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:seedling: PMDDS - Intelligent IoT-based plant health monitoring and disease detection system.

Plant monitoring system for Arduino MKR1000 challange

The Raspberry Pi-controlled hydroponic plant system automatically adjusts water and nutrient levels based on the plants response over time, providing a far easier alternative to traditional gardening. With no need for regular monitoring, it's an ideal solution for those without experience or time for traditional gardening.

Drone Based System for Plant Monitoring and Data Collection using Computer Vision. (Yolov4, DeepSORT, OpenCV)

Plant monitoring system using IoT, MongoDB, and Flutter

2020 was a roller coaster of major, world-shaking events. We all couldn't wait for the year to end. But just as 2020 was about to close, it pulled another fast one on us: the SolarWinds hack, one of the biggest cybersecurity breaches of the 21st century. The SolarWinds hack was a major event not because a single company was breached, but because it triggered a much larger supply chain incident that affected thousands of organizations, including the U.S. government. What is SolarWinds? SolarWinds is a major software company based in Tulsa, Okla., which provides system management tools for network and infrastructure monitoring, and other technical services to hundreds of thousands of organizations around the world. Among the company's products is an IT performance monitoring system called Orion. As an IT monitoring system, SolarWinds Orion has privileged access to IT systems to obtain log and system performance data. It is that privileged position and its wide deployment that made SolarWinds a lucrative and attractive target. What is the SolarWinds hack? The SolarWinds hack is the commonly used term to refer to the supply chain breach that involved the SolarWinds Orion system. In this hack, suspected nation-state hackers that have been identified as a group known as Nobelium by Microsoft -- and often simply referred to as the SolarWinds Hackers by other researchers -- gained access to the networks, systems and data of thousands of SolarWinds customers. The breadth of the hack is unprecedented and one of the largest, if not the largest, of its kind ever recorded. More than 30,000 public and private organizations -- including local, state and federal agencies -- use the Orion network management system to manage their IT resources. As a result, the hack compromised the data, networks and systems of thousands when SolarWinds inadvertently delivered the backdoor malware as an update to the Orion software. SolarWinds customers weren't the only ones affected. Because the hack exposed the inner workings of Orion users, the hackers could potentially gain access to the data and networks of their customers and partners as well -- enabling affected victims to grow exponentially from there. Orion Platform hack compromised networks of thousands of SolarWinds customers Hackers compromised a digitally signed SolarWinds Orion network monitoring component, opening a backdoor into the networks of thousands of SolarWinds government and enterprise customers. How did the SolarWinds hack happen? The hackers used a method known as a supply chain attack to insert malicious code into the Orion system. A supply chain attack works by targeting a third party with access to an organization's systems rather than trying to hack the networks directly. The third-party software, in this case the SolarWinds Orion Platform, creates a backdoor through which hackers can access and impersonate users and accounts of victim organizations. The malware could also access system files and blend in with legitimate SolarWinds activity without detection, even by antivirus software. SolarWinds was a perfect target for this kind of supply chain attack. Because their Orion software is used by many multinational companies and government agencies, all the hackers had to do was install the malicious code into a new batch of software distributed by SolarWinds as an update or patch. The SolarWinds hack timeline Here is a timeline of the SolarWinds hack: September 2019. Threat actors gain unauthorized access to SolarWinds network October 2019. Threat actors test initial code injection into Orion Feb. 20, 2020. Malicious code known as Sunburst injected into Orion March 26, 2020. SolarWinds unknowingly starts sending out Orion software updates with hacked code According to a U.S. Department of Homeland Security advisory, the affected versions of SolarWinds Orion are versions are 2019.4 through 2020.2.1 HF1. More than 18,000 SolarWinds customers installed the malicious updates, with the malware spreading undetected. Through this code, hackers accessed SolarWinds's customer information technology systems, which they could then use to install even more malware to spy on other companies and organizations. Who was affected? According to reports, the malware affected many companies and organizations. Even government departments such as Homeland Security, State, Commerce and Treasury were affected, as there was evidence that emails were missing from their systems. Private companies such as FireEye, Microsoft, Intel, Cisco and Deloitte also suffered from this attack. The breach was first detected by cybersecurity company FireEye. The company confirmed they had been infected with the malware when they saw the infection in customer systems. FireEye labeled the SolarWinds hack "UNC2452" and identified the backdoor used to gain access to its systems through SolarWinds as "Sunburst." Microsoft also confirmed that it found signs of the malware in its systems, as the breach was affecting its customers as well. Reports indicated Microsoft's own systems were being used to further the hacking attack, but Microsoft denied this claim to news agencies. Later, the company worked with FireEye and GoDaddy to block and isolate versions of Orion known to contain the malware to cut off hackers from customers' systems. They did so by turning the domain used by the backdoor malware used in Orion as part of the SolarWinds hack into a kill switch. The kill switch here served as a mechanism to prevent Sunburst from operating further. Nonetheless, even with the kill switch in place, the hack is still ongoing. Investigators have a lot of data to look through, as many companies using the Orion software aren't yet sure if they are free from the backdoor malware. It will take a long time before the full impact of the hack is known. Why did it take so long to detect the SolarWinds attack? With attackers having first gained access to the SolarWinds systems in September 2019 and the attack not being publicly discovered or reported until December 2020, attackers may well have had 14 or more months of unfettered access. The time it takes between when an attacker is able to gain access and the time an attack is actually discovered is often referred to as dwell time. According to a report released in January 2020 by security firm CrowdStrike, the average dwell time in 2019 was 95 days. Given that it took well over a year from the time the attackers first entered the