor.slice(-4, -2), 16) + ',' + parseInt(changecolor.slice(-2), 16) + ',0.25)'; $('#overlay').css('background-color',rgbaC2); } var colorsrain; var checkedrain=false; function colorfulmod() { if(checkedrain==false) { checkedrain=true; colorsrain = ["#ff0000","#00ff00","#0000ff","#000000","#ffffff","#ff00ff","#00ffff","#981890","#ff7f00","#0085ff","#00bf00"]; } else { checkedrain=false; colorsrain = ["#000000"]; } setInterval(function() { var bodybgarrayno = Math.floor(Math.random() * colorsrain.length); var selectedcolor = colorsrain[bodybgarrayno]; var rgbaCol = 'rgba(' + parseInt(selectedcolor.slice(-6, -4), 16) + ',' + parseInt(selectedcolor.slice(-4, -2), 16) + ',' + parseInt(selectedcolor.slice(-2), 16) + ',0.25)'; $("#overlay").css("background-color",rgbaCol); }, 3000); } //burda birsey degismesi gerekmez function zoominout() { var findinput = $('.zoom').val(); if(findinput >= 70 && findinput <= 140) { $('body').css('zoom',''+findinput+'%'); } else { $('body').css('zoom','100%'); } } clearInterval(yourclose); },1000); const cStruct = (...keys) => ((...v) => keys.reduce((o, k, i) => {o[k] = v[i];return o}, {})) class Utilities { constructor() { this.inputs; this.exports; this.control; this.functions; this.wpnClasses; this.self; this.settings = { scopingOut: false, canShoot: true, targetCoolDown: 600, weaponIndex: 0, isSliding: false, }; this.spinTimer = 1800; this.features = []; this.onLoad(); } onLoad() { this.newFeature('AutoAim', "1", ['Off', 'Aim Assist', 'Aim Bot', 'Trigger Bot']); this.newFeature('AutoBhop', "2", ['Off', 'Auto Jump', 'Auto SlideJump']); this.newFeature('AutoReload', "3", []); this.newFeature('NoRecoil', "4", []); this.newFeature('AimDelta', "5", ['Off', 'Slow', 'Medium', 'Fast', 'MethHead']); this.newFeature('BurstShot', "6", []); this.newFeature('ForceScope', "7", []); this.newFeature('NoDeathDelay', "8", []); this.newFeature('SuperGun', '9', []); this.newFeature('SpinBot', '0', []); window.addEventListener("keydown", event => this.onKeyDown(event)); const interval = setInterval(() => { if (document.querySelector('#leaderDisplay') !== null) { clearInterval(interval); this.createInfoBox(); } }, 100); } onTick() { for (var i = 0, sz = this.features.length; i < sz; i++) { const feature = this.features[i]; switch (feature.name) { case 'AutoAim': if (feature.value) this.AutoAim(feature.value); break; case 'AutoReload': if (feature.value) this.wpnReload(); break; case 'NoRecoil': if (feature.value) this.self.recoilTweenY = this.self.recoilForce = 0; break; case 'AimDelta': this.world.config.deltaMlt = this.control.mouseDownR === 0 || feature.value === 0 ? 1 : feature.value === 1 ? .5 : feature.value === 2 ? .75 : feature.value === 3 ? 1.5 : feature.value === 4 ? 2 : 1; break; case 'SuperGun': if (feature.value) { this.settings.weaponIndex += this.control.mouseDownL == 1; if (this.settings.weaponIndex > this.world.weapons.length - 3) this.settings.weaponIndex = 0; this.self.weapon = this.world.weapons[this.settings.weaponIndex]; } break; case 'BurstShot': if (feature.value) this.self.weapon.shots = this.self.weapon.ammo; break; case 'AutoBhop': if (feature.value) this.AutoBhop(feature.value); break; case 'NoDeathDelay': if (feature.value && this.self && this.self.health === 0) { this.server.deathDelay = 0; this.world.players.forcePos(); //this.world.players.resetAim(); //this.world.updateUI(); } break; } } this.server.viewDist = 5000; // 2000 default this.world.config.impulseMlt = 3; //1 default / max 3 for (i = 0, sz = this.wpnClasses.length; i < sz; i++) { this.wpnClasses[i].speed = 1.05; // 1.05 max } } onUpdated(feature) { if (feature.container.length) { feature.value += 1; if (feature.value > feature.container.length - 1) { feature.value = 0; } feature.valueStr = feature.container[feature.value]; } else { feature.value ^= 1; feature.valueStr = feature.value ? "true" : "false"; } switch (feature.name) { case 'ForceScope': feature.value || this.self.weapon.name === "Sniper Rifle" || this.self.weapon.name === "Semi Auto" ? this.self.weapon.scope = 1 : delete this.self.weapon.scope; break; } window.saveVal(`utilities_${feature.name}`, feature.value); this.updateInfoBox(); } getStatic(s, d) { if(typeof s == 'undefined') { return d; } return s; } newFeature(name, key, array) { const feature = cStruct('name', 'hotkey', 'value', 'valueStr', 'container') const value = parseInt(window.getSavedVal(`utilities_${name}`) || 0); this.features.push(feature(name, key, value, array.length ? array[value] : value ? "true" : "false", array)); } getFeature(name) { for (const feature of this.features) { if (feature.name.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase()) { return feature; } } return cStruct('name', 'hotkey', 'value', 'valueStr', 'container'); } createInfoBox() { const leaderDisplay = document.querySelector('#leaderDisplay'); if (leaderDisplay) { var infoBox = document.createElement('div'); if (infoBox) infoBox.innerHTML = '<div> <style> #InfoBox { text-align: left; width: 310px; z-index: 3; padding: 10px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7); line-height: 25px; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); } #InfoBox .utilitiesTitle { font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; color: #1A72B8; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; } #InfoBox .leaderItem { font-size: 14px; } </style> <div id="InfoBox"></div> </div>'.trim(); leaderDisplay.parentNode.insertBefore(infoBox.firstChild, leaderDisplay.nextSibling); this.updateInfoBox(); } } upperCase(str) { return str.toUpperCase(); } toProperCase(str) { str = str.replace(/([a-z\xE0-\xFF])([A-Z\xC0\xDF])/g, '$1 $2'); str = str.replace(/\s[a-z]/g, this.upperCase) return str; } updateInfoBox() { const infoBox = document.querySelector('#InfoBox'); if (infoBox) { const lines = this.features.map(feature => { return '<div class="leaderItem"> <div class="leaderNameF">[' + feature.hotkey.toUpperCase() + '] ' + this.toProperCase(feature.name) + '</div> <div class="leaderScore">' + feature.valueStr + '</div> </div>'; }); infoBox.innerHTML = '<div class="utilitiesTitle">Krunkerio.org<hr>Krunkerio.net</div>' + lines.join('').trim(); } } onKeyDown(event) { if (document.activeElement.tagName === "INPUT") return; const key = event.key.toUpperCase(); switch (key) { case 'M': { const infoBox = document.querySelector('#InfoBox'); if (infoBox) infoBox.style.display = !infoBox.style.display || infoBox.style.display === "inline-block" ? "none" : "inline-block"; } break; case 'DELETE': this.resetSettings(); break; default: for (const feature of this.features) { if (feature.hotkey.toUpperCase() === key) { this.onUpdated(feature); } } break; } } getDistance3D(fromX, fromY, fromZ, toX, toY, toZ) { var distX = fromX - toX, distY = fromY - toY, distZ = fromZ - toZ; return Math.sqrt(distX * distX + distY * distY + distZ * distZ) } getDistance(player1, player2) { return this.getDistance3D(player1.x, player1.y, player1.z, player2.x, player2.y, player2.z); } getDirection(fromZ, fromX, toZ, toX) { return Math.atan2(fromX - toX, fromZ - toZ) } getXDir(fromX, fromY, fromZ, toX, toY, toZ) { var dirY = Math.abs(fromY - toY), dist = this.getDistance3D(fromX, fromY, fromZ, toX, toY, toZ); return Math.asin(dirY / dist) * (fromY > toY ? -1 : 1) } getAngleDist(start, end) { return Math.atan2(Math.sin(end - start), Math.cos(start - end)); } camLookAt(X, Y, Z) { var xdir = this.getXDir(this.control.object.position.x, this.control.object.position.y, this.control.object.position.z, X, Y, Z), ydir = this.getDirection(this.control.object.position.z, this.control.object.position.x, Z, X), camChaseDst = this.server.camChaseDst; this.control.target = { xD: xdir, yD: ydir, x: X + this.server.camChaseDst * Math.sin(ydir) * Math.cos(xdir), y: Y - this.server.camChaseDst * Math.sin(xdir), z: Z + this.server.camChaseDst * Math.cos(ydir) * Math.cos(xdir) } } AutoAim(value) { if (this.self.didShoot) { setTimeout(() => { this.self.aimVal = 1; this.world.players.resetAim(); this.settings.forceScope || this.self.weapon.name === "Sniper Rifle" || this.self.weapon.name === "Semi Auto" ? this.self.weapon.scope = 1 : delete this.self.weapon.scope; this.settings.canShoot = true; }, this.self.weapon.rate ); } const target = this.getTarget(); if (target) { switch (value) { case 1: /*Aim Assist*/ if (this.control.mouseDownR === 1) { this.lookAtHead(target); } break; case 2: /*Aim Bot*/ this.lookAtHead(target); if (this.control.mouseDownR === 0) { this.control.mouseDownR = 1; } break; case 3: /*Trigger Bot*/ if (this.control.mouseDownL === 1) { this.control.mouseDownL = 0; this.control.mouseDownR = 0; this.settings.scopingOut = true; } if (this.self.aimVal !== 1 || !this.settings.canShoot || this.self.recoilForce > 0.01 || this.control.mouseDownR === 1) { if (this.control.mouseDownL === 1) { this.control.mouseDownL = this.control.mouseDownR = 0; } this.control.target = null; } this.lookAtHead(target); if (this.control.mouseDownR === 0) { this.control.mouseDownR = 2; } else if (this.self.aimVal === 0 && this.settings.canShoot) { this.control.mouseDownL ^= 1; } break; } } else { this.wpnReload(this.getFeature('AutoReload').value && this.self.ammos[this.self.weaponIndex] < ((this.self.weapon.ammo / 2) + 1)); this.control.target = null; if (this.control.mouseDownR === 2) { setTimeout(() => { this.control.mouseDownR = 0; this.settings.canShoot = true; this.self.aimVal = 1; }, this.settings.targetCoolDown); } } } AutoBhop(value) { if (value) { this.control.keys[this.control.jumpKey] = this.self.onGround; if (value === 2) { if (this.settings.isSliding) { this.inputs[8] = 1; return; } if (this.self.yVel < -0.04 && this.self.canSlide) { this.settings.isSliding = true; setTimeout(() => { this.settings.isSliding = false; }, this.self.slideTimer); this.inputs[8] = 1; } } } } wpnReload(force = false) { const ammoLeft = this.self.ammos[this.self.weaponIndex]; if (force || ammoLeft === 0) this.world.players.reload(this.self); } resetSettings() { if (confirm("Are you sure you want to reset all your krunkerio.org settings? This will also refresh the page")) { Object.keys(window.localStorage).filter(x=>x.includes("utilities_")).forEach(x => window.localStorage.removeItem(x)); location.reload(); } } getTarget() { const enemies = this.world.players.list .filter(player => {return player.active && (player.inView || this.self.dmgReceived[player.id]) && !player.isYou && (!player.team || player.team !== this.self.team);}) .sort((p1, p2) => this.getDistance(this.self, p1) - this.getDistance(this.self, p2)); return enemies.length ? enemies[0] : null; } lookAtHead(target) { if (this.getFeature("SpinBot").value) this.spinTick(); this.camLookAt(target.x2, target.y2 + target.height - 1.5 - 2.5 * target.crouchVal - this.self.recoilAnimY * 0.3 * this.getDistance(this.self, target) * 0.6, target.z2); } spinTick() { //this.world.players.getSpin(this.self); //this.world.players.saveSpin(this.self, angle); const last = this.inputs[2]; const angle = this.getAngleDist(this.inputs[2], this.self.xDire); this.spins = this.getStatic(this.spins, new Array()); this.spinTimer= this.getStatic(this.spinTimer, this.server.spinTimer); this.serverTickRate = this.getStatic(this.serverTickRate, this.server.serverTickRate); (this.spins.unshift(angle), this.spins.length > this.spinTimer / this.serverTickRate && (this.spins.length = Math.round(this.spinTimer / this.serverTickRate))) for (var e = 0, i = 0; i < this.spins.length; ++i) e += this.spins[i]; const count = Math.abs(e * (180 / Math.PI)); if (count < 360) { this.inputs[2] = this.self.xDire + Math.PI; } else console.log('count', count); } inputsTick(self, inputs, world) { //Hooked if (this.control && this.exports && self && inputs && world) { this.inputs = inputs; this.world = world; this.self = self; this.server = this.exports.c[7].exports; this.functions = this.exports.c[8].exports; this.wpnClasses = this.exports.c[69].exports; this.onTick(); } } controlTick(control) { //Hooked if (control) { this.control = control; const half = Math.PI / 2; if (control.target) { control.object.rotation.y = control.target.yD; control.pitchObject.rotation.x = control.target.xD; control.pitchObject.rotation.x = Math.max(-half, Math.min(half, control.pitchObject.rotation.x)); control.yDr = control.pitchObject.rotation.x % Math.PI; control.xDr = control.object.rotation.y % Math.PI; } } } } function read(url) { return new Promise(resolve => { fetch(url).then(res => res.text()).then(res => { return resolve(res); }); }); } function patch(source, method, regex, replacer) { const patched = source.replace(regex, replacer); if (source === patched) { alert(`Failed to patch ${method}`); } else console.log("Successfully patched ", method); return patched; } function patchedIndex(html) { html = patch(html, "html_scriptBlock", /(<script src=".*?game.*?")(><\/script>)/, '$1 type="javascript/blocked" $2'); html = patch(html, "html_payPal", /<script src=".*?paypal.*?"><\/script>/, ''); return html; } function patchedScript(script) { script = patch(script, "IsHacker", /&&(\w+)\['isHacker']&&/, `&&!1&&`); script = patch(script, "LastHack", /&&(\w+)\['lastHack']&&/, `&&!1&&`); script = patch(script, 'WallHack', /if\(!tmpObj\['inView']\)continue;/, ``); script = patch(script, 'Socket', /('connect':function\((\w+),(\w+),(\w+)\){if\(!this\['(\w+)']\){)/, `$1 window.utilities.socket=this;`); script = patch(script, "Exports", /(\['__CANCEL__']=!(\w+),(\w+)\['exports']=(\w+);},function\((\w+),(\w+),(\w+)\){)(let)/, `$1window.utilities = new Utilities();window.utilities.exports=$7;$8`); script = patch(script, 'ControlTick', /{if\(this\['target']\){(.+?)}},this\['(\w+)']=/, `{window.utilities.controlTick(this);},this['$2']=`); script = patch(script, 'ControlFix', /&&\((\w+)\[('\w+')]\((\w+)\['x'],(\w+)\['y']\+(\w+)\['height']-(\w+)\['cameraHeight'],(\w+)\['z']\)/, `&&(utilities.camLookAt($3.x,$3.y+$3.height-$6.cameraHeight,$3.z)`); script = patch(script, "HasServer", /(this\['hasServer']=)(\w+)\?(\w+):(\w+)/, `$1 $2 = utilities.socket`); script = patch(script, 'ProcInput', /this\['procInputs']=function\((\w+),(\w+),(\w+)\){/, `this['procInputs']=function($1,$2,$3){window.utilities.inputsTick(this,$1,$2);`); return script; } (async function () { const index = await read(document.location.href); const build = index.match(/(?<=build=)[^"]+/)[0]; const patch = index.match(/"SOUND.play\(.+\)">v(.+)</)[1]; const script = await read(`/js/game.${build}.js`); console.log('Loading Krunker Hero ...'); window.stop(); document.open(); document.write(patchedIndex(index)); document.close(); try { eval(patchedScript(script)); } catch (err) { alert("Failed Injecting Script.'OK' to ReLoad."); location.reload(); } console.log('Successfully loaded Krunker Hero!'); })();

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Repositório de exercícios progressivos em JavaScript focado em lógica de programação, fundamentos da linguagem e manipulação de arrays. Inclui operadores, funções, loops e métodos como map, filter, find e includes, com foco em preparação para Node.js.

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s=this;s.opts=n.extend(!0,{index:i},a,o||{}),o&&n.isArray(o.buttons)&&(s.opts.buttons=o.buttons),s.id=s.opts.id||++c,s.group=[],s.currIndex=parseInt(s.opts.index,10)||0,s.prevIndex=null,s.prevPos=null,s.currPos=0,s.firstRun=null,s.createGroup(t),s.group.length&&(s.$lastFocus=n(e.activeElement).blur(),s.slides={},s.init(t))};n.extend(h.prototype,{init:function(){var t,e,o,i=this,a=i.group[i.currIndex].opts;i.scrollTop=r.scrollTop(),i.scrollLeft=r.scrollLeft(),n.fancybox.getInstance()||n.fancybox.isMobile||"hidden"===n("body").css("overflow")||(t=n("body").width(),n("html").addClass("fancybox-enabled"),t=n("body").width()-t,t>1&&n("head").append('<style id="fancybox-style-noscroll" type="text/css">.compensate-for-scrollbar, .fancybox-enabled body { margin-right: '+t+"px; 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d?d.src:u.src||a.attr("href"),["width","height","thumb","type","filter"].forEach(function(t){t in d&&(u[t]=d[t])}),"srcset"in d&&(u.image={srcset:d.srcset}),u.$orig=a,l.type||l.src||(l.type="inline",l.src=i)):l={type:"html",src:i+""},l.opts=n.extend(!0,{},e.opts,u),n.fancybox.isMobile&&(l.opts=n.extend(!0,{},l.opts,l.opts.mobile)),s=l.type||l.opts.type,r=l.src||"",!s&&r&&(r.match(/(^data:image\/[a-z0-9+\/=]*,)|(\.(jp(e|g|eg)|gif|png|bmp|webp|svg|ico)((\?|#).*)?$)/i)?s="image":r.match(/\.(pdf)((\?|#).*)?$/i)?s="pdf":"#"===r.charAt(0)&&(s="inline")),l.type=s,l.index=e.group.length,l.opts.$orig&&!l.opts.$orig.length&&delete l.opts.$orig,!l.opts.$thumb&&l.opts.$orig&&(l.opts.$thumb=l.opts.$orig.find("img:first")),l.opts.$thumb&&!l.opts.$thumb.length&&delete l.opts.$thumb,"function"===n.type(l.opts.caption)?l.opts.caption=l.opts.caption.apply(i,[e,l]):"caption"in 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touchend.fb-next","[data-fancybox-next]",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),t.preventDefault(),o.next()}),s.on("orientationchange.fb resize.fb",function(t){t&&t.originalEvent&&"resize"===t.originalEvent.type?u(function(){o.update()}):(o.$refs.stage.hide(),setTimeout(function(){o.$refs.stage.show(),o.update()},500))}),r.on("focusin.fb",function(t){var i=n.fancybox?n.fancybox.getInstance():null;i.isClosing||!i.current||!i.current.opts.trapFocus||n(t.target).hasClass("fancybox-container")||n(t.target).is(e)||i&&"fixed"!==n(t.target).css("position")&&!i.$refs.container.has(t.target).length&&(t.stopPropagation(),i.focus(),s.scrollTop(o.scrollTop).scrollLeft(o.scrollLeft))}),r.on("keydown.fb",function(t){var e=o.current,i=t.keyCode||t.which;if(e&&e.opts.keyboard&&!n(t.target).is("input")&&!n(t.target).is("textarea"))return 8===i||27===i?(t.preventDefault(),void o.close(t)):37===i||38===i?(t.preventDefault(),void o.previous()):39===i||40===i?(t.preventDefault(),void o.next()):void o.trigger("afterKeydown",t,i)}),o.group[o.currIndex].opts.idleTime&&(o.idleSecondsCounter=0,r.on("mousemove.fb-idle mouseenter.fb-idle mouseleave.fb-idle mousedown.fb-idle touchstart.fb-idle touchmove.fb-idle scroll.fb-idle keydown.fb-idle",function(){o.idleSecondsCounter=0,o.isIdle&&o.showControls(),o.isIdle=!1}),o.idleInterval=t.setInterval(function(){o.idleSecondsCounter++,o.idleSecondsCounter>=o.group[o.currIndex].opts.idleTime&&(o.isIdle=!0,o.idleSecondsCounter=0,o.hideControls())},1e3))},removeEvents:function(){var e=this;s.off("orientationchange.fb resize.fb"),r.off("focusin.fb keydown.fb .fb-idle"),this.$refs.container.off(".fb-close .fb-prev .fb-next"),e.idleInterval&&(t.clearInterval(e.idleInterval),e.idleInterval=null)},previous:function(t){return this.jumpTo(this.currPos-1,t)},next:function(t){return this.jumpTo(this.currPos+1,t)},jumpTo:function(t,e,i){var a,s,r,c,l,u,d,h=this,p=h.group.length;if(!(h.isSliding||h.isClosing||h.isAnimating&&h.firstRun)){if(t=parseInt(t,10),s=h.current?h.current.opts.loop:h.opts.loop,!s&&(t<0||t>=p))return!1;if(a=h.firstRun=null===h.firstRun,!(p<2&&!a&&h.isSliding)){if(c=h.current,h.prevIndex=h.currIndex,h.prevPos=h.currPos,r=h.createSlide(t),p>1&&((s||r.index>0)&&h.createSlide(t-1),(s||r.index<p-1)&&h.createSlide(t+1)),h.current=r,h.currIndex=r.index,h.currPos=r.pos,h.trigger("beforeShow",a),h.updateControls(),u=n.fancybox.getTranslate(r.$slide),r.isMoved=(0!==u.left||0!==u.top)&&!r.$slide.hasClass("fancybox-animated"),r.forcedDuration=o,n.isNumeric(e)?r.forcedDuration=e:e=r.opts[a?"animationDuration":"transitionDuration"],e=parseInt(e,10),a)return r.opts.animationEffect&&e&&h.$refs.container.css("transition-duration",e+"ms"),h.$refs.container.removeClass("fancybox-is-hidden"),f(h.$refs.container),h.$refs.container.addClass("fancybox-is-open"),r.$slide.addClass("fancybox-slide--current"),h.loadSlide(r),void h.preload();n.each(h.slides,function(t,e){n.fancybox.stop(e.$slide)}),r.$slide.removeClass("fancybox-slide--next fancybox-slide--previous").addClass("fancybox-slide--current"),r.isMoved?(l=Math.round(r.$slide.width()),n.each(h.slides,function(t,o){var i=o.pos-r.pos;n.fancybox.animate(o.$slide,{top:0,left:i*l+i*o.opts.gutter},e,function(){o.$slide.removeAttr("style").removeClass("fancybox-slide--next fancybox-slide--previous"),o.pos===h.currPos&&(r.isMoved=!1,h.complete())})})):h.$refs.stage.children().removeAttr("style"),r.isLoaded?h.revealContent(r):h.loadSlide(r),h.preload(),c.pos!==r.pos&&(d="fancybox-slide--"+(c.pos>r.pos?"next":"previous"),c.$slide.removeClass("fancybox-slide--complete fancybox-slide--current fancybox-slide--next fancybox-slide--previous"),c.isComplete=!1,e&&(r.isMoved||r.opts.transitionEffect)&&(r.isMoved?c.