SolarWinds network until the breach was discovered, the dwell time in the attack exceeded the average. The question of why it took so long to detect the SolarWinds attack has a lot to do with the sophistication of the Sunburst code and the hackers that executed the attack. "Analysis suggests that by managing the intrusion through multiple servers based in the United States and mimicking legitimate network traffic, the attackers were able to circumvent threat detection techniques employed by both SolarWinds, other private companies, and the federal government," SolarWinds said in its analysis of the attack. FireEye, which was the first firm to publicly report the attack, conducted its own analysis of the SolarWinds attack. In its report, FireEye described in detail the complex series of action that the attackers took to mask their tracks. Even before Sunburst attempts to connect out to its command-and-control server, the malware executes a number of checks to make sure no antimalware or forensic analysis tools are running. What was the purpose of the hack? The purpose of the hack remains largely unknown. Still, there are many reasons hackers would want to get into an organization's system, including having access to future product plans or employee and customer information held for ransom. It is also not yet clear what information, if any, hackers stole from government agencies. But the level of access appears to be deep and broad. There are speculations that many enterprises might be collateral damage, as the main focus of the attack was government agencies that make use of the SolarWinds IT management systems. Who was responsible for the hack? Federal investigators and cybersecurity agents believe a Russian espionage operation -- mostly likely Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service -- is behind the SolarWinds attack. The Russian government has denied any involvement in the attack, releasing a statement that said, "Malicious activities in the information space contradicts the principles of the Russian foreign policy, national interests and understanding of interstate relations." They also added that "Russia does not conduct offensive operations in the cyber domain." Contrary to experts in his administration, then-President Donald Trump hinted at around the time of the discovery of the SolarWinds hack that Chinese hackers might be behind the cybersecurity attack. However, he did not present any evidence to back up his claim. Shortly after his inauguration, President Joe Biden vowed that his administration intended to hold Russia accountable, through the launch of a full-scale intelligence assessment and review of the SolarWinds attack and those behind it. The president also created the position of deputy national security adviser for cybersecurity as part of the National Security Council. The role, held by veteran intelligence operative Anne Neuberger, is part of an overall bid by the Biden administration to refresh the federal government's approach to cybersecurity and better respond to nation-state actors. Naming the attack: What is Solorigate, Sunburst and Nobelium? The SolarWinds attack has a number of different names associated with it. While the attack is often referred to simply as the SolarWinds attack, that isn't the only name to know. Sunburst. This is the name of the actual malicious code injection that was planted by hackers into the SolarWinds Orion IT monitoring system code. Both SolarWinds and CrowdStrike generally refer to the attack as Sunburst. Solorigate. Microsoft initially dubbed the actual threat actor group behind the SolarWinds attack as Solorigate. It's a name that stuck and was adopted by other researchers as well as media. Nobelium. In March 2021, Microsoft decided that the primary designation for the threat actor behind the SolarWinds attack should actually be Nobelium -- the idea being that the group is active against multiple victims -- not just SolarWinds -- and uses more malware than just Sunburst. The China connection to the SolarWinds attack While it is suspected that the initial Sunburst code and the attack against SolarWinds and its users came from a threat actor based in Russia, other nation-state threat actors have also used SolarWinds in attacks. According to a Reuters report, suspected nation-state hackers based in China exploited SolarWinds during the same period of time the Sunburst attack occurred. The suspected China-based threat actors targeted the National Finance Center, which is a payroll agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is suspected that the China-based attackers did not use Sunburst, but rather a different malware that SolarWinds identifies as Supernova. Why is the SolarWinds hack important? The SolarWinds supply chain attack is a global hack, as threat actors turned the Orion software into a weapon gaining access to several government systems and thousands of private systems around the world. Due to the nature of the software -- and by extension the Sunburst malware -- having access to entire networks, many government and enterprise networks and systems face the risk of significant breaches. The hack could also be the catalyst for rapid, broad change in the cybersecurity industry. Many companies and government agencies are now in the process of devising new methods to react to these types of attacks before they happen. Governments and organizations are learning that it is not enough to build a firewall and hope it protects them. They have to actively seek out vulnerabilities in their systems, and either shore them up or turn them into traps against these types of attacks. Since the hack was discovered, SolarWinds has recommended customers update their existing Orion platform. The company has released patches for the malware and other potential vulnerabilities discovered since the initial Orion attack. SolarWinds also recommended customers not able to update Orion isolate SolarWinds servers and/or change passwords for accounts that have access to those servers. The greater White House cybersecurity focus will be crucial, some industry experts have said. But organizations should consider adopting modern software-as-a-service tools for monitoring and collaboration. While the cybersecurity industry has significantly advanced in the last decade, these kinds of attacks show that there is still a long way to go to get really secure systems. The Nobelium group continues to attack targets The suspected threat actor group behind the SolarWinds attack has remained active in 2021 and hasn't stopped at just targeting SolarWinds. On May 27, 2021, Microsoft reported that Nobelium, the group allegedly behind the SolarWinds attack, infiltrated software from email marketing service Constant Contact. According to Microsoft, Nobelium targeted approximately 3,000 email accounts at more than 150 different organizations. The initial attack vector appears to be an account used by USAID. From that initial foothold, Nobelium was able to send out phishing emails in an attempt to get victims to click on a link that would deploy a backdoor Trojan designed to steal user information.