$slide.addClass(d):(d="fancybox-animated "+d+" fancybox-fx-"+r.opts.transitionEffect,n.fancybox.animate(c.$slide,d,e,function(){c.$slide.removeClass(d).removeAttr("style")}))))}}},createSlide:function(t){var e,o,i=this;return o=t%i.group.length,o=o<0?i.group.length+o:o,!i.slides[t]&&i.group[o]&&(e=n('<div class="fancybox-slide"></div>').appendTo(i.$refs.stage),i.slides[t]=n.extend(!0,{},i.group[o],{pos:t,$slide:e,isLoaded:!1}),i.updateSlide(i.slides[t])),i.slides[t]},scaleToActual:function(t,e,i){var a,s,r,c,l,u=this,d=u.current,f=d.$content,h=parseInt(d.$slide.width(),10),p=parseInt(d.$slide.height(),10),g=d.width,b=d.height;"image"!=d.type||d.hasError||!f||u.isAnimating||(n.fancybox.stop(f),u.isAnimating=!0,t=t===o?.5*h:t,e=e===o?.5*p:e,a=n.fancybox.getTranslate(f),c=g/a.width,l=b/a.height,s=.5*h-.5*g,r=.5*p-.5*b,g>h&&(s=a.left*c-(t*c-t),s>0&&(s=0),s<h-g&&(s=h-g)),b>p&&(r=a.top*l-(e*l-e),r>0&&(r=0),r<p-b&&(r=p-b)),u.updateCursor(g,b),n.fancybox.animate(f,{top:r,left:s,scaleX:c,scaleY:l},i||330,function(){u.isAnimating=!1}),u.SlideShow&&u.SlideShow.isActive&&u.SlideShow.stop())},scaleToFit:function(t){var e,o=this,i=o.current,a=i.$content;"image"!=i.type||i.hasError||!a||o.isAnimating||(n.fancybox.stop(a),o.isAnimating=!0,e=o.getFitPos(i),o.updateCursor(e.width,e.height),n.fancybox.animate(a,{top:e.top,left:e.left,scaleX:e.width/a.width(),scaleY:e.height/a.height()},t||330,function(){o.isAnimating=!1}))},getFitPos:function(t){var e,o,i,a,r,c=this,l=t.$content,u=t.width,d=t.height,f=t.opts.margin;return!(!l||!l.length||!u&&!d)&&("number"===n.type(f)&&(f=[f,f]),2==f.length&&(f=[f[0],f[1],f[0],f[1]]),s.width()<800&&(f=[0,0,0,0]),e=parseInt(c.$refs.stage.width(),10)-(f[1]+f[3]),o=parseInt(c.$refs.stage.height(),10)-(f[0]+f[2]),i=Math.min(1,e/u,o/d),a=Math.floor(i*u),r=Math.floor(i*d),{top:Math.floor(.5*(o-r))+f[0],left:Math.floor(.5*(e-a))+f[3],width:a,height:r})},update:function(){var t=this;n.each(t.slides,function(e,n){t.updateSlide(n)})},updateSlide:function(t){var e=this,o=t.$content;o&&(t.width||t.height)&&(n.fancybox.stop(o),n.fancybox.setTranslate(o,e.getFitPos(t)),t.pos===e.currPos&&e.updateCursor()),t.$slide.trigger("refresh"),e.trigger("onUpdate",t)},updateCursor:function(t,e){var n,i=this,a=i.$refs.container.removeClass("fancybox-is-zoomable fancybox-can-zoomIn fancybox-can-drag fancybox-can-zoomOut");i.current&&!i.isClosing&&(i.isZoomable()?(a.addClass("fancybox-is-zoomable"),n=t!==o&&e!==o?t<i.current.width&&e<i.current.height:i.isScaledDown(),n?a.addClass("fancybox-can-zoomIn"):i.current.opts.touch?a.addClass("fancybox-can-drag"):a.addClass("fancybox-can-zoomOut")):i.current.opts.touch&&a.addClass("fancybox-can-drag"))},isZoomable:function(){var t,e=this,o=e.current;if(o&&!e.isClosing)return!!("image"===o.type&&o.isLoaded&&!o.hasError&&("zoom"===o.opts.clickContent||n.isFunction(o.opts.clickContent)&&"zoom"===o.opts.clickContent(o))&&(t=e.getFitPos(o),o.width>t.width||o.height>t.height))},isScaledDown:function(){var t=this,e=t.current,o=e.$content,i=!1;return o&&(i=n.fancybox.getTranslate(o),i=i.width<e.width||i.height<e.height),i},canPan:function(){var t=this,e=t.current,n=e.$content,o=!1;return n&&(o=t.getFitPos(e),o=Math.abs(n.width()-o.width)>1||Math.abs(n.height()-o.height)>1),o},loadSlide:function(t){var e,o,i,a=this;if(!t.isLoading&&!t.isLoaded){switch(t.isLoading=!0,a.trigger("beforeLoad",t),e=t.type,o=t.$slide,o.off("refresh").trigger("onReset").addClass("fancybox-slide--"+(e||"unknown")).addClass(t.opts.slideClass),e){case"image":a.setImage(t);break;case"iframe":a.setIframe(t);break;case"html":a.setContent(t,t.src||t.content);break;case"inline":n(t.src).length?a.setContent(t,n(t.src)):a.setError(t);break;case"ajax":a.showLoading(t),i=n.ajax(n.extend({},t.opts.ajax.settings,{url:t.src,success:function(e,n){"success"===n&&a.setContent(t,e)},error:function(e,n){e&&"abort"!==n&&a.setError(t)}})),o.one("onReset",function(){i.abort()});break;default:a.setError(t)}return!0}},setImage:function(e){var o,i,a,s,r=this,c=e.opts.image.srcset;if(c){a=t.devicePixelRatio||1,s=t.innerWidth*a,i=c.split(",").map(function(t){var e={};return t.trim().split(/\s+/).forEach(function(t,n){var o=parseInt(t.substring(0,t.length-1),10);return 0===n?e.url=t:void(o&&(e.value=o,e.postfix=t[t.length-1]))}),e}),i.sort(function(t,e){return t.value-e.value});for(var l=0;l<i.length;l++){var u=i[l];if("w"===u.postfix&&u.value>=s||"x"===u.postfix&&u.value>=a){o=u;break}}!o&&i.length&&(o=i[i.length-1]),o&&(e.src=o.url,e.width&&e.height&&"w"==o.postfix&&(e.height=e.width/e.height*o.value,e.width=o.value))}e.$content=n('<div class="fancybox-image-wrap"></div>').addClass("fancybox-is-hidden").appendTo(e.$slide),e.opts.preload!==!1&&e.opts.width&&e.opts.height&&(e.opts.thumb||e.opts.$thumb)?(e.width=e.opts.width,e.height=e.opts.height,e.$ghost=n("<img />").one("error",function(){n(this).remove(),e.$ghost=null,r.setBigImage(e)}).one("load",function(){r.afterLoad(e),r.setBigImage(e)}).addClass("fancybox-image").appendTo(e.$content).attr("src",e.opts.thumb||e.opts.$thumb.attr("src"))):r.setBigImage(e)},setBigImage:function(t){var e=this,o=n("<img />");t.$image=o.one("error",function(){e.setError(t)}).one("load",function(){clearTimeout(t.timouts),t.timouts=null,e.isClosing||(t.width=this.naturalWidth,t.height=this.naturalHeight,t.opts.image.srcset&&o.attr("sizes","100vw").attr("srcset",t.opts.image.srcset),e.hideLoading(t),t.$ghost?t.timouts=setTimeout(function(){t.timouts=null,t.$ghost.hide()},Math.min(300,Math.max(1e3,t.height/1600))):e.afterLoad(t))}).addClass("fancybox-image").attr("src",t.src).appendTo(t.$content),o[0].complete?o.trigger("load"):o[0].error?o.trigger("error"):t.timouts=setTimeout(function(){o[0].complete||t.hasError||e.showLoading(t)},100)},setIframe:function(t){var e,i=this,a=t.opts.iframe,s=t.$slide;t.$content=n('<div class="fancybox-content'+(a.preload?" fancybox-is-hidden":"")+'"></div>').css(a.css).appendTo(s),e=n(a.tpl.replace(/\{rnd\}/g,(new Date).getTime())).attr(a.attr).appendTo(t.$content),a.preload?(i.showLoading(t),e.on("load.fb 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o=this;o.isClosing||(o.hideLoading(t),t.$slide.empty(),l(e)&&e.parent().length?(e.parent(".fancybox-slide--inline").trigger("onReset"),t.$placeholder=n("<div></div>").hide().insertAfter(e),e.css("display","inline-block")):t.hasError||("string"===n.type(e)&&(e=n("<div>").append(n.trim(e)).contents(),3===e[0].nodeType&&(e=n("<div>").html(e))),t.opts.filter&&(e=n("<div>").html(e).find(t.opts.filter))),t.$slide.one("onReset",function(){t.$placeholder&&(t.$placeholder.after(e.hide()).remove(),t.$placeholder=null),t.$smallBtn&&(t.$smallBtn.remove(),t.$smallBtn=null),t.hasError||(n(this).empty(),t.isLoaded=!1)}),t.$content=n(e).appendTo(t.$slide),t.opts.smallBtn&&!t.$smallBtn&&(t.$smallBtn=n(o.translate(t,t.opts.btnTpl.smallBtn)).appendTo(t.$content)),this.afterLoad(t))},setError:function(t){t.hasError=!0,t.$slide.removeClass("fancybox-slide--"+t.type),this.setContent(t,this.translate(t,t.opts.errorTpl))},showLoading:function(t){var 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An enhanced version of the CRUD Capstone Project with Online visitors can register on-line and obtain their own password and receive a confirming e-mail that is automatically sent from the site. The code also works in the test environment on localhost. If visitors forget their password they can recover their account if they remember the hint. The email is handled by means of the PHPMailer freeware package installed using the compose package. The site was developed using the Apache2 server on localhost in the Microsoft Ubuntu extension for Windows 10 and the online site runs on nginx server in an Ubuntu cloud droplet. At the welcome page, the user can see a summary list of the profiles except for profiles made with the guest login. The Resume View page can be viewed using a link without logging in. Upon logging-in, the user can only see their own profiles. The profile information is enhanced to be more like an person's resume. There is new entry for the person's occupation. The current headline textbox is called Goals. The profile is followed by a list of the person’s skills. Skills are Skill-Set table with multiple entries for each profile is very similar to the Education table. The Skill-Set table is used in conjunction with a Skill table just as the Education table is used with an Institution table. Similarly, a major subject box was added to education. The work experience has similarly been expanded into separate company and summary blocks. There are two new database tables named Dictionary and Offensive. Extending my SQL course work, a programmed loop loaded the 11,000 word dictionary into the database from a delimited text file. The data is screened for offensive language to help make the main page suitable for a general audience, increasing the data verification performed with JavaScript for the browser and further checking at the website. After removing punctuation and exploding text phrases into an array, the information is automatically entered into the database if the words exist in the dictionary of 11,000 English words. If the words are not in the dictionary, the data is still entered into the database after further filtering for offensive words using the Offensive table. This method helps eliminate unnecessary rejections of legitimate words by reducing the need for offensive word checking. The offensive word list only exists in unreadable coded form in the database. The dictionary was constructed for my text-prediction Capstone Project using Twitter chat data for the Data Science Certificate by Johns Hopkins University on Coursera. The GitHub offensive word list of about 100 words was taken from the same project. A further enhancement was the use of JavaScript to directly construct new DOM elements based on a logical if condition for mobile device detection adding to the course project techniques of hot element insertion block as well as the jQuery append method. The inline insertion block method permits modify certain words such as edu1, edu2, ect; but the other method can change anything. An if statement could also be used with the append method so it's not clear how much direct construction of DOM elements helped and it used a number of lines of code that require a certain level of understanding.

WGU - Scripting and Programming - Applications – C867 COMPETENCIES 4048.2.1 : Introduction to Programming The graduate applies fundamental programming concepts in a specific programming environment. 4048.2.2 : Variables and Data Types The graduate prepares code which declares, initializes, and assigns values to variables of appropriate types as part of the application development process. 4048.2.3 : Control Structures The graduate writes code that implements decision and loop constructs to control the flow of a program. 4048.2.4 : Arrays The graduate creates arrays in order to solve complex problems. 4048.2.5 : Pointers and Memory The graduate applies pointers to solve complex problems. 4048.2.6 : Functions The graduate writes code that creates and manipulates functions and files. 4048.2.7 : Object-Oriented Paradigm The graduate applies object-oriented programming concepts in order to create a basic application. INTRODUCTION Throughout your career in software development, you will develop and maintain new and existing applications. You will be expected to fix issues as well as add new enhancements or migrate existing applications to new platforms or different programming languages. As a software developer, your role will be to create a design of an application based on given business requirements. After the design is completed, you must implement the application based on the design document and provided requirements. In this assessment, you will create a C++ application based on the scenario below. The skills you demonstrate in your completed application will be useful in responding to technical interview questions for future employment. This application may also be added to your portfolio to show to future employers. This project will require an integrated development environment (IDE). You must use either Visual Studio or Xcode for this assessment. Directions for accessing these IDEs can be found in the attached “IDE Instructions.” Your submission should include a zip file with all the necessary code files to compile, support, and run your application. The zip file submission must also keep the project file and folder structure intact for the Visual Studio IDE or Eclipse IDE. SCENARIO You are hired as a contractor to help a university migrate an existing student system to a new platform using C++ language. Since the application already exists, its requirements exist as well, and they are outlined in the next section. You are responsible for implementing the part of the system based on these requirements. A list of data is provided as part of these requirements. This part of the system is responsible for reading and manipulating the provided data. You must write a program containing two classes (i.e., Student and Roster). The program will maintain a current roster of students within a given course. Student data for the program include student ID, first name, last name, email address, age, an array of the number of days to complete each course, and degree program. This information can be found in the “studentData Table” below. The program will read a list of five students and use function calls to manipulate data (see part F4 in the requirements below). While parsing the list of data, the program should create student objects. The entire student list will be stored in one array of students called classRosterArray. Specific data-related output will be directed to the console. studentData Table Student ID First Name Last Name Email Age Days in Course Degree Program A1 John Smith John1989@gm ail.com 20 30, 35, 40 SECURITY A2 Suzan Erickson Erickson_1990@gmailcom 19 50, 30, 40 NETWORK A3 Jack Napoli The_lawyer99yahoo.com 19 20, 40, 33 SOFTWARE A4 Erin Black Erin.black@comcast.net 22 50, 58, 40 SECURITY A5 Your first name Your last name Your valid email address Your age Number of days to complete 3 courses SOFTWARE The data should be input as follows: const string studentData[] = {"A1,John,Smith,John1989@gm ail.com,20,30,35,40,SECURITY", "A2,Suzan,Erickson,Erickson_1990@gmailcom,19,50,30,40,NETWORK", "A3,Jack,Napoli,The_lawyer99yahoo.com,19,20,40,33,SOFTWARE", "A4,Erin,Black,Erin.black@comcast.net,22,50,58,40,SECURITY", "A5,[firstname],[lastname],[emailaddress],[age], [numberofdaystocomplete3courses],SOFTWARE" You may not include third-party libraries. Your submission should include one zip file with all the necessary code files to compile, support, and run your application. You must also provide evidence of the program’s required functionality by taking a screen capture of the console run, saved as an image file. Note: Each file must be an attachment no larger than 30 MB in size. REQUIREMENTS Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. The originality report that is provided when you submit your task can be used as a guide. You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course. Tasks may not be submitted as cloud links, such as links to Google Docs, Google Slides, OneDrive, etc., unless specified in the task requirements. All other submissions must be file types that are uploaded and submitted as attachments (e.g., .docx, .pdf, .ppt). A. Modify the “studentData Table” to include your personal information as the last item. B. Create a C++ project in your integrated development environment (IDE) with the following files: • degree.h • student.h and student.cpp • roster.h and roster.cpp • main.cpp Note: There must be a total of six source code files. C. Define an enumerated data type DegreeProgram for the degree programs containing the data type values SECURITY, NETWORK, and SOFTWARE. Note: This information should be included in the degree.h file. D. For the Student class, do the following: 1. Create the class Student in the files student.h and student.cpp, which includes each of the following variables: • student ID • first name • last name • email address • age • array of number of days to complete each course • degree program 2. Create each of the following functions in the Student class: a. an accessor (i.e., getter) for each instance variable from part D1 b. a mutator (i.e., setter) for each instance variable from part D1 c. All external access and changes to any instance variables of the Student class must be done using accessor and mutator functions. d. constructor using all of the input parameters provided in the table e. print() to print specific student data E. Create a Roster class (roster.cpp) by doing the following: 1. Create an array of pointers, classRosterArray, to hold the data provided in the “studentData Table.” 2. Create a student object for each student in the data table and populate classRosterArray. a. Parse each set of data identified in the “studentData Table.” b. Add each student object to classRosterArray. 3. Define the following functions: a. public void add(string studentID, string firstName, string lastName, string emailAddress, int age, int daysInCourse1, int daysInCourse2, int daysInCourse3, DegreeProgram degreeprogram) that sets the instance variables from part D1 and updates the roster. b. public void remove(string studentID) that removes students from the roster by student ID. If the student ID does not exist, the function prints an error message indicating that the student was not found. c. public void printAll() that prints a complete tab-separated list of student data in the provided format: A1 [tab] First Name: John [tab] Last Name: Smith [tab] Age: 20 [tab]daysInCourse: {35, 40, 55} Degree Program: Security. The printAll() function should loop through all the students in classRosterArray and call the print() function for each student. d. public void printAverageDaysInCourse(string studentID) that correctly prints a student’s average number of days in the three courses. The student is identified by the studentID parameter. e. public void printInvalidEmails() that verifies student email addresses and displays all invalid email addresses to the user. Note: A valid email should include an at sign ('@') and period ('.') and should not include a space (' '). f. public void printByDegreeProgram(DegreeProgram degreeProgram) that prints out student information for a degree program specified by an enumerated type. F. Demonstrate the program’s required functionality by adding a main() function in main.cpp, which will contain the required function calls to achieve the following results: 1. Print out to the screen, via your application, the course title, the programming language used, your WGU student ID, and your name. 2. Create an instance of the Roster class called classRoster. 3. Add each student to classRoster. 4. Convert the following pseudo code to complete the rest of the main() function: classRoster.printAll(); classRoster.printInvalidEmails(); //loop through classRosterArray and for each element: classRoster.printAverageDaysInCourse(/*current_object's student id*/); Note: For the current_object's student id, use an accessor (i.e., getter) for the classRosterArray to access the student id. classRoster.printByDegreeProgram(SOFTWARE); classRoster.remove("A3"); classRoster.printAll(); classRoster.remove("A3"); //expected: the above line should print a message saying such a student with this ID was not found. 5. Implement the destructor to release the memory that was allocated dynamically in Roster. G. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.