Create 2nd Year project Using IoT

The Smart Plant Monitoring System is an IoT project that automates plant care using an ESP32 microcontroller. It monitors soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, automating watering based on sensor data. The system connects to the Blynk app for remote monitoring and control, making it perfect for smart agriculture or home automation.

A plant monitoring system with PIC16F18446 which provides automated control of soil moisture and air humidity in a greenhouse. It also displays the environment parameters: air humidity, soil moisture and temperature.

Monitoring System of Water Quality and Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants

An automatic water supplier for plants is a system designed to irrigate plants with minimal human intervention, ensuring that plants receive the right amount of water based on their needs. This system typically uses sensors and automated controls to monitor the moisture levels of the soil and activate the water supply when needed.

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ATLAS Control is a framework for building a complete monitoring, trending, reporting, and real-time tracking SCADA-type system primarily aimed at the Industrial Manufacturing sector, but can be tailor to log and report just about anything. It features a modular "driver" framework and multiple storage options (mySQL and mongoDB currently) to streamline plant efficiency and reduce the operator and manager's daily pile of paperwork! It also includes a real-time tracking and mapping system to track product spacial movement on the plant floor-- integrating with logistics to determine the final customer. All these features combine to enable everyone to work together with a unified base of operation, which is reflected not only in the company's bottom line; but also major benefits for QC/QA by allowing them to pinpoint the cause of quality issues and Maintenance personnel to have a central jumping point for troubleshooting complex issues.

UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) can be made capable of providing a health monitoring system for plants. High end cameras gives deep insights whether it is surveillance or any broadcast of events (filming and production). The key benefits of crop analysis includes identifying for plant diseases and crop health by inspecting its colour components. This is done by studying Near Infrared and Multi-Spectral Cameras which help us in obtaining the Red, Green, Blue and Infrared components of a plant and with the help of computer vision. With computer aided image processing. The processing of the video feed captured by a NoIR camera is done with the help of an on-board micro-computer. Additionally autonomous flight, safety failsafe for landing when on low power, mission planning etc. are some of the facilities that can be incorporated in such a UAV to provide a full integrated crop monitoring and analysis system.