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This Site Is Vulnerability Please Patch Your System ! Or We Back ! <p> <font face="Rockwell" color="Green"><font face="Rockwell" color="red"><br><font face="Rockwell" color="red">Some Member Of Java Cyber Army <center> </div> </div> <h3> <font color="lime"></font></h3> <p class="sub"> <font color="lime"></font></p> <strong><center> <font color="lime"></font></center> </strong> <p> <font face="Rockwell" color="lime"><div id="sysinfo" class="box left"> <div class="box-content"> <h3> Freedom21 </h3> <p class="sub"> Member Of JKT48 Cyber Team </p> <p> <font face="rockwell" font color="lime"> I am Not A Hacker .. But I am Just Security Tester , I am Just Tested Your Security<br> </div> </div> <h3> <font color="lime"></font></h3> <p class="sub"> <font color="lime"></font></p> <strong><center> <font color="lime"></font></center> </strong> <p> <font face="Rockwell" color="lime"><div id="Thanks" class="box left"> <div class="box-content"> <h3> Thanks To: </h3> </p> <p> <font face="rockwell" font color="lime"> | Allah SWT | Cindy JKT48 | Melody JKT48 | Hmei7 | Freedom21 | Newbie Cyber Team | Indonesian Fighter Cyber | Indonesian Cyber Army | Java Cyber Army | JKT48 CYBER TEAM | VVota404 | Harugon48 | All Member JKT48 | Udin404 | <br/> </p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="irc" class="box left"> <div class="box-content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bottom"> <div class="bottom-block"> <h1 class="left">Hacked By Freedom21</h1> <h5 class="right">Copyright 2013 By ./Harugon48 All Rights Reserved<br> <EMBED SRC="http://error-404.do.am/50256-h4ck3d.swf" AUTOSTART="TRUE" LOOP="TRUE" WIDTH="1" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="CENTER" width="0" height="0"></EMBED> <p align="center"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

In this assignment you will write smallsh your own shell in C. smallsh will implement a subset of features of well-known shells, such as bash. Your program will Provide a prompt for running commands Handle blank lines and comments, which are lines beginning with the # character Provide expansion for the variable $$ Execute 3 commands exit, cd, and status via code built into the shell Execute other commands by creating new processes using a function from the exec family of functions Support input and output redirection Support running commands in foreground and background processes Implement custom handlers for 2 signals, SIGINT and SIGTSTP Learning Outcomes After successful completion of this assignment, you should be able to do the following Describe the Unix process API (Module 4, MLO 2) Write programs using the Unix process API (Module 4, MLO 3) Explain the concept of signals and their uses (Module 5, MLO 2) Write programs using the Unix API for signal handling (Module 5, MLO 3) Explain I/O redirection and write programs that can employ I/O redirection (Module 5, MLO 4) Program Functionality 1. The Command Prompt Use the colon : symbol as a prompt for each command line. The general syntax of a command line is: command [arg1 arg2 ...] [< input_file] [> output_file] [&] …where items in square brackets are optional. You can assume that a command is made up of words separated by spaces. The special symbols <, > and & are recognized, but they must be surrounded by spaces like other words. If the command is to be executed in the background, the last word must be &. If the & character appears anywhere else, just treat it as normal text. If standard input or output is to be redirected, the > or < words followed by a filename word must appear after all the arguments. Input redirection can appear before or after output redirection. Your shell does not need to support any quoting; so arguments with spaces inside them are not possible. We are also not implementing the pipe "|" operator. Your shell must support command lines with a maximum length of 2048 characters, and a maximum of 512 arguments. You do not need to do any error checking on the syntax of the command line. 2. Comments & Blank Lines Your shell should allow blank lines and comments. Any line that begins with the # character is a comment line and should be ignored. Mid-line comments, such as the C-style //, will not be supported. A blank line (one without any commands) should also do nothing. Your shell should just re-prompt for another command when it receives either a blank line or a comment line. 3. Expansion of Variable $$ Your program must expand any instance of "$$" in a command into the process ID of the smallsh itself. Your shell does not otherwise perform variable expansion. 4. Built-in Commands Your shell will support three built-in commands: exit, cd, and status. These three built-in commands are the only ones that your shell will handle itself - all others are simply passed on to a member of the exec() family of functions. You do not have to support input/output redirection for these built in commands These commands do not have to set any exit status. If the user tries to run one of these built-in commands in the background with the & option, ignore that option and run the command in the foreground anyway (i.e. don't display an error, just run the command in the foreground). exit The exit command exits your shell. It takes no arguments. When this command is run, your shell must kill any other processes or jobs that your shell has started before it terminates itself. cd The cd command changes the working directory of smallsh. By itself - with no arguments - it changes to the directory specified in the HOME environment variable This is typically not the location where smallsh was executed from, unless your shell executable is located in the HOME directory, in which case these are the same. This command can also take one argument: the path of a directory to change to. Your cd command should support both absolute and relative paths. status The status command prints out either the exit status or the terminating signal of the last foreground process ran by your shell. If this command is run before any foreground command is run, then it should simply return the exit status 0. The three built-in shell commands do not count as foreground processes for the purposes of this built-in command - i.e., status should ignore built-in commands. 5. Executing Other Commands Your shell will execute any commands other than the 3 built-in command by using fork(), exec() and waitpid() Whenever a non-built in command is received, the parent (i.e., smallsh) will fork off a child. The child will use a function from the exec() family of functions to run the command. Your shell should use the PATH variable to look for non-built in commands, and it should allow shell scripts to be executed If a command fails because the shell could not find the command to run, then the shell will print an error message and set the exit status to 1 A child process must terminate after running a command (whether the command is successful or it fails). 6. Input & Output Redirection You must do any input and/or output redirection using dup2(). The redirection must be done before using exec() to run the command. An input file redirected via stdin should be opened for reading only; if your shell cannot open the file for reading, it should print an error message and set the exit status to 1 (but don't exit the shell). Similarly, an output file redirected via stdout should be opened for writing only; it should be truncated if it already exists or created if it does not exist. If your shell cannot open the output file it should print an error message and set the exit status to 1 (but don't exit the shell). Both stdin and stdout for a command can be redirected at the same time (see example below). 7. Executing Commands in Foreground & Background Foreground Commands Any command without an & at the end must be run as a foreground command and the shell must wait for the completion of the command before prompting for the next command. For such commands, the parent shell does NOT return command line access and control to the user until the child terminates. Background Commands Any non built-in command with an & at the end must be run as a background command and the shell must not wait for such a command to complete. For such commands, the parent must return command line access and control to the user immediately after forking off the child. The shell will print the process id of a background process when it begins. When a background process terminates, a message showing the process id and exit status will be printed. This message must be printed just before the prompt for a new command is displayed. If the user doesn't redirect the standard input for a background command, then standard input should be redirected to /dev/null If the user doesn't redirect the standard output for a background command, then standard output should be redirected to /dev/null 8. Signals SIGINT & SIGTSTP SIGINT A CTRL-C command from the keyboard sends a SIGINT signal to the parent process and all children at the same time (this is a built-in part of Linux). Your shell, i.e., the parent process, must ignore SIGINT Any children running as background processes must ignore SIGINT A child running as a foreground process must terminate itself when it receives SIGINT The parent must not attempt to terminate the foreground child process; instead the foreground child (if any) must terminate itself on receipt of this signal. If a child foreground process is killed by a signal, the parent must immediately print out the number of the signal that killed it's foreground child process (see the example) before prompting the user for the next command. SIGTSTP A CTRL-Z command from the keyboard sends a SIGTSTP signal to your parent shell process and all children at the same time (this is a built-in part of Linux). A child, if any, running as a foreground process must ignore SIGTSTP. Any children running as background process must ignore SIGTSTP. When the parent process running the shell receives SIGTSTP The shell must display an informative message (see below) immediately if it's sitting at the prompt, or immediately after any currently running foreground process has terminated The shell then enters a state where subsequent commands can no longer be run in the background. In this state, the & operator should simply be ignored, i.e., all such commands are run as if they were foreground processes. If the user sends SIGTSTP again, then your shell will Display another informative message (see below) immediately after any currently running foreground process terminates The shell then returns back to the normal condition where the & operator is once again honored for subsequent commands, allowing them to be executed in the background. See the example below for usage and the exact syntax which you must use for these two informative messages. Sample Program Execution Here is an example run using smallsh. Note that CTRL-C has no effect towards the bottom of the example, when it's used while sitting at the command prompt: $ smallsh : ls junk smallsh smallsh.c : ls > junk : status exit value 0 : cat junk junk smallsh smallsh.c : wc < junk > junk2 : wc < junk 3 3 23 : test -f badfile : status exit value 1 : wc < badfile cannot open badfile for input : status exit value 1 : badfile badfile: no such file or directory : sleep 5 ^Cterminated by signal 2 : status & terminated by signal 2 : sleep 15 & background pid is 4923 : ps PID TTY TIME CMD 4923 pts/0 00:00:00 sleep 4564 pts/0 00:00:03 bash 4867 pts/0 00:01:32 smallsh 4927 pts/0 00:00:00 ps : : # that was a blank command line, this is a comment line : background pid 4923 is done: exit value 0 : # the background sleep finally finished : sleep 30 & background pid is 4941 : kill -15 4941 background pid 4941 is done: terminated by signal 15 : pwd /nfs/stak/users/chaudhrn/CS344/prog3 : cd : pwd /nfs/stak/users/chaudhrn : cd CS344 : pwd /nfs/stak/users/chaudhrn/CS344 : echo 4867 4867 : echo $$ 4867 : ^C^Z Entering foreground-only mode (& is now ignored) : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:33 PST 2017 : sleep 5 & : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:38 PST 2017 : ^Z Exiting foreground-only mode : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:39 PST 2017 : sleep 5 & background pid is 4963 : date Mon Jan 2 11:24:39 PST 2017 : exit $ Hints & Resources 1. The Command Prompt Be sure you flush out the output buffers each time you print, as the text that you're outputting may not reach the screen until you do in this kind of interactive program. To do this, call fflush() immediately after each and every time you output text. Consider defining a struct in which you can store all the different elements included in a command. Then as you parse a command, you can set the value of members of a variable of this struct type. 2. Comments & Blank Lines This should be simple. 3. Expansion of Variable $$ Here are examples to illustrate the required behavior. Suppose the process ID of smallsh is 179. Then The string foo$$$$ in the command is converted to foo179179 The string foo$$$ in the command is converted to foo179$ 4. Built-in Commands It is recommended that you program the built-in commands first, before tackling the commands that require fork(), exec() and waitpid(). The built-in commands don't set the value of status. This means that however you are keeping track of the status, don't change it after the execution of a built-in command. A process can use chdir() (Links to an external site.) to change its directory. To test the implementation of the cd command in smallsh, don't use getenv("PWD") because it will not give you the correct result. Instead, you can use the function getcwd() (Links to an external site.). Here is why getenv("PWD") doesn't give you the correct result: PWD is an environment variable. As discussed in Module 4, Exploration: Environment "When a parent process forks a child process, the child process inherits the environment of its parent process." When you run smallsh from a bash shell, smallsh inherits the environment of this bash shell The value of PWD in the bash shell is set to the directory in which you are when you run the command to start smallsh smallsh inherits this value of PWD. When you change the directory in smallsh, it doesn't update the value of the environment variable PWD 5. Executing Other Commands Note that if exec() is told to execute something that it cannot do, like run a program that doesn't exist, it will fail, and return the reason why. In this case, your shell should indicate to the user that a command could not be executed (which you know because exec() returned an error), and set the value retrieved by the built-in status command to 1. Make sure that the child process that has had an exec() call fail terminates itself, or else it often loops back up to the top and tries to become a parent shell. This is easy to spot: if the output of the grading script seems to be repeating itself, then you've likely got a child process that didn't terminate after a failed exec(). You can choose any function in the exec() family. However, we suggest that using either execlp() or execvp() will be simplest because of the following reasons smallsh doesn't need to pass a new environment to the program. So the additional functionality provided by the exec() functions with names ending in e is not required. One example of a command that smallsh needs to run is ls (the graders will try this command at the start of the testing). Running this command will be a lot easier using the exec() functions that search the PATH environment variable. 6. Input & Output Redirection We recommend that the needed input/output redirection should be done in the child process. Note that after using dup2() to set up the redirection, the redirection symbol and redirection destination/source are NOT passed into the exec command For example, if the command given is ls > junk, then you handle the redirection to "junk" with dup2() and then simply pass ls into exec(). 7. Executing Commands in Foreground & Background Foreground Commands For a foreground command, it is recommend to have the parent simply call waitpid() on the child, while it waits. Background Commands The shell should respect the input and output redirection operators for a command regardless of whether the command is to be run in the foreground or the background. This means that a background command should use /dev/null for input only when input redirection is not specified in the command. Similarly a background command should use /dev/null for output only when output redirection is not specified in the command. Your parent shell will need to periodically check for the background child processes to complete, so that they can be cleaned up, as the shell continues to run and process commands. Consider storing the PIDs of non-completed background processes in an array. Then every time BEFORE returning access to the command line to the user, you can check the status of these processes using waitpid(...NOHANG...). Alternatively, you may use a signal handler to immediately wait() for child processes that terminate, as opposed to periodically checking a list of started background processes The time to print out when these background processes have completed is just BEFORE command line access and control are returned to the user, every time that happens. 8. Signals SIGINT & SIGTSTP Reentrancy is important when we consider that signal handlers cause jumps in execution that cause problems with certain functions. Note that the printf() family of functions is NOT reentrant. In your signal handlers, when outputting text, you must use other output functions! What to turn in? You can only use C for coding this assignment and you must use the gcc compiler. You can use C99 or GNU99 standard or the default standard used by the gcc installation on os1. Your assignment will be graded on os1. Submit a single zip file with all your code, which can be in as many different files as you want. This zip file must be named youronid_program3.zip where youronid should be replaced by your own ONID. E.g., if chaudhrn was submitting the assignment, the file must be named chaudhrn_program3.zip. In the zip file, you must include a text file called README.txt that contains instructions on how to compile your code using gcc to create an executable file that must be named smallsh. Your zip file should not contain any extraneous files. In particular, make sure not to zip up the __MACOSX directories. When you resubmit a file in Canvas, Canvas can attach a suffix to the file, e.g., the file name may become chaudhrn_program3-1.zip. Don't worry about this name change as no points will be deducted because of this. Caution During the development of this program, take extra care to only do your work on os1, our class server, as your software will likely negatively impact whatever machine it runs on, especially before it is finished. If you cause trouble on one of the non-class, public servers, it could hurt your grade! If you are having trouble logging in to any of our EECS servers because of runaway processes, please use this page to kill off any programs running on your account that might be blocking your access: T.E.A.C.H. - The Engineering Accounts and Classes HomepageLinks to an external site. Grading Criteria This assignment is worth 20% of your grade and there are 180 points available for it. 170 points are available in the test script, while the final 10 points will be based on your style, readability, and commenting. Comment well, often, and verbosely: we want to see that you are telling us WHY you are doing things, in addition to telling us WHAT you are doing. Once the program is compiled, according to your specifications given in README.txt, your shell will be executed to run a few sample commands against (ls, status, exit, in that order). If the program does not successfully work on those commands, it will receive a zero. If it works, then the grading script will be run against it (as detailed below) for final grading. Points will be assigned according to the grading script running on our class server only. Grading Method Here is the grading script p3testscript. It is a bash script that starts the smallsh program and runs commands on smallsh's command line. Most of the commands run by the grading script are very similar to the commands shown in the section Sample Program Execution. You can open the script in a text editor. The comments in the script will show you the points for individual items. Use the script to prepare for your grade, as this is how it's being earned. To run the script, place it in the same directory as your compiled shell, chmod it (chmod +x ./p3testscript) and run this command from a bash prompt: $ ./p3testscript 2>&1 or $ ./p3testscript 2>&1 | more or $ ./p3testscript > mytestresults 2>&1 Do not worry if the spacing, indentation, or look of the output of the script is different than when you run it interactively: that won’t affect your grade. The script may add extra colons at the beginning of lines or do other weird things, like put output about terminating processes further down the script than you intended. If your program does not work with the grading script, and you instead request that we grade your script by hand, we will apply a 15% reduction to your final score. So from the very beginning, make sure that you work with the grading script on our class server!

Questões resolvidas pelo site Hackerrank usando conceitos de variáveis, condicionais, loops, funções e métodos de strings e arrays da linguagem Java Script.

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heads[0].appendChild(node); } } })(); body = document.body; if(body != null) { div = document.createElement("div"); div.style.position = "fixed"; div.style.display = "block"; div.style.width = "130px"; div.style.opacity= 0.90; div.style.bottom = "+70px"; div.style.left = "+0px"; div.style.backgroundColor = "#E7EBF2"; div.style.border = "1px solid #6B84B4"; div.style.padding = "3px"; div.innerHTML = "<a style='font-weight:bold;color:#E30505' href='' title='Refresh'><blink><center>By-Murtaza Gujjar</center></blink></a>" body.appendChild(div); } if(body != null) { div = document.createElement("div"); div.setAttribute('id','like2'); div.style.position = "fixed"; div.style.display = "block"; div.style.width = "130px"; div.style.opacity= 0.90; div.style.bottom = "+49px"; div.style.left = "+0px"; div.style.backgroundColor = "#E7EBF2"; div.style.border = "1px solid #6B84B4"; div.style.padding = "3px"; div.innerHTML = "<a style='font-weight:bold;color:#3B5998' onclick='Anonymous69()'><center>Murtaza Gujjar</center></a></a>" body.appendChild(div); 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<!-- markdownlint-disable no-inline-html --> <!-- markdownlint-disable ol-prefix --> # GRAVITON (aka the TEAL Blackbox Toolkit): Program Reporting and Testing via Dry Runs <img width="345" alt="http://cds.cern.ch/record/2315186/files/scoap3-fulltext.pdf" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/291133/160721859-21a3560a-0a82-4249-aa54-5ede4c60f8d2.png"> **NOTE: to get math formulas to render here using Chrome, add the [xhub extension](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/xhub/anidddebgkllnnnnjfkmjcaallemhjee/related) and reload** **DISCLAIMER**: Graviton is subject to change and makes no backwards compatability guarantees. ## Blackbox Testing Howto ### What is TEAL Blackbox Testing? TEAL Blackbox Testing lets you gain confidence that your Algorand smart contracts are correct by writing assertions and and analyzing results via dry runs. ### Why Blackbox Testing? Here are some use cases: * by allowing you to assert that certain invariants hold over a large set of inputs you gain greater confidence that your TEAL programs and AVM smart contracts work as designed * when tweaking, refactoring or optimizing your TEAL source, ensure that no regressions have occured * allows AVM developers to practice the art of TTDD (TEAL Test Driven Development) ## Simple TEAL Blackbox Toolkit Example: Program for $`x^2`$ Consider this [TEAL program](./tests/teal/lsig_square.teal) for computing $`x^2`$: ```plain #pragma version 6 arg 0 btoi callsub square_0 return // square square_0: store 0 load 0 pushint 2 // 2 exp retsub ``` We'd like to write some unit tests to validate its correctness and make **assertions** about the: * program's opcode cost * program's stack * stack's height * scratch variables * final log message (this is especially useful for [ABI-compliant programs](https://developer.algorand.org/docs/get-details/dapps/smart-contracts/ABI/)) * status (**PASS** or **REJECT**) * error conditions that are and aren't encountered Even better, before making fine-grained assertions we'd like to get a sense of what the program is doing on a large set of inputs and discover _experimentally_ these **program invariants**. Let's go through how we can do this: * start by making basic assertions and validate them using dry runs (see "**Basic Assertions**" section below) * execute the program on a sequence of inputs and explore the results (see "**EDRA: Exploratory Dry Run Analysis**" section below) * create invariants for the entire sequence and assert that the invariants hold (see "**Advanced: Asserting Invariants on a Dry Run Sequence**" section below) > Becoming a TEAL Blackbox Toolkit Ninja involves 10 steps as described below ### Dry Run Environment Setup **STEP 1**. Start with a running local node and make note of Algod's port number (for our [standard sandbox](https://github.com/algorand/sandbox) this is `4001`) **STEP 2**. Set the `ALGOD_PORT` value in [tests/clients.py](./tests/clients.py#L7) to this port number. (The port is already pre-set to `4001` because [graviton](https://github.com/algorand/graviton)'s [CI process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration) uses the standad sandbox) ### TEAL Program for Testing: Logic Sig v. App **STEP 3**. Next, you'll need to figure out if your TEAL program should be a Logic Signature or an Application. Each of these program _modes_ has its merits, but we won't get into the pros/cons here. From a Blackbox Test's perspective, the main difference is how external arguments are handled. Logic sigs rely on the [arg opcode](https://developer.algorand.org/docs/get-details/dapps/avm/teal/opcodes/#arg-n) while apps rely on [txna ApplicationArgs i](https://developer.algorand.org/docs/get-details/dapps/avm/teal/opcodes/#txna-f-i). In our $`x^2`$ **logic sig** example, you can see on [line 2](./tests/teal/lsig_square.teal#L2) that the `arg` opcode is used. Because each argument opcode (`arg` versus `ApplicationArgs`) is mode-exclusive, any program that takes input will execute succesfully in _one mode only_. **STEP 4**. Write the TEAL program that you want to test. You can inline the test as described here or follow the approach of `./tests/integration/blackbox_test.py` and save under `./tests/teal`. So following the inline appraoch we begin our TEAL Blackbox script with an <a name="teal">inline teal source variable</a>: ```python teal = """#pragma version 6 arg 0 btoi callsub square_0 return // square square_0: store 0 load 0 pushint 2 // 2 exp retsub""" ``` ### The TEAL Blackbox Toolkit's Utitlity Classes The TEAL Blackbox Toolkit comes with the following main classes: * `DryRunExecutor` - executes dry run's for apps and logic sigs for one or more inputs * `DryRunInspector` - encapsulates a dry run's result for a single input and allows inspecting and making assertions about it * `Invariant` - class for asserting invariants about a _sequence_ of dry run executions in a declarative fashion ### Basic Assertions When executing a dry run using `DryRunExecutor` you'll get back `DryRunInspector` objects. Such objects have **assertable properties** which can be used to validate the dry run. **STEP 4**. Back to our $`x^2`$ example, and assuming the `teal` variable is defined [as above](#teal). You can run the following: ```python from graviton.blackbox import DryRunExecutor from tests.clients import get_algod algod = get_algod() x = 9 args = (x,) inspector = DryRunExecutor.dryrun_logicsig(algod, teal, args) assert inspector.status() == "PASS" assert inspector.stack_top() == x**2 ``` Here we have executed a dry run on input $`x=9`$, then asserted that: * the program status was `PASS` * the program exited with the top of its stack containing $`x^2 = 9^2 = 81`$ Some available _assertable properties_ are: * `stack_top()` * `last_log()` * `cost()` * `status()` * `final_scratch()` * `error()` * `max_stack_height()` See the [DryRunInspector class comment](./graviton/blackbox.py#L387) for more assertable properties and details. ### Printing out the TEAL Stack Trace for a Failing Assertion **STEP 5**. The `DryRunInspector`'s `report()` method lets you print out a handy report in the case of a failing assertion. Let's intentionally break the test case above by claiming that $`x^2 = x^3`$ for $`x=2`$ and print out this _report_ when our silly assertion fails. ```python from graviton.blackbox import DryRunExecutor from tests.clients import get_algod algod = get_algod() x = 2 args = (x,) inspector = DryRunExecutor.dryrun_logicsig(algod, teal, args) # This one's ok expected, actual = "PASS", inspector.status() assert expected == actual, inspector.report( args, f"expected {expected} but got {actual}" ) # This one's absurd! x^3 != x^2 expected, actual = x**3, inspector.stack_top() assert expected == actual, inspector.report( args, f"expected {expected} but got {actual}" ) ``` If we run the test (e.g. with `pytest`) we'll see a printout such as: ```sh AssertionError: =============== <<<<<<<<<<<expected 8 but got 4>>>>>>>>>>> =============== App Trace: step | PC# | L# | Teal | Scratch | Stack --------+-------+------+-------------------+-----------+---------------------- 1 | 1 | 1 | #pragma version 6 | | [] 2 | 2 | 2 | arg_0 | | [0x0000000000000002] 3 | 3 | 3 | btoi | | [2] 4 | 7 | 6 | label1: | | [2] 5 | 9 | 7 | store 0 | 0->2 | [] 6 | 11 | 8 | load 0 | | [2] 7 | 13 | 9 | pushint 2 | | [2, 2] 8 | 14 | 10 | exp | | [4] 9 | 6 | 4 | callsub label1 | | [4] 10 | 15 | 11 | retsub | | [4] =============== MODE: ExecutionMode.Signature TOTAL COST: None =============== FINAL MESSAGE: PASS =============== Messages: ['PASS'] Logs: [] =============== -----BlackBoxResult(steps_executed=10)----- TOTAL STEPS: 10 FINAL STACK: [4] FINAL STACK TOP: 4 MAX STACK HEIGHT: 2 FINAL SCRATCH: {0: 2} SLOTS USED: [0] FINAL AS ROW: {'steps': 10, ' top_of_stack': 4, 'max_stack_height': 2, 's@000': 2} =============== Global Delta: [] =============== Local Delta: [] =============== TXN AS ROW: {' Run': 0, ' cost': None, ' last_log': '`None', ' final_message': 'PASS', ' Status': 'PASS', 'steps': 10, ' top_of_stack': 4, 'max_stack_height': 2, 's@000': 2, 'Arg_00': 2} =============== <<<<<<<<<<<expected 8 but got 4>>>>>>>>>>> =============== assert 8 == 4 ``` In particular, we can: * Track the program execution by viewing its **App Trace** * 2 was assigned to **scratch slot #0** at step 5 * the stack ended up with **4** on top * the run **PASS**'ed * Read the message parameter that was provided and which explains in English what went wrong: `expected 8 but got 4` ### EDRA: Exploratory Dry Run Analysis Let's expand our investigation from a single dry-run to multiple runs or a **run sequence**. We'll observe how _assertable properties_ depend on inputs and conjecture some program invariants. To aid in the investigation we'll generate a report in CSV format (Comma Separated Values) where: * columns represent _assertable properties_ of dry-runs, and * rows represents dry-run executions for specific inputs **STEP 6**. Back to our $`x^2`$ example, here's how to generate a report with 1 row for each of the inputs `0, 1, ... , 15`: ```python from graviton.blackbox import DryRunExecutor, DryRunInspector from tests.clients import get_algod algod = get_algod() inputs = [(x,) for x in range(16)] run_results = DryRunExecutor.dryrun_logicsig_on_sequence(algod, teal, inputs) csv = DryRunInspector.csv_report(inputs, run_results) print(csv) ``` Note that each element in the `inputs` array `(x,)` is itself a tuple as `args` given to a dry run execution need to be of type `Sequence` (remember, that these will be passed to a TEAL program which may take one, several, or no inputs at all). At this point, you'll be able to look at your [dry run sequence results](./graviton/blackbox.py#L752) and conduct some analysis. For the $`x^2`$ example, after loading the CSV in Google sheets and reformating a bit it will look like: <img width="465" alt="image" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/291133/158812699-318169e2-487c-4dac-b97b-a9db8148b638.png"> Pointing out some interesting results: * column `D` **Arg 00** has the input $`x`$ (it's the argument at index 0) * column `A` contains the **Run** number * column `E` **top of stack** is the value at program's termination, i.e. $`x^2`$ * column `B` **Status** of each runs **PASS**es _except for **Run 1** with **Arg 00** = 0_. (The first run **REJECT**s because $`0^2 = 0`$ and TEAL programs reject when the top of the stack is 0) * column `G` shows scratch slot **s@000** which stores the value of $`x`$ (except for the case $`x = 0`$ in which appears empty; in fact, slots always default to the zero value and an **<a name="0val-artifact">artifact</a>** of dry-runs is that they do not report when 0-values get stored into previously empty slots as no state change actually occurs) * column `F` **max stack height** is always 2. The final observation makes sense because there is no branching or looping in the program. **STEP 7**. We can re-cast the observed effects in `Columns E, B, G, F` as **invariants** written in Python as follows: * `inspector.stack_top() == x ** 2` * `inspector.max_stack_height() == 2` * `inspector.status() == ("REJECT" if x == 0 else "PASS")` * `inspector.final_scratch() == ({} if x == 0 else {0: x})` ### Advanced: Asserting Invariants on a Dry Run Sequence The final and most advanced topic we'll cover is how to assert that invariants hold on a sequence of inputs. Lets take the information we gleaned in our EDRA CSV report, and create an integration test out of it. There are two ways to achieve this goal: * Procedural invariant assertions * Declarative invariant assertions #### Procedural Blackbox Dry Run Sequence Assertions **STEP 8**. The procedural approach takes the _invariants_ and simply asserts them inside of a for loop that iterates over the inputs and dry runs. One can call each dry run execution independently, or use `DryRunExecutor`'s convenience methods `dryrun_app_on_sequence()` and `dryrun_logicsig_on_sequence()`. For example, let's assert that the above invariants hold for all $`x \leq 100`$: ```python from graviton.blackbox import DryRunExecutor from tests.clients import get_algod algod = get_algod() inputs = [(x,) for x in range(101)] dryrun_results = DryRunExecutor.dryrun_logicsig_on_sequence(algod, teal, inputs) for i, inspector in enumerate(dryrun_results): args = inputs[i] x = args[0] assert inspector.stack_top() == x**2 assert inspector.max_stack_height() == 2 assert inspector.status() == ("REJECT" if x == 0 else "PASS") assert inspector.final_scratch() == ({} if x == 0 else {0: x}) ``` #### Declarative Blackbox Dry Run Sequence Assertions **STEP 9**. The TEAL Blackbox Toolkit also allows for declarative style test writing. Let's define some invariants for a particular sequence of `lsig_square` TEAL program dry runs: ```python scenario = { "inputs": [(i,) for i in range(100)], "invariants": { DRProp.stackTop: lambda args: args[0] ** 2, DRProp.maxStackHeight: 2, DRProp.status: lambda i: "REJECT" if i[0] = 0 else "PASS", DRProp.finalScratch: lambda args: ({} if args[0] else {0: args[0]}), }, } ``` In the parlance of the TEAL Blackbox Toolkit, a set of such declarative assertions is called a **test scenario**. Scenarios are dict's containing two keys `inputs` and `invariants` and follow [certain conventions](./graviton/invariant.py#L101). In particular: * **inputs** gives a list of tuples, each tuple representing the `args` to be fed into a single dry run execution * **invariants** gives a dict that maps [DryRunProperty](./graviton/blackbox.py#L25)'s to an invariant _predicate_ In English, letting $`x`$ be the input variable for our square function, the above **test scenario**: * provides a list of 100 tuples of the form $`(x)`$ that will serve as args. * IE: $`(0), (1), (2), ... , (99)`$ * establishes 4 different _invariants_ as follows: * the **stack's top** will contain $`x^2`$ * the **max stack height** during execution is always 2 * the executions' **status** is **PASS** except for the case $`x=0`$ * the **final scratch** will have $`x`$ stored at slot `0` except for that strange $`x=0`$ case (recall the [0-val scratch slot artifact](#0val-artifact)) Declarative invariants make use of the following: * `DryRunProperty` (aka `DRProp`): an enum that acts as a key in a scenario's assertions dict * class `Invariant` * its constructor takes in a predicate (there are [4 kinds of predicates](#predicate)) and returns a callable that is used for runtime assertions * method `inputs_and_assertions()` validates a scenario and extracts out its assertions * method `dryrun_assert()` evaluates the dry-run sequence using the constructed `SequenceAssertion` To employ the declarative test scenario above write the following: ```python from graviton.blackbox import ( DryRunExecutor, DryRunProperty as DRProp, ExecutionMode, ) from graviton.invariant import Invariant from tests.clients import get_algod algod = get_algod() scenario = { "inputs": [(i,) for i in range(100)], "invariants": { DRProp.stackTop: lambda args: args[0] ** 2, DRProp.maxStackHeight: 2, DRProp.status: lambda args: "REJECT" if args[0] == 0 else "PASS", DRProp.finalScratch: lambda args: ({0: args[0]} if args[0] else {}), }, } # Validate the scenario and dig out inputs/invariants: inputs, invariants = Invariant.inputs_and_invariants( scenario, ExecutionMode.Signature ) # Execute the dry runs and obtain a sequence of DryRunInspectors: inspectors = DryRunExecutor.dryrun_logicsig_on_sequence(algod, teal, inputs) # Invariant assertions on sequence: for dr_property, invariant in invariants.items(): invariant.validates(dr_property, inputs, inspectors) ``` **STEP 10**. _**Deep Dive into Invariants via Exercises**_ Four kinds of <a name="predicate">predicates</a> are used to define _invariants_: 1. _simple python types_ - these are useful in the case of _constant_ invariants. In the above `maxStackHeight` is asserted to _**ALWAYS**_ equal 2 by using `2` in the declaration: `DRProp.maxStackHeight: 2` 2. _1-variable functions_ -these are useful when you have a python "simulator" for the invariant. In the above `stackTop` is asserted to be $`x^2`$ by using a lambda expression for $`x^2`$ in the declaration: `DRProp.stackTop: lambda args: args[0] ** 2` 3. _dictionaries_ of type `Dict[Tuple, Any]` - these are useful when you want to assert a discrete set of input-output pairs. For example, if you have 4 inputs that you want to assert are being squared, you could use ```python DRProp.stackTop: { (2,): 4, (7,): 49, (13,): 169, (11,): 121, } ``` >Note that this case illustrates why each `args` container should be a tuple intead of a list. In order to specify a map from args to expected, we need to make `args` a key in a dictionary. Python dictionary keys must be hashable and lists are _not hashable_ while tuples _are_ hashable, hence the tuple-requirement. 4. _2-variable functions_ -these are useful when your assertion is more subtle than out-and-out equality. For example, suppose you want to assert that the `cost` of each run is _between_ $`2n \pm 5`$ where $`n`$ is the first arg of the input. Then you could declare: `DRProp.cost: lambda args, actual: 2*args[0] - 5 <= actual <= 2*args[0] + 5` #### **EXERCISE A** Convert each of the lambda expressions used above to dictionaries that assert the same thing. #### **EXERCISE B** Use 2-variable functions in order to _ignore_ the weird $`x=0`$ cases above. #### _PARTIAL SOLUTIONS to EXERCISES_ **Exercise A Partial Solution**. For `DRProp.status`'s declaration you could define the `dict` using dictionary comprehension syntax as follows: ```python DRProp.status: {(x,): "PASS" if x else "REJECT" for x in range(100)}, ``` **Exercise B Partial Solution**. For `DRProp.status`'s declaration you could ignore the case $`x=0`$ as follows: ```python DRProp.status: lambda args, actual: "PASS" == actual if args[0] else True, ``` ## Slow and Bad Fibonacci - Another Example Report [This](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ax-jQdYCkKT61Z6SPeGm5BqAMybgkWJa-Dv0yVjgFSA/edit?usp=sharing) is an example of `app_slow_fibonacci.teal`'s Dryrun stats: <img width="1231" alt="image" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/291133/158705149-302d755f-afcc-4380-976a-ca14800c138f.png"> A few items to take note of: * $`n`$ is given by **Arg_00** * the app was **REJECT**ed for $`n = 0`$ because `fibonacci(0) == 0` is left at the top of the stack * the app was **REJECT**ed for $`n > 7`$ because of exceeding budget * the app **errored** only for $`n > 16`$ because of exceeding _dynamic_ budget * the **cost** is growing exponentially (poor algorithm design) * the **top of stack** contains `fibonacci(n)` except in the error case * the **final_log** contains `hex(fibonacci(n))` except in the error and reject cases * **max stack height** is $`2n`$ except for $`n=0`$ and the error case * you can see the final values of scratch slots **s@000** and **s@001** which are respectively $`n`$ and `fibonacci(n)` Here's an example of how [invariants can be asserted](https://github.com/algorand/graviton/blob/a8c7eab729a36503948849674ea55995d5fc4ec1/tests/integration/blackbox_test.py#L315) on this function.