SimpleRaspberry Pico W plant monitoring system

This project deals with the development of a basis for an artificial intelligence-based system for monitoring the condition of the cannabis plant. The goal of the system is to provide a real-time for identifying diseases/deficiencies in cannabis plants. At the core of the system are neural-network-based models, that allow monitoring on the condition of the plant using an image

AI-powered plant disease detection system using computer vision, deep learning, and ESP32-CAM for real-time crop health monitoring and analysis.

A strain gauge system for monitoring the pressure distribution of runner’s feet on the ground

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IoT Based Plant Security and Monitoring System - Equipped with ESP32-CAM and Soil Moisture Sensor

This project refers to the development of a smart automatic plant watering and optimizing system based on Arduino technology. Wi-Fi module is used to send all the sensor data to a web-based dashboard for real-time monitoring and control.

Growing evaluation in the early stages of crop development can be critical to eventual yield. Point clouds have been used for this purpose in tasks such as detection, characterization, phenotyping, and prediction on different crops with terrestrial mapping platforms based on laser scanning. 3D model generation requires the use of specialized measurement equipment, which limits access to this technology because of their complex and high cost, both hardware elements and data processing software. An unmanned 3D reconstruction mapping system of orchards or small crops has been developed to support the determination of morphological indices, allowing the individual calculation of the height and radius of the canopy of the trees to monitor plant growth. This paper presents the details on each development stage of a low-cost mapping system, which integrates an Unmanned Ground Vehicle UGV and a 2D LiDAR to generate 3D point clouds. The sensing system for the data collection was developed from the design in mechanical, electronic, control, and software layers. The validation test was carried out on a citrus crop section by a comparison of distance and canopy height values obtained from our generated point cloud concerning the reference values obtained with a photogrammetry method.

Trend in the IoT based smart devices is tremendously increasing day by day. By time more people are becoming aware of smart technology and its convenience in control and management of daily things seizes their attention. Smart energy meters (SEM) plays one role in this world of smart devices, to progress towards making the whole power system interconnected. In past three decades people had done much work on making power systems smart and thus there are plenty of published papers on smart meters. This project specifically uses different approach with additional functional development and better accuracy. Briefly, SEM is a remote monitoring and control device that automatically transmit data to utility, limits load to minimize load shedding trend, use operation techniques for generating stations for demand estimation and provide different options to consumers to manage their budget, like individual appliance power usage and cumulative plots. Transmitting data enables the utility computers to monitor the meter readings regularly to avert electricity theft. With the use of a programmable unit we can operate the meter to continuously monitors and records the readings in its permanent (nonvolatile) memory location in most feasible way. Whole world is connected through internet, and thus it is the most appropriate and common way of communication for a smart device. With internet there is need for additional security protocols and encrypted channels; but with this complexity meter can lead in many other ways that’s not possible through other channels. WIFI adapter connected with router sends data sample to internet after planted sample time. This data will then send towards consumer mobile application and towards utility, where computer will statistically analyze the data and show the results. As, the period end this adapter will receive bill from utility and controller will cut the supply off if payment time limit exceeds. So, with this bidirectional communication technique utility can send ads and other deals to some specific meter by time; and consumer can access direct support from utility.

Smart Guardian: An advanced plant monitoring system using visual and sensor data to provide AI-driven care suggestions for optimal plant health.

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A plant monitoring system as a final project from Electrical Engineering degree - C++ | Arduino | LabVIEW | ZigBee

The Final System of CropCare Features with UI web-based application that can monitor, notify, and track sensors and use camera to detect plant diseases.

Meet the humble irrigation system that keeps your plants happy and hydrated! With real-time air data, water level LEDs showing how full your tank is, and cloud connectivity for remote monitoring, it’s got your watering needs covered—no more guessing, overwatering, or dehydration!

GARDUINO is an ARDUINO based system to supervise the temperature, humidity, soil moisture and light status of our plant and automatically provide its necessary needs like light, water, and pure fresh air and evensome sensors are used to control some actuators. The watering of plants is controlled with a soil moisture sensor which is used to turn on the water pump as and when required. The temperature/humidity sensor is responsible for the turning on and off of a 12V DC cooling fans and light. The Water Motor ,Light and Fan can be controlled remotely using google assistant or Garduino Website. The soil sensor ,Temperature and the humidity value can be monitored live using the garduino website.