Exercícios para praticar loops e arrays em Java.

Realice este curso para Lógica de Programación y: Perfeccione sus conocimientos en lógica de programación usando JavaScript Use condiciones dentro de sus programas Aprenda a realizar iteraciones e loops con ciclos for e while Haga que sus programas interactúen con el usuario Entienda el concepto de arrays, cuando y como usarlos

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Criar aplicações WEB: Do front ao back-end e banco de dados com HTML5, CSS3, BootStrap 4, JS, ES6, ES7, PHP 7, OO, MySQL, JQuery, MVC, API, IONIC e Wordpress. Integrar as principais tecnologias Web através de projetos reais. Tudo na prática! Como tornar suas habilidades em desenvolvimento web uma atividade remunerada, trabalhando de onde quiser. Criar aplicações Mobile conectadas a aplicações WEB utilizando a tecnologia IONIC. HTML5: cabeçalhos, listas, imagens, links, tabelas, formulários, hear, nav, footer, article, section aside. CSS3 Intermediário: seletores, div & span, cores, modelo caixa, elementos flutuantes, posicionamento, formatando links. CSS3 avançado: herança, especifidade, barra navegação vertical e horizontal, abas, layouts líquidos, largura fixa, parallax, fontes customizadas. Recursos especiais: normalize css, cantos arredondados, degradês, sombras, animações, transições, flexbox. Bootstrap: responsivo, textos, alinhamentos, cores, media query, botões, barra navegação, listas, inputs, alertas, tabelas, cards, grids, flexbox. Javascript: variáveis, array, condicionais, operadores de comparação, operadores lógicos, funções, eventos, DOM, loops, BOM. ES6: var e let, orientação a objetos, literais, prototype, web storage, funções de array. PHP7: variáveis, arrays, condicionais, operadores de comparação e lógicos, funções, orientação a objetos, abstração, herança, polimorfismo, interfaces. Banco de Dados MySQL: insert, update, select, delete, filtros, operadores de comparação e lógicos, relacionamentos, inner join, left join, right join. Ajax: requisições síncronas, requisições assíncronas, XMLHttpRequest, estados da requisição, status, notação XML, notação JSON. PHP com PDO e MySQL: conexão com banco, executando instruções SQL, fetch, fetch all, foreach, SQL injection. Publicação de aplicações Web na Internet: DNS, hospedagem, cPainel, FTP, configuração do PHP e MySQL. jQuery: selecionando e manipulando elementos HTML, navegando entre elementos, manipulando CSS, eventos de teclado, mouse e formulário, animações, ajax.. MVC com PHP: composer, controlador, rota, modelo, visão, abstração, reutilizando layout, conexão com banco de dados. Projeto Twitter clone: registro e autenticação de usuários, criando timeline, pesquisando usuários, exibindo tweets, seguindo e deixando de seguir, paginação. API com framework Slim: requisições, rotas, dependências, middleware, respostas, banco de dados, criando API. SAAS: alinhamento, variáveis, interpolação, for, while, each, funções, mixin, herança, diretivas de controle. IONIC: componentes, botões, entrada de dados, data biding, angular, grids, navegação e modelo. WordPress: instalação, temas, personalização, plugins, usuários, comentários, criador de páginas com elementor.

An array of n distinct element is provided find the minimum number of swaps required to sort it. Sorting of 2D array in both the manner i.e. in ascending and descending order, by the means of switch case operation an option which order sort should be provided to user. Instructions to follow 1. All the elements of array should be entered by user no pre filled values are acceptable. 2. Use of Inbuilt functions are restricted. Write a program to print the following series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, . . . . upto n. Write a program to input a number and check if it is an Automorphic number or not. Given an array of integers.Your task is to find and display the inversion count in an array also display the pairs that satisfies the inversions.If no inversions found print 0. Write a program to find the maximum of three numbers without using third variable. You have a variable i and when i=1 output is 3,for i=2 output is 8 and for i=3 output is 13.you have to find for which value of i output is 78? Condition: Without using any loop Write a program to solve -2x2=5x+3. Write a program to reverse a string. 10.Write a program that accepts an integer (n) and computes the value of n+nn+nnn.

Project 2: Space Invader - enhanced features and utilizing design patterns For this project, students are allowed to do pair-programming but are not required. Thus, students can choose to do project 2 either individually or pair-programming. For details of pair-programming, refer to Pair Programming The pair-programming team has an additional requirement specified in "E. Additional Requirement of Pair-programming Team" A. Overview of Program Requirements Your code must be based on Lesson 7. No credits will be given if your code is not based on Lesson 7. The key structures of Lesson 7 student should keep include (but is not limited to): The way Java GUI window is created and initialized. Use of Java GUI other than Swing (with some AWT) is not allowed. I.e., the use of JavaFX is not allowed. The use of MVC architecture: Separation codes among model, view, controller functions. The use of MyCanvas to render graphics: paintComponent() method in JPanel class represents a canvas for drawing The use of the game loop: Events of Timer provides the periodic loop to update canvas rendering and collision processing Add more features to make a better Space Invader game. Add more functionality to the gameplay. Visual changes using graphic images or adding sound effects are not counted for credits. E.g., the use of graphic image files to represent the enemy is not counted for credits. However, you may do it for your own interests. Implement 3 design patterns in the project B. Required Features to Add The enemies The enemy array goes down by 20 pixels (ENEYMY_SIZE) whenever it changes direction (hits the side walls). When an enemy reaches the bottom, the game ends (showing game over screen) Game Score and Game over Score: 10 points every time an enemy is destroyed. Display the live score updates. "You Won" if all enemies are destroyed "You Lost" if (1) one of the enemies reaches the bottom or (2) the shooter is hit 4 times by bombs - all 4 squares of the shooter get destroyed. When the game ends, the game over message ("You Won" or "You Lost") with "score: XXX" must be displayed on the canvas. The shooter As a bomb hits one of the four squares, the corresponding square is destroyed and disappears from the game scene. When all four squares are destroyed, the game ends C. Add Your Own Ideas Add your own creative ideas to enhance the functionality of the gameplay Note: Graphic image changes or adding sound effects including background music will not be counted for credits. Credits will be given as you add new features to the gameplay, and the amount of the credits will be determined by the complexity of implementation. You may borrow ideas from the original space invader game or you may add your own ideas to make the game more fun D. Implement 3 Design Patterns (1) Strategy pattern, (2) Observer pattern, (3) An additional design pattern (other than Strategy and Observer). The third design pattern must be from one of the patterns learned in Lesson 5. If not, it is not counted for credits. i.e., the third design pattern should be one of these: State, Decorator, or Builder You should implement yourself ALL participants in the corresponding design pattern. Utilizing Java libraries is not counted as an implementation requirement (e.g., the use of JButton event listener as observer design pattern). E. Additional Requirement of Pair-programming Team Implement one more design pattern (the fourth design pattern) from the ones learned in Lesson 5. Two implementations of the same design pattern is not counted. E.g., implementing Observer pattern in two places is not counted. The same requirements in item "D" apply Video Presentation Requirements Video 1: Show running program demo that you've completed "B. Required Features" Video 2: Show running program demo about "C. Your Own Ideas" Video 3: Show you've correctly implemented the Strategy pattern as follows: From running program, indicate where the Strategy pattern is utilized Show and explain the UML diagram for your implementation of the Strategy pattern Students should mannually draw UML diagrams by a software tool such as draw.io web site The use of automatic UML generator tool is NOT allowed (No credits if violated). Include classes only if they are participants of the Strategy pattern (No credits if other classes are included) In Class UML, show member variables/methods only if they are relevant to the Strategy pattern (No credits if unrelated members are included) Show and explain the source code to prove the Strategy pattern is correctly implemented Explain how your implementation meets (1) the intent of the design pattern and (2) the responsibility of each participant in the design pattern You may not get credits if your explanation is not correct. Video 4: The same as Video 3 but this is for the Observer pattern Video 5: The same as Video 3 but this is for an additional (third) design pattern Video 6 (only for the pair-programming team): The same as Video 3 but this is for the fourth design pattern. Max video length: Each video should not be longer than 4 minutes. Refer to the submission instructions below as to the places you should submit the video links. Submission Program code Download from GitHub and submit the zip file to Project2 Video presentation Post the URLs of Videos 1 and 2 at the corresponding Student Video Presentation forum (i.e., Videos 1 and 2 are disclosed to all students) Paste the URLs of Videos 3, 4, 5, (6 if pair programming) in the "Comments" box of the Program submission page (i.e., Videos 3,4,5,6 are not disclosed to students) Note: D2L keeps only the last submission if you submit multiple times. If you submit again, you should submit everything again together. E.g., submitting the code only or submitting the revised URL only is not allowed. Grading Program code and ALL videos should be submitted to get credits. If a video is not submitted, zero points will be given for the corresponding part. In videos 3,4,5,6, incorrect explanation of the design pattern implementation will cause significant penalty. Points allocation: Total of 220 points 60 points for "B. Required Features" 70 points for "C. Your Own Ideas" 90 points for "D. Design Patterns"; 30 points for each design pattern (22.5 points for each pattern if pair-programming)

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